Elmhagen, B. & Rushton, S. P. Trophic control of mesopredators in terrestrial ecosystems: Top-down or bottom-up?. Ecol. Lett. 10, 197–206 (2007).
Google Scholar
Newsome, T. M. et al. Top predators constrain mesopredator distributions. Nat. Commun. 8, 15469 (2017).
Google Scholar
Prugh, L. R. & Sivy, K. J. Enemies with benefits: Integrating positive and negative interactions among terrestrial carnivores. Ecol. Lett. 23, 902–918 (2020).
Google Scholar
Lima, S. L. & Dill, L. M. Behavioral decisions made under the risk of predation: A review and prospectus. Can. J. Zool. 68, 619–640 (1990).
Google Scholar
Suraci, J. P., Clinchy, M., Dill, L. M., Roberts, D. & Zanette, L. Y. Fear of large carnivores causes a trophic cascade. Nat. Commun. 7, 10698 (2016).
Google Scholar
Suraci, J. P., Clinchy, M., Zanette, L. Y. & Wilmers, C. C. Fear of humans as apex predators has landscape-scale impacts from mountain lions to mice. Ecol. Lett. 22, 1578–1586 (2019).
Google Scholar
Selva, N., Jȩdrzejewska, B., Jȩdrzejewski, W. & Wajrak, A. Factors affecting carcass use by a guild of scavengers in European temperate woodland. Can. J. Zool. 83, 1590–1601 (2005).
Google Scholar
McArthur, C., Banks, P. B., Boonstra, R. & Forbey, J. S. The dilemma of foraging herbivores: Dealing with food and fear. Oecologia 176, 667–689 (2014).
Google Scholar
Ripple, W. J. et al. Status and ecological effects of the world’s largest carnivores. Science 343, 1241484 (2014).
Google Scholar
Kuijper, D. P. J. et al. Paws without claws? Ecological effects of large carnivores in anthropogenic landscapes. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 283, 20161625 (2016).
Google Scholar
Laundré, J. W., Hernández, L. & Altendorf, K. B. Wolfes, elk, and bison: Reestablishing the ‘landscape of fear’ in Yellowstone National Park, U.S.A. Can. J. Zool. 79, 1401–1409 (2001).
Google Scholar
Gaynor, K. M., Brown, J. S., Middleton, A. D., Power, M. E. & Brashares, J. S. Landscapes of fear: Spatial patterns of risk perception and response. Trends Ecol. Evol. 34, 355–368 (2019).
Google Scholar
Ritchie, E. G. & Johnson, C. N. Predator interactions, mesopredator release and biodiversity conservation. Ecol. Lett. 12, 982–998 (2009).
Google Scholar
Leo, V., Reading, R. P. & Letnic, M. Interference competition: Odours of an apex predator and conspecifics influence resource acquisition by red foxes. Oecologia 179, 1033–1040 (2015).
Google Scholar
Clinchy, M. et al. Fear of the human “super predator” far exceeds the fear of large carnivores in a model mesocarnivore. Behav. Ecol. 27, 1826–1832 (2016).
Haswell, P. M., Jones, K. A., Kusak, J. & Hayward, M. W. Fear, foraging and olfaction: how mesopredators avoid costly interactions with apex predators. Oecologia 187, 573–583 (2018).
Google Scholar
Switalski, T. A. Coyote foraging ecology and vigilance in response to gray wolf reintroduction in Yellowstone National Park. Can. J. Zool. 81, 985–993 (2003).
Google Scholar
Wikenros, C., Jarnemo, A., Frisén, M., Kuijper, D. P. J. & Schmidt, K. Mesopredator behavioral response to olfactory signals of an apex predator. J. Ethol. 35, 161–168 (2017).
Google Scholar
Palomares, F., Ferreras, P., Fedriani, J. M. & Delibes, M. Spatial relationships between Iberian Lynx and other carnivores in an area of south-western Spain. J. Appl. Ecol. 33, 5–13 (1996).
Google Scholar
Salo, P., Nordström, M., Thomson, R. L. & Korpimäki, E. Risk induced by a native top predator reduces alien mink movements. J. Anim. Ecol. 77, 1092–1098 (2008).
Google Scholar
Haswell, P. M., Kusak, J. & Hayward, M. W. Large carnivore impacts are context-dependent. Food Webs 12, 3–13 (2017).
