Lindgren, A., Hugelius, G. & Kuhry, P. Extensive loss of past permafrost carbon but a net accumulation into present-day soils. Nature 560, 219–222 (2018).
Google Scholar
Nichols, J. E. & Peteet, D. M. Rapid expansion of northern peatlands and doubled estimate of carbon storage. Nat. Geosci. 12, 917–921 (2019).
Google Scholar
Bridgham, S. D. et al. The carbon balance of North American wetlands. Wetlands 26, 889–916 (2006).
Google Scholar
Dixon, M. J. R. et al. Tracking global change in ecosystem area: the wetland extent trends index. Biol. Conserv. 193, 27–35 (2016).
Google Scholar
Darrah, S. E. et al. Improvements to the Wetland Extent Trends (WET) index as a tool for monitoring natural and human-made wetlands. Ecol. Indic. 99, 294–298 (2019).
Google Scholar
Asselen, S. et al. Drivers of wetland conversion: a global meta-analysis. PLoS ONE 8, e81292 (2013).
Google Scholar
Davidson, N. C. How much wetland has the world lost? Long-term and recent trends in global wetland area. Mar. Freshw. Res. 65, 934–941 (2014).
Google Scholar
Galatowitsch, S. M. in The Wetland Book II: Distribution, Description, and Conservation (eds Finlayson, C.M. et al.) 359–367 (Springer, 2018).
Limpert, K. E. et al. Reducing emissions from degraded floodplain wetlands. Front. Environ. Sci. 8, 8 (2020); https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2020.00008
Laine, J. et al. Effect of water-level drawdown on global climatic warming: northern peatlands. AMBIO 25, 179–184 (1996).
Ise, T. et al. High sensitivity of peat decomposition to climate change through water-table feedback. Nat. Geosci. 1, 763–766 (2008).
Google Scholar
Saunois, M. et al. The global methane budget 2000–2017. Earth. Syst. Sci. Data 12, 1561–1623 (2020).
Google Scholar
Leifeld, J. et al. Intact and managed peatland soils as a source and sink of GHGs from 1850 to 2100. Nat. Clim. Change 9, 945–947 (2019).
Google Scholar
Günther, A. et al. Prompt rewetting of drained peatlands reduces climate warming despite methane emissions. Nat. Commun. 11, 1644 (2020).
Google Scholar
Hooijer, A. et al. Subsidence and carbon loss in drained tropical peatlands. Biogeoscience 9, 1053–1071 (2012).
Google Scholar
Prananto, J. A. et al. Drainage increases CO2 and N2O emissions from tropical peat soils. Glob. Change Biol. 26, 4583–4600 (2020).
Google Scholar
Jauhiainen, J. et al. Carbon dioxide and methane fluxes in drained tropical peat before and after hydrological restoration. Ecology 89, 3503–3514 (2008).
Google Scholar
Bridgham, S. D. et al. Methane emissions from wetlands: biogeochemical, microbial, and modeling perspectives from local to global scales. Glob. Change Biol. 19, 1325–1346 (2013).
Google Scholar
Schuldt, R. et al. Modelling Holocene carbon accumulation and methane emissions of boreal wetlands—an Earth system model approach. Biogeosciences 10, 1659–1674 (2012).
Google Scholar
McNicol, G. et al. Effects of seasonality, transport pathway, and spatial structure on greenhouse gas fluxes in a restored wetland. Glob. Change Biol. 23, 2768–2782 (2017).
Google Scholar
Yu, K. et al. Redox window with minimum global warming potential contribution from rice soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 68, 2086–2091 (2004).
Google Scholar
Huang, Y. et al. Tradeoff of CO2 and CH4 emissions from global peatlands under water-table drawdown. Nat. Clim. Change 11, 618–622 (2021).
Google Scholar
Ojanen, P. & Minkkinen, K. Rewetting offers rapid climate benefits for tropical and agricultural peatlands but not for forestry‐drained peatlands. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 34, e2019GB006503 (2020).
Google Scholar
Evans, C. D. et al. Overriding water table control on managed peatland greenhouse gas emissions. Nature 593, 548–552 (2021).
Strack, M., Keith, A. M. & Xu, B. Growing season carbon dioxide and methane exchange at a restored peatland on the Western Boreal Plain. Ecol. Eng. 64, 231–239 (2014).
Google Scholar
Karki, S. et al. Carbon balance of rewetted and drained peat soils used for biomass production: a mesocosm study. Glob. Change Biol. Bioenergy 8, 969–980 (2016).
Google Scholar
Whiting, G. J. & Chanton, J. P. Greenhouse carbon balance of wetlands: methane emission versus carbon sequestration. Tellus B 53, 521–528 (2001).
