in

Fine-scale movement of northern Gulf of Mexico red snapper and gray triggerfish estimated with three-dimensional acoustic telemetry

  • Fodrie, F. J. et al. Measuring individuality in habitat use across complex landscapes: Approaches, constraints, and implications for assessing resource specialization. Oecologia 178, 75–87 (2015).

    ADS 
    PubMed 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Bacheler, N. M., Michelot, T., Cheshire, R. T. & Shertzer, K. W. Fine-scale movement patterns and behavioral states of gray triggerfish Balistes capriscus determined from acoustic telemetry and hidden Markov models. Fish. Res. 215, 76–89 (2019).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Furey, N. B., Dance, M. A. & Rooker, J. R. Fine-scale movements and habitat use of juvenile southern flounder Paralichthys lethostigma in an estuarine seascape. J. Fish Biol. 82, 1469–1483 (2013).

    CAS 
    PubMed 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Froehlich, C. Y. M., Garcia, A. & Kline, R. J. Daily movement patterns of red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus) on a large artificial reef. Fish. Res. 209, 49–57 (2019).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams-Grove, L. J. & Szedlmayer, S. T. Acoustic positioning and movement patterns of red snapper, Lutjanus campechanus, around artificial reefs in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 553, 233–251 (2016).

    ADS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Secor, D. H., Zhang, F., O’Brien, M. H. P. & Li, M. Ocean destratification and fish evacuation caused by a Mid-Atlantic tropical storm. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 76, 573–584 (2019).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Bacheler, N. M., Shertzer, K. W., Cheshire, R. T. & MacMahan, J. H. Tropical storms influence the movement behavior of a demersal oceanic fish species. Sci. Rep. 9, 1–13 (2019).

    CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Lowerre-Barbieri, S. K., Walters, S., Bickford, J., Cooper, W. & Muller, R. Site fidelity and reproductive timing at a spotted seatrout spawning aggregation site: Individual versus population scale behavior. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 481, 181–197 (2013).

    ADS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Espinoza, M., Farrugia, T. J., Webber, D. M., Smith, F. & Lowe, C. G. Testing a new acoustic telemetry technique to quantify long-term, fine-scale movements of aquatic animals. Fish. Res. 108, 364–371 (2011).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Roy, R. et al. Testing the VEMCO positioning system: Spatial distribution of the probability of location and the positioning error in a reservoir. Anim. Biotelemetry 2, 1 (2014).

    CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Guzzo, M. M. et al. Field testing a novel high residence positioning system for monitoring the fine-scale movements of aquatic organisms. Methods Ecol. Evol. 9, 1478–1488 (2018).

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Smedbol, S., Smith, F., Webber, D., Vallée, R. & King, T. Using underwater coded acoustic telemetry for fine scale positioning of aquatic animals. In 20th Symposium of the International Society on Biotelemetry Proceedings, 9–11 (2014).

  • Dean, M. J., Hoffman, W. S., Zemeckis, D. R. & Armstrong, M. P. Fine-scale diel and gender-based patterns in behaviour of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) on a spawning ground in the western Gulf of Maine. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 71, 1474–1489 (2014).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Tarnecki, J. H. & Patterson, W. F. A mini ROV-based method for recovering marine instruments at depth. PLoS One 15, 1–9 (2020).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellis, R. D. et al. Acoustic telemetry array evolution: From species- and project-specific designs to large-scale, multispecies, cooperative networks. Fish. Res. 209, 186–195 (2019).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Friess, C. et al. Regional-scale variability in the movement ecology of marine fishes revealed by an integrative acoustic tracking network. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 663, 157–177 (2021).

    ADS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Walters, C. J. & Juanes, F. Recruitment limitation as a consequence of natural selection for use of restricted feeding habitats and predation risk taking by juvenile fishes. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 50, 2058–2070 (1993).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Ahrens, R. N. M., Walters, C. J. & Christensen, V. Foraging arena theory. Fish Fish. 13, 41–59 (2012).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwartzkopf, B. D., Langland, T. A. & Cowan, J. H. Habitat selection important for red snapper feeding ecology in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico. Mar. Coast. Fish. 9, 373–387 (2017).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Wells, R. J. D., Cowan, J. H. Jr. & Fry, B. Feeding ecology of red snapper Lutjanus campechanus in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 361, 213–225 (2008).

