DeVault, T. L., Rhodes, O. E. & Shivik, J. A. Scavenging by vertebrates: Behavioral, ecological, and evolutionary perspectives on an important energy transfer pathway in terrestrial ecosystems. Oikos 102, 225–234 (2003).
Selva, N., Jedrzejewska, B., Jedrzejewski, W. & Wajrak, A. Scavenging on European bison carcasses in Bialowieza Primeval Forest (eastern Poland). Ecoscience 10, 303–311 (2003).
Wilson, E. E. & Wolkovich, E. M. Scavenging: How carnivores and carrion structure communities. Trends Ecol. Evol. 26, 129–135 (2011).
Google Scholar
Inger, R., Cox, D. T. C., Per, E., Norton, B. A. & Gaston, K. J. Ecological role of vertebrate scavengers in urban ecosystems in the UK. Ecol. Evol. 6, 7015–7023 (2016).
Google Scholar
Moleón, M. et al. Humans and scavengers: The evolution of interactions and ecosystem services. Bioscience 64, 394–403 (2014).
Moleón, M., Sánchez-Zapata, J. A., Selva, N., Donázar, J. A. & Owen-Smith, N. Inter-specific interactions linking predation and scavenging in terrestrial vertebrate assemblages. Biol. Rev. 89, 1042–1054 (2014).
Google Scholar
Mateo-Tomás, P., Olea, P. P., Moleón, M., Selva, N. & Sánchez-Zapata, J. A. Both rare and common species support ecosystem services in scavenger communities. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 26, 1459–1470 (2017).
Houston, D. C. Scavenging efficiency of turkey vultures in tropical forest. Condor 88, 318–323 (1986).
Morales-Reyes, Z. et al. Scavenging efficiency and red fox abundance in Mediterranean mountains with and without vultures. Acta Oecol. 79, 81–88 (2017).
Google Scholar
Kane, A. & Kendall, C. J. Understanding how mammalian scavengers use information from avian scavengers: Cue from above. J. Anim. Ecol. 86, 837–846 (2017).
Google Scholar
Sebastián-González, E. et al. Functional traits driving species role in the structure of terrestrial vertebrate scavenger networks. Ecology. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.3519 (2021).
Google Scholar
Beasley, J. C., Olson, Z. H. & DeVault, T. L. Ecological role of vertebrate scavengers. In Carrion Ecology, Evolution and Their Applications (eds Benbow, M. E. et al.) 107–127 (CRC Press, 2015).
Bassi, E., Battocchio, D., Marcon, A., Stahlberg, S. & Apollonio, M. Scavenging on ungulate carcasses in a mountain forest area in Northern Italy. Mamm. Study 43, 1–11 (2018).
Enari, H. & Enari, H. S. Not avian but mammalian scavengers efficiently consume carcasses under heavy snowfall conditions: A case from northern Japan. Mamm. Biol. 101, 419–428 (2021).
Peers, M. J. L. et al. Prey availability and ambient temperature influence carrion persistence in the boreal forest. J. Anim. Ecol. 89, 2156–2167 (2020).
Google Scholar
Selva, N. & Fortuna, M. A. The nested structure of a scavenger community. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 274, 1101–1108 (2007).
Inagaki, A. et al. Vertebrate scavenger guild composition and utilization of carrion in an East Asian temperate forest. Ecol. Evol. 10, 1223–1232 (2020).
Google Scholar
Sebastián-González, E. et al. Network structure of vertebrate scavenger assemblages at the global scale: Drivers and ecosystem functioning implications. Ecography (Cop.) 43, 1143–1155 (2020).
Cortés-Avizanda, A., Selva, N., Carrete, M. & Donázar, J. A. Effects of carrion resources on herbivore spatial distribution are mediated by facultative scavengers. Basic Appl. Ecol. 10, 265–272 (2009).
Sebastián-González, E. et al. Nested species-rich networks of scavenging vertebrates support high levels of interspecific competition. Ecology 97, 95–105 (2016).
Google Scholar
Beasley, J. C., Olson, Z. H. & Devault, T. L. Carrion cycling in food webs: Comparisons among terrestrial and marine ecosystems. Oikos 121, 1021–1026 (2012).
