Pigliucci, M. Phenotypic plasticity: Beyond Nature and Nurture (Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, 2001).
Chesson, P. Mechanisms of maintenance of species diversity. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 31, 343–366 (2000).
Google Scholar
Aerts, R., Boot, R. G. A. & Van Der Aart, P. J. M. The relation between above- and belowground biomass allocation patterns and competitive ability. Oecologia 87, 551–559 (1991).
Google Scholar
Ashton, I. W., Miller, A. E., Bowman, W. D. & Suding, K. N. Niche complementarity due to plasticity in resource use: plant partitioning of chemical N forms. Ecology 91, 3252–3260 (2010).
Google Scholar
Pfennig, D. W., Rice, A. M. & Martin, R. A. Ecological opportunity and phenotypic plasticity interact to promote character displacement and species coexistence. Ecology 87, 769–779 (2006).
Google Scholar
van Kleunen, M. & Fischer, M. Adaptive evolution of plastic foraging responses in a clonal plant. Ecology 82, 3309–3319 (2001).
Google Scholar
Relyea, R. A. Competitor-induced plasticity in tadpoles: consequences, cues, and connections to predator-induced plasticity. Ecol. Monogr. 72, 523–540 (2002).
Google Scholar
Broekman, M. J. E. et al. Signs of stabilisation and stable coexistence. Ecol. Lett. 22, 1957–1975 (2019).
Google Scholar
Callaway, R. M., Pennings, S. C. & Richards, C. L. Phenotypic plasticity and interactions among plants. Ecology 84, 1115–1128 (2003).
Google Scholar
Turcotte, M. M. & Levine, J. M. Phenotypic plasticity and species coexistence. Trends Ecol. Evol. 31, 803–813 (2016).
Google Scholar
Chesson, P. in Unity in Diversity: Reflections on Ecology after the Legacy of Ramon Margalef (eds F. Valladares et al.) 119–164 (Fundación Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria, 2008).
Ellner, S. P., Snyder, R. E. & Adler, P. B. How to quantify the temporal storage effect using simulations instead of math. Ecol. Lett. 19, 1333–1342 (2016).
Google Scholar
Vasseur, D. A., Amarasekare, P., Rudolf, V. H. W. & Levine, J. M. Eco-evolutionary dynamics enable coexistence via neighbor-dependent selection. Am. Nat. 178, E96–E109 (2011).
Google Scholar
Hendry, A. P. Key questions on the role of phenotypic plasticity in eco-evolutionary dynamics. J. Hered. 107, 25–41 (2016).
Google Scholar
Hart, S. P., Turcotte, M. M. & Levine, J. M. Effects of rapid evolution on species coexistence. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 116, 2112–2117 (2019).
Google Scholar
Hart, S. P., Freckleton, R. P. & Levine, J. M. How to quantify competitive ability. J. Ecol. 106, 1902–1909 (2018).
Google Scholar
Grainger, T. N., Levine, J. M. & Gilbert, B. The invasion criterion: a common currency for ecological research. Trends Ecol. Evol. 34, 925–935 (2019).
Google Scholar
Letten, A. D., Ke, P.-J. & Fukami, T. Linking modern coexistence theory and contemporary niche theory. Ecol. Monogr. 87, 161–177 (2017).
Google Scholar
Kraft, N. J. B., Godoy, O. & Levine, J. M. Plant functional traits and the multidimensional nature of species coexistence. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 112, 797–802 (2015).
Google Scholar
Pfennig, D. W. & Murphy, P. J. How fluctuating competition and phenotypic plasticity mediate species divergence. Evolution 56, 1217–1228 (2002).
Google Scholar
Adler, P., HilleRisLambers, J. & Levine, J. A niche for neutrality. Ecol. Lett. 10, 95–104 (2007).
Google Scholar
Barabás, G., D’Andrea, R. & Stump Simon, M. Chesson’s coexistence theory. Ecol. Monogr. 88, 277–303 (2018).