    ADS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldman, S. F., Glasgow, D. M. & Falk, M. M. Feeding habits of 2 reef-associated fishes, red porgy (Pagrus pagrus) and gray triggerfish (Balistes capriscus), off the Southeastern United States. Fish. Bull. 114, 317–329 (2016).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Villegas-Ríos, D., Réale, D., Freitas, C., Moland, E. & Olsen, E. M. Personalities influence spatial responses to environmental fluctuations in wild fish. J. Anim. Ecol. 87, 1309–1319 (2018).

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Rooker, J. R. et al. Seascape connectivity and the influence of predation risk on the movement of fishes inhabiting a back-reef ecosystem. Ecosphere 9, e02200 (2018).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Forman, R. T. T. & Godron, M. Patches and structural components for a landscape ecology. Bioscience 31, 733–740 (1981).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Dahl, K. A. & Patterson, W. F. Movement, home range, and depredation of invasive lionfish revealed by fine-scale acoustic telemetry in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Mar. Biol. 167, 1–22 (2020).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 

  • Schoener, T. W. Resource partitioning in ecological communities. Science 185, 27–39 (1974).

    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Moulton, D. L. et al. Habitat partitioning and seasonal movement of red drum and spotted seatrout. Estuaries Coasts 40, 905–916 (2017).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Hammerschlag, N., Luo, J., Irschick, D. J. & Ault, J. S. A Comparison of spatial and movement patterns between sympatric predators: bull sharks (Carcharhinus leucas) and Atlantic tarpon (Megalops atlanticus). PLoS ONE 7, e45958 (2012).

    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Novak, A. J. et al. Scale of biotelemetry data influences ecological interpretations of space and habitat use in yellowtail snapper. Mar. Coast. Fish. 12, 364–377 (2020).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Lima, S. L. & Dill, L. M. Behavioral decisions made under the risk of predation: A review and prospectus. Can. J. Zool. 68, 619–640 (1990).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Werner, E. E. & Gilliam, J. F. The ontogenetic niche and species interactions in size-structured populations. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 15, 393–425 (1984).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Reale, D. et al. Personality and the emergence of the pace-of-life syndrome concept at the population level. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 365, 4051–4063 (2010).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Sih, A., Bell, A. & Johnson, J. C. Behavioral syndromes: An ecological and evolutionary overview. Trends Ecol. Evol. 19, 372–378 (2004).

    PubMed 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Huntingford, F. A. The relationship between anti-predator behavior and aggression among conspecifics in the three-spined stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus. Anim. Behav. 24, 245–260 (1976).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, D. S., Clark, A. B., Coleman, K. & Dearstyne, T. Shyness and boldness in humans and other animals. Trends Ecol. Evol. 9, 442–446 (1994).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Harrison, P. M. et al. Personality-dependent spatial ecology occurs independently from dispersal in wild burbot (Lota lota). Behav. Ecol. 26, 483–492 (2015).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Gosling, S. D. From mice to men: What can we learn about personality from animal research?. Psychol. Bull. 127, 45–86 (2001).

    CAS 
    PubMed 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Hussey, N. E. et al. Aquatic animal telemetry: A panoramic window into the underwater world. Science 348, 1255642–1255642 (2015).

    PubMed 
    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 

  • Lowerre-Barbieri, S. K., Kays, R., Thorson, J. T. & Wikelski, M. The ocean’s movescape: Fisheries management in the bio-logging decade (2018–2028). ICES J. Mar. Sci. 76, 477–488 (2019).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • National Marine Fisheries Service. Fisheries Economics of the United State 2016. NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-F/SPO-187a. https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/resource/document/fisheries-economics-united-states-report-2016 (2018). Accessed 08 January 2018.

  • Patterson, W. F. III, Tarnecki, J., Addis, D. T. & Barbieri, L. R. Reef fish community structure at natural versus artificial reefs in the northern Gulf of Mexico. In Proc. 66th Gulf Caribb. Fish. Inst. 4–8 (2014).

