Dehling, D. M., Jordano, P., Schaefer, H. M., Böhning-Gaese, K. & Schleuning, M. Morphology predicts species’ functional roles and their degree of specialization in plant–frugivore interactions. Proc. R. Soc. B 283, 20152444 (2016).
Google Scholar
Grant, P. R. Inheritance of size and shape in a population of Darwin’s finches, Geospiza conirostris. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 220, 219–236 (1983).
Des Roches, S. et al. The ecological importance of intraspecific variation. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 2, 57–64 (2018).
Google Scholar
Bergmann, C. Über die verhältnisse der wärmeökonomie der thiere zu ihrer grösse. Gött. Stud. 3, 595–708 (1847).
Allen, J. A. The influence of physical conditions in the genesis of species. Radic. Rev. 1, 108–140 (1877).
Altshuler, D. L. & Dudley, R. The physiology and biomechanics of avian flight at high altitude. Integr. Comp. Biol. 46, 62–71 (2006).
Google Scholar
Teplitsky, C. & Millien, V. Climate warming and Bergmann’s rule through time: is there any evidence? Evol. Appl. 7, 156–168 (2014).
Google Scholar
Gardner, J. L., Peters, A., Kearney, M. R., Joseph, L. & Heinsohn, R. Declining body size: a third universal response to warming? Trends Ecol. Evol. 26, 285–291 (2011).
Google Scholar
Yom-Tov, Y., Yom-Tov, S., Wright, J., Thorne, C. J. R. & Du Feu, R. Recent changes in body weight and wing length among some British passerine birds. Oikos 112, 91–101 (2006).
Van Buskirk, J., Mulvihill, R. S. & Leberman, R. C. Declining body sizes in North American birds associated with climate change. Oikos 119, 1047–1055 (2010).
Weeks, B. C. et al. Shared morphological consequences of global warming in North American migratory birds. Ecol. Lett. 23, 316–325 (2020).
Google Scholar
Rosenberg, K. V. et al. Decline of the North American avifauna. Science 366, 120–124 (2019).
Google Scholar
DeSante, D. F., Saracco, J. F., O’Grady, D. R., Burton, K. M. & Walker, B. L. Methodological considerations of the Monitoring Avian Productivity and Survivorship (MAPS) program. Stud. Avian Biol. 29, 28–45 (2004).
West, G. B., Brown, J. H. & Enquist, B. J. A general model for the origin of allometric scaling laws in biology. Science 276, 122–126 (1997).
Google Scholar
Jirinec, V. et al. Morphological consequences of climate change for resident birds in intact Amazonian rainforest. Sci. Adv. 7, eabk1743 (2021).
Google Scholar
Dubiner, S. & Meiri, S. Widespread recent changes in morphology of Old World birds, global warming the immediate suspect. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 31, 791–801 (2022).
Ballinger, M. A. & Nachman, M. W. The contribution of genetic and environmental effects to Bergmann’s rule and Allen’s rule in house mice. Am. Nat. https://doi.org/10.1086/719028 (2022).
Andrew, S. C., Hurley, L. L., Mariette, M. M. & Griffith, S. C. Higher temperatures during development reduce body size in the zebra finch in the laboratory and in the wild. J. Evol. Biol. 30, 2156–2164 (2017).
Google Scholar
Siepielski, A. M. et al. No evidence that warmer temperatures are associated with selection for smaller body sizes. Proc. R. Soc. B 286, 20191332 (2019).
Google Scholar
Salewski, V., Siebenrock, K.-H., Hochachka, W. M., Woog, F. & Fiedler, W. Morphological change to birds over 120 years is not explained by thermal adaptation to climate change. PLoS ONE 9, e101927 (2014).
Google Scholar
Riddell, E. A., Iknayan, K. J., Wolf, B. O., Sinervo, B. & Beissinger, S. R. Cooling requirements fueled the collapse of a desert bird community from climate change. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 116, 21609–21615 (2019).
Google Scholar
Pecl, G. T. et al. Biodiversity redistribution under climate change: impacts on ecosystems and human well-being. Science 355, eaai9214 (2017).
Google Scholar
Futuyma, D. J. Evolutionary constraint and ecological consequences. Evolution 64, 1865–1884 (2010).
Google Scholar
Murren, C. J. et al. Constraints on the evolution of phenotypic plasticity: limits and costs of phenotype and plasticity. Heredity 115, 293–301 (2015).
Google Scholar
Rollinson, C. R. et al. Working across space and time: nonstationarity in ecological research and application. Front. Ecol. Environ. 19, 66–72 (2021).
Riemer, K., Guralnick, R. P. & White, E. P. No general relationship between mass and temperature in endothermic species. eLife 7, e27166 (2018).
Google Scholar
Ryding, S., Klaassen, M., Tattersall, G. J., Gardner, J. L. & Symonds, M. R. Shape-shifting: changing animal morphologies as a response to climatic warming. Trends Ecol. Evol. 36, 1036–1048 (2021).