Ray, R. R., Seibold, H. & Heurich, M. Invertebrates outcompete vertebrate facultative scavengers in simulated lynx kills in the Bavarian Forest National Park, Germany. Anim. Biodivers. Conserv. 37, 77–88 (2014).
Sugiura, S. & Hayashi, M. Functional compensation by insular scavengers: The relative contributions of vertebrates and invertebrates vary among islands. Ecography (Cop.) 41, 1173–1183 (2018).
Wilmers, C. C., Stahler, D. R., Crabtree, R. L., Smith, D. W. & Getz, W. M. Resource dispersion and consumer dominance: Scavenging at wolf- and hunter-killed carcasses in Greater Yellowstone, USA. Ecol. Lett. 6, 996–1003 (2003).
Putman, A. R. J. Patterns of carbon dioxide evolution from decaying carrion: Decomposition of small mammal carrion in temperate systems, Part 1. Oikos 31, 47–57 (1978).
Google Scholar
DeVault, T. L. & Rhodes, O. E. Identification of vertebrate scavengers of small mammal carcasses in a forested landscape. Acta Theriol. (Warsz.) 47, 185–192 (2002).
Selva, N., Jȩdrzejewska, B., Jȩdrzejewski, W. & Wajrak, A. Factors affecting carcass use by a guild of scavengers in European temperate woodland. Can. J. Zool. 83, 1590–1601 (2005).
Ogada, D. L., Torchin, M. E., Kinnaird, M. F. & Ezenwa, V. O. Effects of vulture declines on facultative scavengers and potential implications for mammalian disease transmission. Conserv. Biol. 26, 453–460 (2012).
Google Scholar
Turner, K. L., Abernethy, E. F., Conner, L. M., Rhodes, O. E. & Beasley, J. C. Abiotic and biotic factors modulate carrion fate and vertebrate scavenging communities. Ecology 98, 2413–2424 (2017).
Google Scholar
Arrondo, E. et al. Rewilding traditional grazing areas affects scavenger assemblages and carcass consumption patterns. Basic Appl. Ecol. 41, 56–66 (2019).
Moleón, M. et al. Carrion availability in space and time. In Carrion Ecology and Management (eds Pedro, P. O. et al.) 23–44 (Springer, 2019).
Pereira, L. M., Owen-Smith, N. & Moleón, M. Facultative predation and scavenging by mammalian carnivores: Seasonal, regional and intra-guild comparisons. Mamm. Rev. 44, 44–55 (2014).
Animal Care and Use Committee. Guidelines for the capture, handling, and care of mammals as approved by the American Society of Mammalogists. J. Mamm. 79, 1416–1431 (1998).
Committee of Reviewing Taxon Names and Specimen Collections. Guidelines for the Procedure of Obtaining Mammal Specimens as Approved by the Mammal Society of Japan (Revised in 2009) (Mammal Society of Japan, 2009).
Yoshino, M. Microclimate: New Edition (Chijin Shokan, 1986).
R Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. https://www.r-project.org/ (2019).
Sokal, R. R. & Rohlf, F. J. Biometry 4th edn. (WH Freeman and Company, 2012).
Google Scholar
Fisher, R. A. Statistical Methods for Research Workers (Oliver and Boyd, 1934).
Google Scholar
Therneau, T. A Package for Survival Analysis in S. Version 2.38 (2015).
Pardo-Barquín, E., Mateo-Tomás, P. & Olea, P. P. Habitat characteristics from local to landscape scales combine to shape vertebrate scavenging communities. Basic Appl. Ecol. 34, 126–139 (2019).
Moleón, M., Sánchez-Zapata, J. A., Sebastián-González, E. & Owen-Smith, N. Carcass size shapes the structure and functioning of an African scavenging assemblage. Oikos 124, 1391–1403 (2015).
DeVault, T. L., Brisbin, I. L. & Rhodes, O. E. Factors influencing the acquisition of rodent carrion by vertebrate scavengers and decomposers. Can. J. Zool. 82, 502–509 (2004).
Source: Ecology - nature.com