  • Streich, M. K. et al. Effects of a new artificial reef complex on red snapper and the associated fish community: An evaluation using a before–after control–impact approach. Mar. Coast. Fish. 9, 404–418 (2017).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Dance, M. A., Patterson, W. F. III. & Addis, D. T. Fish community and trophic structure at artificial reef sites in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico. Bull. Mar. Sci. 87, 301–324 (2011).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Cowan, J. H. Red snapper in the Gulf of Mexico and the U.S. South Atlantic: data, doubt, and debate. Fisheries 36, 319–331 (2011).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Addis, D. T., Patterson, W. F. III. & Dance, M. A. The potential for unreported artificial reefs to serve as refuges from fishing mortality for reef fishes. N. Am. J. Fish. Manag. 36, 131–139 (2016).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • McCawley, J. R., Cowan, J. H. Jr. & Shipp, R. L. Feeding periodicity and prey habitat preference of red snapper, Lutjanus campechanus (Poey, 1860), on Alabama artificial reefs. Gulf Mex. Sci. 24, 14–27 (2006).

    Google Scholar 

  • Glenn, H. D., Cowan, J. H. Jr. & Powers, J. E. A comparison of red snapper reproductive potential in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico: Natural versus artificial habitats. Mar. Coast. Fish. 9, 139–148 (2017).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Kulaw, D. H., Cowan, J. H. Jr. & Jackson, M. W. Temporal and spatial comparisons of the reproductive biology of northern Gulf of Mexico (USA) red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus) collected a decade apart. PLoS One 12, e0172360 (2017).

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 
    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 

  • Vose, F. E. & Nelson, W. G. Gray triggerfish (Balistes capriscus Gmelin) feeding from artificial and natural substrate in shallow Atlantic waters of Florida. Bull. Mar. Sci. 55, 1316–1323 (1994).

    Google Scholar 

  • Herbig, J. L. & Szedlmayer, S. T. Movement patterns of gray triggerfish, Balistes capriscus, around artificial reefs in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Fish. Manag. Ecol. 23, 418–427 (2016).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Szedlmayer, S. T. & Schroepfer, R. L. Long-term residence of red snapper on artificial reefs in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 134, 315–325 (2005).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Watterson, J. C. III., Patterson, W. F. I. I. I., Shipp, R. L. & Cowan, J. H. Jr. Movement of red snapper, Lutjanus campechanus, in the north central Gulf of Mexico: Potential effects of hurricanes. Gulf Mex. Sci. 16, 92–104 (1998).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ingram, G. W. Jr. & Patterson, W. F. I. I. I. Movement patterns of red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus), greater amberjack (Seriola dumerili), and gray triggerfish (Balistes capriscus) in the Gulf of Mexico and the utility of marine reserves as management tools. Proc. Gulf Caribb. Fish. Inst. 52, 686–699 (2001).

    Google Scholar 

  • Strelcheck, A. J., Cowan, J. H. Jr. & Patterson, W. F. III. Site fidelity, movement, and growth of red snapper Lutjanus campechanus: implications for artificial reef management. In Red Snapper Ecology and Fisheries in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico. American Fisheries Society Symposium 60 (eds. Patterson, W. F. III, Cowan, J. H. Jr., Nieland, D. A. & Fitzhugh, G. R.), 147–162 (2007).

  • Addis, D. T., Patterson, W. F. I. I. I., Dance, M. A. & Ingram, G. W. Jr. Implications of reef fish movement from unreported artificial reef sites in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Fish. Res. 147, 349–358 (2013).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Topping, D. T. & Szedlmayer, S. T. Site fidelity, residence time and movements of red snapper Lutjanus campechanus estimated with long-term acoustic monitoring. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 437, 183–200 (2011).

    ADS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Everett, A. G., Szedlmayer, S. T. & Gallaway, B. J. Movement patterns of red snapper Lutjanus campechanus based on acoustic telemetry around oil and gas platforms in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 649, 155–173 (2020).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Tarnecki, J. H. & Patterson, W. F. I. I. I. Changes in red snapper diet and trophic ecology following the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill. Mar. Coast. Fish. 7, 135–147 (2015).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • McCawley, J. R. & Cowan, J. H. Jr. Seasonal and size specific diet and prey demand of Red Snapper on Alabama artificial reefs. In Red Snapper Ecology and Fisheries in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico. American Fisheries Society Symposium 60 (eds. Patterson, W. F. III., Cowan, J. H. Jr., Fitzhugh, G. R. & Nieland, D. L.), 77–104 (2007).