Google Scholar
Parsons, M. H. et al. Biologically meaningful scents: A framework for understanding predator–prey research across disciplines. Biol. Rev. 93, 98–114 (2018).
Google Scholar
Sivy, K. J., Pozzanghera, C. B., Grace, J. B. & Prugh, L. R. Fatal attraction? Intraguild facilitation and suppression among predators. Am. Nat. 190, 663–679 (2017).
Google Scholar
Ruprecht, J. et al. Variable strategies to solve risk-reward tradeoffs in carnivore communities. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 118, e2101614118 (2021).
Google Scholar
Jędrzejewska, B. & Jędrzejewski, W. Predation in Vertebrate Communities Vol. 135 (Springer, 1998).
Google Scholar
Jȩdrzejewski, W. et al. Kill rates and predation by wolves on ungulate populations in Białowieża primeval forest (Poland). Ecology 83, 1341–1356 (2002).
Selva, N. The role of scavenging in the predator community of Białowieża Primeval Forest (Poland). PhD Thesis. (University of Sevilla, 2004).
Kowalczyk, R., Zalewski, A., Jędrzejewska, B., Ansorge, H. & Bunevich, A. N. Reproduction and mortality of invasive raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides) in the Biatowieža Primeval Forest (eastern Poland). Ann. Zool. Fennici 46, 291–303 (2009).
Google Scholar
Ballard, W. B., Carbyn, L. N. & Smith, D. W. Wolf interactions with non-prey. In Wolves: Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation (eds Mech, D. & Boitani, L.) 259–271 (University of Chicago Press, 2003).
Brown, J. S. Patch use as an indicator of habitat preference, predation risk, and competition. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 22, 37–47 (1988).
Google Scholar
Bedoya-Perez, M. A., Carthey, A. J. R., Mella, V. S. A., McArthur, C. & Banks, P. B. A practical guide to avoid giving up on giving-up densities. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 67, 1541–1553 (2013).
Google Scholar
Kwiatkowski, W. Vegetation landscapes of Białowieża Forest. Phytocoen. Suppl. Cart. Geobot 6, 35–87 (1994).
European Court of Justice Judgment of the Court (Grand Chamber) of 17 April 2018. European Commission vs. Republic of Poland. Case C-441/17. https://curia.europa.eu/jcms/upload/docs/application/pdf/2018-04/cp180048en.pdf.
Bubnicki, J. W., Churski, M., Schmidt, K., Diserens, T. A. & Kuijper, D. P. J. Linking spatial patterns of terrestrial herbivore community structure to trophic interactions. Elife 8, e44937 (2019).
Google Scholar
Kowalczyk, R., Bunevich, A. N. & Jędrzejewska, B. Badger density and distribution of setts in Bialowieza Primeval Forest (Poland and Belarus) compared to other Eurasian populations. Acta Theriol. 45, 395–408 (2000).
Google Scholar
Jędrzejewski, W., Schmidt, K., Theuerkauf, J., Jędrzejewska, B. & Kowalczyk, R. Territory size of wolves Canis lupus: Linking local (Białowieża Primeval Forest, Poland) and holarctic-scale patterns. Ecography 30, 66–67 (2007).
Schmidt, K., Jędrzejewski, W., Okarma, H. & Kowalczyk, R. Spatial interactions between grey wolves and Eurasian lynx in Białowieża Primeval Forest, Poland. Ecol. Res. 24, 207–214 (2009).
Google Scholar
Bytheway, J. P., Carthey, A. J. R. & Banks, P. B. Risk vs reward: How predators and prey respond to aging olfactory cues. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 67, 715–725 (2013).
Google Scholar
Carthey, A. J. R. & Banks, P. B. Naiveté is not forever: responses of a vulnerable native rodent to its long term alien predators. Oikos 125, 918–926 (2016).
Google Scholar
Blanchard, C. D. & Blanchard, R. J. Antipredator DEFENSE. In The Behavior of the Laboratory Rat: A Handbook with Tests (eds Whishaw, I. Q. & Kolb, B.) 335–343 (Oxford University Press, 2004).
Google Scholar
Masini, C. V., Sauer, S. & Campeau, S. Ferret odor as a processive stress model in rats: Neurochemical, behavioral, and endocrine evidence. Behav. Neurosci. 119, 280–292 (2005).