Moore, T. R. et al. A multi-year record of methane flux at the Mer Bleue Bog, Southern Canada. Ecosystems 14, 646–657 (2011).
Google Scholar
Zhu, X. et al. Ammonia oxidation pathways and nitrifier denitrification are significant sources of N2O and NO under low oxygen availability. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 110, 6328–6333 (2013).
Google Scholar
Cole, J. J. et al. Plumbing the global carbon cycle: integrating inland waters into the terrestrial carbon budget. Ecosystems 10, 171–184 (2007).
Google Scholar
Holgerson, M. A. & Raymond, P. A. Large contribution to inland water CO2 and CH4 emissions from very small ponds. Nat. Geosci. 9, 222–226 (2016).
Google Scholar
Raymond, P. A. et al. Global carbon dioxide emissions from inland waters. Nature 503, 355–359 (2013).
Google Scholar
Rosentreter, J. A. et al. Half of global methane emissions come from highly variable aquatic ecosystem sources. Nat. Geosci. 14, 225–230 (2021).
Google Scholar
Lehner, B. & Döll, P. Development and validation of a global database of lakes, reservoirs and wetlands. J. Hydrol. 296, 1–22 (2004).
Google Scholar
Schuur, E. A. et al. The effect of permafrost thaw on old carbon release and net carbon exchange from tundra. Nature 459, 556–559 (2009).
Google Scholar
Delgado-Baquerizo, M. et al. Climate legacies drive global soil carbon stocks in terrestrial ecosystems. Sci. Adv. 3, e1602008 (2017).
Google Scholar
Hengl, T. et al. SoilGrids250m: global gridded soil information based on machine learning. PLoS ONE 12, e0169748 (2017).
Google Scholar
Walker, X. J. et al. Increasing wildfires threaten historic carbon sink of boreal forest soils. Nature 572, 520–523 (2019).
Google Scholar
Baird, A. J. et al. Validity of managing peatlands with fire. Nat. Geosci. 12, 884–885 (2019).
Google Scholar
Ritchie, H., Roser, M. & Rosado, P. CO2 and GHG Emissions: Atmospheric Concentrations (Our World in Data, 2020); https://ourworldindata.org/atmospheric-concentrations#citation
Friedlingstein, P. et al. Global carbon budget 2019. Earth Syst. Sci. Data 11, 1783–1838 (2019).
Google Scholar
Tian, H. et al. A comprehensive quantification of global nitrous oxide sources and sinks. Nature 586, 248–256 (2020).
Google Scholar
Cook-Patton, S. C. et al. Mapping carbon accumulation potential from global natural forest regrowth. Nature 585, 545–550 (2020).
Google Scholar
Jaenicke, J. et al. Planning hydrological restoration of peatlands in Indonesia to mitigate carbon dioxide emissions. Mitig. Adapt. Strateg. Glob. Change 15, 223–239 (2010).
Google Scholar
Wohl, E. Landscape-scale carbon storage associated with beaver dams. Geophys. Res. Lett. 40, 3631–3636 (2013).
Google Scholar
Law, A. et al. Using ecosystem engineers as tools in habitat restoration and rewilding: beaver and wetlands. Sci. Total Environ. 605–606, 1021–1030 (2017).
Google Scholar
Brown, L. E. et al. Macroinvertebrate community assembly in pools created during peatland restoration. Sci. Total Environ. 569, 361–372 (2016).
Google Scholar
Finlayson, C. M. & Rea, N. Reasons for the loss and degradation of Australian wetlands. Wetl. Ecol. Manage. 7, 1–11 (1999).
Google Scholar
Liu, J. et al. Water conservancy projects in China: achievements, challenges and way forward. Glob. Environ. Change 23, 633–643 (2013).
Google Scholar
Rogelj, J. et al. in Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C (eds Masson-Delmotte, V. et al.) Ch. 2 (IPCC, WMO, 2018).
Svensson, B. H. & Rosswall, T. In situ methane production from acid peat in plant communities with different moisture regimes in a subarctic mire. Oikos 43, 341–350 (1984).
Google Scholar
Waddington, J. M. & Roulet, N. T. Atmosphere–wetland carbon exchanges: scale dependency of CO2 and CH4 exchange on the developmental topography of a peatland. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 10, 233–245 (1996).
Google Scholar
Kling, G. W. et al. The flux of CO2 and CH4 from lakes and rivers in Arctic Alaska. Hydrobiologia 240, 23–36 (1992).
Google Scholar
Humphreys, E. R. et al. Two bogs in the Canadian Hudson Bay lowlands and a temperate bog reveal similar annual net ecosystem exchange of CO2. Arct. Antarct. Alp. Res. 46, 103–113 (2014).