  • Piraino, M. N. & Szedlmayer, S. T. Fine-scale movements and home ranges of red snapper around artificial reefs in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 143, 988–998 (2014).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams-Grove, L. J. & Szedlmayer, S. T. Depth preferences and three-dimensional movements of red snapper, Lutjanus campechanus, on an artificial reef in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Fish. Res. 190, 61–70 (2017).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Topping, D. T. & Szedlmayer, S. T. Home range and movement patterns of red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus) on artificial reefs. Fish. Res. 112, 77–84 (2011).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Baker, M. S. J. & Wilson, C. A. Use of bomb radiocarbon to validate otolith section ages of red snapper Lutjanus campechanus from the northern Gulf of Mexico. Limnol. Oceanogr. 46, 1819–1824 (2001).

    ADS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Allman, R. J., Fioramonti, C. L., Patterson, W. F. III. & Pacicco, A. E. Validation of annual growth-zone formation in gray triggerfish Balistes capriscus dorsal spines, fin rays, and vertebrae. Gulf Mex. Sci. 33, 68–76 (2016).

    Google Scholar 

  • Frazer, T. K., Lindberg, W. J. & Stanton, G. R. Predation on sand dollars by gray triggerfish, Balistes capriscus, in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico. Bull. Mar. Sci. 48, 159–164 (1991).

    Google Scholar 

  • Delorenzo, D. M., Bethea, D. M. & Carlson, J. K. An assessment of the diet and trophic level of Atlantic sharpnose shark Rhizoprionodon terraenovae. J. Fish Biol. 86, 385–391 (2015).

    CAS 
    PubMed 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Aines, A. C., Carlson, J. K., Boustany, A., Mathers, A. & Kohler, N. E. Feeding habits of the tiger shark, Galeocerdo cuvier, in the northwest Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico. Environ. Biol. Fish. 101, 403–415 (2018).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Castro, J. I. The Sharks of North America (Oxford University Press, 2011).

    Google Scholar 

  • Springer, S. A collection of fishes from the stomachs of sharks taken off Salerno, Florida. Copeia 3, 174–175 (1946).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Bohaboy, E. C., Guttridge, T. L., Hammerschlag, N., Van Zinnicq Bergmann, M. P. M. & Patterson, W. F. III. Application of three-dimensional acoustic telemetry to assess the effects of rapid recompression on reef fish discard mortality. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 77, 83–96 (2020).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Drymon, J. M., Powers, S. P., Dindo, J., Dzwonkowski, B. & Henwood, T. Distributions of sharks across a continental shelf in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Mar. Coast. Fish. Dyn. Manag. Ecosyst. Sci. 2, 440–450 (2010).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Ajemian, M. J. et al. Movement patterns and habitat use of tiger sharks (Galeocerdo cuvier) across ontogeny in the Gulf of Mexico. PLoS One 15, 1–24 (2020).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ouzts, A. C. & Szedlmayer, S. T. Diel feeding patterns of Red Snapper on artificial reefs in the north-central Gulf of Mexico. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 132, 1186–1193 (2003).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • White, D. B. & Palmer, S. M. Age, growth, and reproduction of the red snapper, Lutjanus campechanus, from the Atlantic waters of the Southeastern US. Bull. Mar. Sci. 75, 335–360 (2004).

    Google Scholar 

  • Fitzhugh, G. R., Lyon, H. M. & Barnett, B. K. Reproductive parameters of gray triggerfish (Balistes capriscus) from the Gulf of Mexico: Sex ratio, maturity and spawning fraction. SEDAR43-WP-03. (2015). http://sedarweb.org/sedar-82-rd14-sedar43-wp-03reproductive-parameters-gray-triggerfish-balistes-capriscus-gulf-mexico. Accessed 12 April 2021.

  • Kelly-Stormer, A. et al. Gray Triggerfish reproductive biology, age, and growth off the Atlantic coast of the Southeastern USA. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 146, 523–538 (2017).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Porch, C. E., Fitzhugh, G. R., Lang, E. T., Lyon, H. M. & Linton, B. C. Estimating the dependence of spawning frequency on size and age in Gulf of Mexico red snapper. Mar. Coast. Fish. 7, 233–245 (2015).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Lang, E. T. & Fitzhugh, G. R. Oogenesis and fecundity type of gray triggerfish in the Gulf of Mexico. Mar. Coast. Fish. Dyn. Manag. Ecosyst. Sci. 7, 338–348 (2015).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Woods, M. K. et al. Size and age at maturity of female red snapper Lutjanus campechanus in the Northern Gulf of Mexico. Proc. Gulf Caribb. Fish. Inst. 54, 526–537 (2003).