Google Scholar
Pfennig, D. W. & Pfennig, K. S. Evolution’s Wedge: Competition and the Origins of Diversity (Univ. California Press, 2012).
Ayala, F. J. Reversal of dominance in competing species of Drosophila. Am. Nat. 100, 81–83 (1966).
Google Scholar
Pease, C. M. On the evolutionary reversal of competitive dominance. Evolution 38, 1099–1115 (1984).
Google Scholar
Pimentel, D., Feinberg, E. H., Wood, P. W. & Hayes, J. T. Selection, spatial distribution, and the coexistence of competing fly species. Am. Nat. 99, 97–109 (1965).
Google Scholar
Lankau, R. A. & Strauss, S. Y. Mutual feedbacks maintain both genetic and species diversity in a plant community. Science 317, 1561–1563 (2007).
Google Scholar
Kunstler, G. et al. Plant functional traits have globally consistent effects on competition. Nature 529, 204–207 (2016).
Google Scholar
Stuart, Y. E. & Losos, J. B. Ecological character displacement: glass half full or half empty? Trends Ecol. Evol. 28, 402–408 (2013).
Google Scholar
Abrams, P. A. Alternative models of character displacement and niche shift. 2. Displacement when there is competition for a single resource. Am. Nat. 130, 271–282 (1987).
Google Scholar
Chevin, L. M., Lande, R. & Mace, G. M. Adaptation, plasticity, and extinction in a changing environment: towards a predictive theory. PLoS Biol. 8, e1000357 (2010).
Google Scholar
Harmon, E. A. & Pfennig, D. W. Evolutionary rescue via transgenerational plasticity: evidence and implications for conservation. Evol. Dev. 23, 292–307 (2021).
Google Scholar
Forsman, A. Rethinking phenotypic plasticity and its consequences for individuals, populations and species. Heredity 115, 276–284 (2015).
Google Scholar
Brass, D. P. et al. Phenotypic plasticity as a cause and consequence of population dynamics. Ecol. Lett. 24, 2406–2417 (2021).
Google Scholar
Macarthur, R. H. & Levins, R. The limiting similarity, convergence, and divergence of coexisting species. Am. Nat. 101, 377–385 (1967).
Google Scholar
Beverton, R. J. H. & Holt, S. J. On the Dynamics of Exploited Fish Populations (UK Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, 1957).
Landolt, E. Biosystematic Investigations in the Family of Duckweeds (Lemnaceae), Vol. 2: The Family of Lemnaceae—A Monographic Study, Vol.1 (Geobotanischen Institute, ETH Zürich, 1986).
Wang, W. et al. The Spirodela polyrhiza genome reveals insights into its neotenous reduction fast growth and aquatic lifestyle. Nat. Commun. 5, 3311 (2014).
Google Scholar
Hoagland, D. R. & Arnon, D. I. The Water-Culture Method for Growing Plants without Soil (College of Agriculture, Agricultural Experiment Station, Univ. California, 1950).
Inouye, B. D. Response surface experimental designs for investigating interspecific competition. Ecology 82, 2696–2706 (2001).
Google Scholar
Law, R. & Watkinson, A. R. Response-surface analysis of two-species competition: an experiment on Phleum arenarium and Vulpia fasciculata. J. Ecol. 75, 871–886 (1987).
Google Scholar
MATLAB v.9.0 (MathWorks, 2016).
Stan Modeling Language Users Guide and Reference Manual, v.2.27 (Stan Development Team, 2021); https://mc-stan.org
Vehtari, A., Gelman, A. & Gabry, J. Practical Bayesian model evaluation using leave-one-out cross-validation and WAIC. Stat. Comput. 27, 1413–1432 (2017).
Google Scholar
Bürkner, P.C. brms: an R package for Bayesian multilevel models using Stan. J. Stat. Softw. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v080.i01 (2017).
Vehtari, A. et al. loo: efficient leave-one-out cross-validation and WAIC for Bayesian models, v.2.4.1 (2020).
ImageJ (US NIH, 1997–2016).
Source: Ecology - nature.com