Google Scholar
Caffrey, J. M. Factors controlling net ecosystem metabolism in US estuaries. Estuaries 27, 90–101 (2004).
Google Scholar
Roberts, B. J. et al. Multiple scales of temporal variability in ecosystem metabolism rates: results from 2 years of continuous monitoring in a forested headwater stream. Ecosystems 10, 588–606 (2007).
Google Scholar
Myhre, G. et al. in Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis (eds Stocker, T.F. et al.) 710–714 (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2013).
Glenn, A. J. et al. Comparison of net ecosystem CO2 exchange in two peatlands in western Canada with contrasting dominant vegetation, Sphagnum and Carex. Agric. For. Meteorol. 140, 115–135 (2006).
Google Scholar
Bond-Lamberty, B. & Thomson, A. Temperature-associated increases in the global soil respiration record. Nature 464, 579–582 (2010).
Google Scholar
Zhao, J. et al. Intensified inundation shifts a freshwater wetland from a CO2 sink to a source. Glob. Change Biol. 25, 3319–3333 (2019).
Google Scholar
Peichl, M. et al. A 12-year record reveals pre-growing season temperature and water table level threshold effects on the net carbon dioxide exchange in a boreal fen. Environ. Res. Lett. 9, 55006 (2014).
Google Scholar
Peng, Z. & Peng, G. Suitability mapping of global wetland areas and validation with remotely sensed data. Sci. China Earth Sci. 57, 2883–2892 (2014).
Zhang, B. et al. Methane emissions from global wetlands: an assessment of the uncertainty associated with various wetland extent data sets. Atmos. Environ. 165, 310–321 (2017).
Google Scholar
Gumbricht, T. et al. An expert system model for mapping tropical wetlands and peatlands reveals South America as the largest contributor. Glob. Change Biol. 23, 3581–3599 (2017).
Google Scholar
ERA5 Monthly Averaged Data on Pressure Levels from 1979 to Present (ECMWF, 2020); https://doi.org/10.24381/cds.6860a573
FAOSTAT Emissions Database (FAO, 2020); http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/GT
Qiu, C. et al. Large historical carbon emissions from cultivated northern peatlands. Sci. Adv. 7, eabf1332 (2021).
Google Scholar
Frolking, S., Roulet, N. & Fuglestvedt, J. How northern peatlands influence the Earth’s radiative budget: sustained methane emission versus sustained carbon sequestration. J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosci. 111, G01008 (2006).
Neubauer, S. C. & Megonigal, J. P. Moving beyond global warming potentials to quantify the climatic role of ecosystems. Ecosystems 18, 1000–1013 (2015).
Google Scholar
Matthews, E. & Fung, I. Methane emission from natural wetlands: global distribution, area, and environmental characteristics of sources. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 1, 61–86 (1987).
Google Scholar
Melton, J. R. et al. Present state of global wetland extent and wetland methane modelling: conclusions from a model inter-comparison project (WETCHIMP). Biogeosciences 10, 753–788 (2013).
Google Scholar
Papa, F. et al. Interannual variability of surface water extent at the global scale, 1993–2004. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 115, D12111 (2010).
Google Scholar
Junk, W. J. et al. Current state of knowledge regarding the world’s wetlands and their future under global climate change: a synthesis. Aquat. Sci. 75, 151–167 (2013).
Google Scholar
Schroeder, R. et al. Development and evaluation of a multi-year fractional surface water data set derived from active/passive microwave remote sensing data. Remote Sens. 7, 16688–16732 (2015).
Google Scholar
Vanessa, R. et al. A global assessment of inland wetland conservation status. Bioscience 6, 523–533 (2017).
Davidson, N. et al. Global extent and distribution of wetlands: trends and issues. Mar. Freshw. Res. 69, 620–627 (2018).
Google Scholar
ArcWorld 1:3 M. Continental Coverage (ESRI, 1992); http://www.oceansatlas.org/subtopic/en/c/593/
Digital Chart of the World 1:1 M (ESRI, 1993); https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/topo/report/s5/s5Avii.html
Global Wetlands (UNEP-WCMC, 1993); https://www.arcgis.com/home/item.html?id=105a402642e146eaa665315279a322d1
Moreno-Mateos, D. et al. Structural and functional loss in restored wetland ecosystems. PLoS Biol. 10, e1001247 (2012).
Google Scholar
Ramsar COP12 DOC.8 Report of the Secretary General to COP12 on the Implementation of the Convention (Ramsar Convention Secretariat, 2015).
Page, S. E. et al. Peatlands and global change: response and resilience. Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour. 41, 35–57 (2016).
Google Scholar
Swindles, G. T. et al. Widespread drying of European peatlands in recent centuries. Nat. Geosci. 12, 922–928 (2019).
Google Scholar
Source: Ecology - nature.com