    Google Scholar 

  • Simmons, C. M. & Szedlmayer, S. T. Territoriality, reproductive behavior, and parental care in gray triggerfish, Balistes capriscus, from the Northern Gulf of Mexico. Bull. Mar. Sci. 88, 197–209 (2012).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Mackichan, C. A. & Szedlmayer, S. T. Reproductive behavior of the gray triggerfish, Balistes capriscus, in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico. Proc. Gulf Caribb. Fish. Inst. 59, 213–218 (2007).

    Google Scholar 

  • Diamond, S. L. et al. Movers and stayers: Individual variability in site fidelity and movements of red snapper off Texas. In Red Snapper Ecology and Fisheries in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico. American Fisheries Society Symposium 60 (eds. Patterson, W. F. III, Cowan, J. H. Jr., Nieland, D. A. & Fitzhugh, G. R.), 163–187 (2007).

  • Spiegel, O., Leu, S. T., Bull, C. M. & Sih, A. What’s your move? Movement as a link between personality and spatial dynamics in animal populations. Ecol. Lett. 20, 3–18 (2017).

    ADS 
    PubMed 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, F. Understanding HPE in the VEMCO Positioning System (VPS). (2013).

  • US Department of Defense. Global Positioning System Standard Positioning Service Performance Standard. http://www.gps.gov/technical/ps/2008-SPS-performance-standard.pdf (2008). Accessed 08 July 2020.

  • Heupel, M. R., Reiss, K. L., Yeiser, B. G. & Simpfendorfer, C. A. Effects of biofouling on performance of moored data logging acoustic receivers. Limnol. Oceanogr. Methods 6, 327–335 (2008).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration & National Weather Service. National Data Buoy Center: Station 42012—Orange Beach. http://www.ndbc.noaa.gov/station_page.php?station=42012 (2017). Accessed 07 November 2017.

  • National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration & National Weather Service. National Data Buoy Center: Station 42040- Luke Offshore Test Platform. https://www.ndbc.noaa.gov/station_page.php?station=42040 (2019). Accessed 07 January 2019.

  • Lazaridis, E. R Package ‘lunar’: lunar phase & distance, seasons and other environmental factors. https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/lunar/lunar.pdf (2015). Accessed 12 August 2019.

  • Thieurmel, B. & Elmarhraoui, A. R Package ‘suncalc’: compute sun position, sunlight phases, moon position and lunar phase. https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/suncalc/suncalc.pdf (2019). Accessed 22 June 2019.

  • National Geophysical Data Center. U.S. Coastal Relief Model—Central Gulf of Mexico. https://doi.org/10.7289/V54Q7RW0 (2001).

  • Cox, D. R. & Oakes, D. Analysis of Survival Data (Chapman and Hall, 1984).

  • Benhamou, S. Dynamic approach to space and habitat use based on biased random bridges. PLoS One 6, e14592 (2011).

    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Horne, J. S., Garton, E. O., Krone, S. M. & Lewis, J. S. Analyzing animal movements using Brownian bridges. Ecology 88, 2354–2363 (2007).

    PubMed 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Tracey, J. A. et al. Movement-based estimation and visualization of space use in 3D for wildlife ecology and conservation. PLoS One 9, e101205 (2014).

    ADS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 
    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 

  • Tracey, J. A. et al. R Package ‘mkde’: 2D and 3D movement-based kernel density estimates (MKDEs). https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=mkde (2014). Accessed 17 June 2019.

  • Worton, B. J. Kernel methods for estimating the utilization distribution in home-range studies. Ecology 70, 164–168 (1989).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Wood, S. N. Package ‘mgcv’: Mixed GAM computation vehicle with automatic smoothness estimation. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781315370279 (2019).


  • Source: Ecology - nature.com

    New data from the first discovered paleoparadoxiid (Desmostylia) specimen shed light into the morphological variation of the genus Neoparadoxia

    Using seismology for groundwater management