Google Scholar
Bubnicki, J. W., Churski, M. & Kuijper, D. P. J. Trapper: An open source web-based application to manage camera trapping projects. Methods Ecol. Evol. 7, 1209–1216 (2016).
Google Scholar
Jędrzejewski, W., Schmidt, K., Theuerkauf, J., Jędrzejewska, B. & Okarma, H. Daily movements and territory use by radio-collared wolves (Canis lupus) in Bialowieza Primeval Forest in Poland. Can. J. Zool. 79, 1993–2004 (2001).
Google Scholar
Theuerkauf, J., Jędrzejewski, W., Schmidt, K. & Gula, R. Spatiotemporal segregation of wolves from humans in the Bialowieza Forest (Poland). J. Wildl. Manage. 67, 706–716 (2003).
Google Scholar
Theuerkauf, J., Rouys, S. & Jędrzejewski, W. Selection of den, rendezvous, and resting sites by wolves in the Bialowieza Forest, Poland. Can. J. Zool. 81, 163–167 (2003).
Google Scholar
Miller, B. J., Harlow, H. J., Harlow, T. S., Biggins, D. & Ripple, W. J. Trophic cascades linking wolves (Canis lupus), coyotes (Canis latrans), and small mammals. Can. J. Zool. 90, 70–78 (2012).
Google Scholar
Niedballa, J., Sollmann, R., Courtiol, A. & Wilting, A. camtrapR: An R package for efficient camera trap data management. Methods Ecol. Evol. 7, 1457–1462 (2016).
Google Scholar
Zoller, H. & Drygala, F. Activity patterns of the invasive raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) in North East Germany. Folia Zool. 62, 290–296 (2013).
Google Scholar
Díaz-Ruiz, F., Caro, J., Delibes-Mateos, M., Arroyo, B. & Ferreras, P. Drivers of red fox (Vulpes vulpes) daily activity: Prey availability, human disturbance or habitat structure?. J. Zool. 298, 128–138 (2016).
Google Scholar
Mukherjee, S., Zelcer, M. & Kotler, B. P. Patch use in time and space for a meso-predator in a risky world. Oecologia 159, 661–668 (2009).
Google Scholar
Tredennick, A. T., Hooker, G., Ellner, S. P. & Adler, P. B. A practical guide to selecting models for exploration, inference, and prediction in ecology. Ecology 102, e03336 (2021).
Google Scholar
Team, R. C. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2021).
Magnusson, A. et al. R Package ‘glmmTMB’. (2020).
Hartig, F. R Package ‘DHARMa: Residual Diagnostics for Hierarchical (Multi-level/Mixed) Regression Models’ (2021).
Fox, J. et al. R Package ‘effects’. (2020).
Hawlena, D. & Schmitz, O. J. Physiological stress as a fundamental mechanism linking predation to ecosystem functioning. Am. Nat. 176, 537–556 (2010).
Google Scholar
Diserens, T. A. et al. Fossoriality in a risky landscape: Badger sett use varies with perceived wolf risk. J. Zool. 313, 76–85 (2021).
Google Scholar
Lima, S. L. & Bednekoff, P. A. Temporal variation in danger drives antipredator behavior: The predation risk allocation hypothesis. Am. Nat. 153, 649–659 (1999).
Google Scholar
Scheinin, S., Yom-Tov, Y., Motro, U. & Geffen, E. Behavioural responses of red foxes to an increase in the presence of golden jackals: A field experiment. Anim. Behav. 71, 577 (2006).
Google Scholar
Vanak, A. T., Thaker, M. & Gompper, M. E. Experimental examination of behavioural interactions between free-ranging wild and domestic canids. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 64, 279–287 (2009).
Google Scholar
Creel, S., Winnie, J. A., Christianson, D. & Liley, S. Time and space in general models of antipredator response: Tests with wolves and elk. Anim. Behav. 76, 1139–1146 (2008).
Google Scholar
Dröge, E., Creel, S., Becker, M. S. & M’soka, J. Risky times and risky places interact to affect prey behaviour. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 1, 1123–1128 (2017).
Google Scholar
Chapron, G. et al. Recovery of large carnivores in Europe’s modern human-dominated landscapes. Science 346, 1517–1519 (2014).
Google Scholar
Source: Ecology - nature.com