Google Scholar
Baldwin, M. W., Winkler, H., Organ, C. L. & Helm, B. Wing pointedness associated with migratory distance in common-garden and comparative studies of stonechats (Saxicola torquata). J. Evol. Biol. 23, 1050–1063 (2010).
Google Scholar
Förschler, M. I. & Bairlein, F. Morphological shifts of the external flight apparatus across the range of a passerine (Northern Wheatear) with diverging migratory behaviour. PLoS ONE 6, e18732 (2011).
Google Scholar
Macpherson, M. P., Jahn, A. E. & Mason, N. A. Morphology of migration: associations between wing shape, bill morphology and migration in kingbirds (Tyrannus). Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 135, 71–83 (2022).
Newton, I. The Migration Ecology of Birds (Elsevier, 2010).
Clegg, S. M., Kelly, J. F., Kimura, M. & Smith, T. B. Combining genetic markers and stable isotopes to reveal population connectivity and migration patterns in a neotropical migrant, Wilson’s warbler (Wilsonia pusilla). Mol. Ecol. 12, 819–830 (2003).
Google Scholar
Bell, C. P. Leap-frog migration in the fox sparrow: minimizing the cost of spring migration. Condor 99, 470–477 (1997).
Billerman, S., Keeney, B., Rodewald, P. & Schulenberg, T. (eds) Birds of the World (Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology, 2020).
Desrochers, A. Morphological response of songbirds to 100 years of landscape change in North America. Ecology 91, 1577–1582 (2010).
Google Scholar
Swaddle, J. P. & Lockwood, R. Morphological adaptations to predation risk in passerines. J. Avian Biol. 29, 172–176 (1998).
Chown, S. L. & Klok, C. J. Altitudinal body size clines: latitudinal effects associated with changing seasonality. Ecography 26, 445–455 (2003).
Hsiung, A. C., Boyle, W. A., Cooper, R. J. & Chandler, R. B. Altitudinal migration: ecological drivers, knowledge gaps, and conservation implications: animal altitudinal migration review. Biol. Rev. 93, 2049–2070 (2018).
Google Scholar
Barras, A. G., Liechti, F. & Arlettaz, R. Seasonal and daily movement patterns of an alpine passerine suggest high flexibility in relation to environmental conditions. J. Avian Biol. 52, jav.02860 (2021).
Spence, A. R. & Tingley, M. W. Body size and environment influence both intraspecific and interspecific variation in daily torpor use across hummingbirds. Funct. Ecol. 35, 870–883 (2021).
Google Scholar
Moreau, R. E. Variation in the western Zosteropidae (Aves). Bull. Br. Mus. Nat. Hist. Zool. 4, 311–433 (1957).
Hamilton, T. H. The adaptive significances of intraspecific trends of variation in wing length and body size among bird species. Evolution 15, 180–194 (1961).
Hodkinson, I. D. Terrestrial insects along elevation gradients: species and community responses to altitude. Biol. Rev. 80, 489–513 (2005).
Google Scholar
Feinsinger, P., Colwell, R. K., Terborgh, J. & Chaplin, S. B. Elevation and the morphology, flight energetics, and foraging ecology of tropical hummingbirds. Am. Nat. 113, 481–497 (1979).
Aldrich, J. W. Ecogeographical Variation in Size and Proportions of Song Sparrows (Melospiza melodia) (American Ornithological Society, 1984).
Sun, Y. et al. The role of climate factors in geographic variation in body mass and wing length in a passerine bird. Avian Res. 8, 1 (2017).
Des Roches, S., Pendleton, L. H., Shapiro, B. & Palkovacs, E. P. Conserving intraspecific variation for nature’s contributions to people. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 5, 574–582 (2021).
Google Scholar
McKechnie, A. E. & Wolf, B. O. Climate change increases the likelihood of catastrophic avian mortality events during extreme heat waves. Biol. Lett. 6, 253–256 (2010).
Google Scholar
Conradie, S. R., Woodborne, S. M., Cunningham, S. J. & McKechnie, A. E. Chronic, sublethal effects of high temperatures will cause severe declines in southern African arid-zone birds during the 21st century. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 116, 14065–14070 (2019).
Google Scholar
Radchuk, V. et al. Adaptive responses of animals to climate change are most likely insufficient. Nat. Commun. 10, 3109 (2019).
Google Scholar
Riddell, E. A. et al. Exposure to climate change drives stability or collapse of desert mammal and bird communities. Science 371, 633–636 (2021).
Google Scholar
Tingley, M. W., Monahan, W. B., Beissinger, S. R. & Moritz, C. Birds track their Grinnellian niche through a century of climate change. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 106, 19637–19643 (2009).
Google Scholar
Youngflesh, C. et al. Migratory strategy drives species-level variation in bird sensitivity to vegetation green-up. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 5, 987–994 (2021).
Google Scholar
Blueweiss, L. et al. Relationships between body size and some life history parameters. Oecologia 37, 257–272 (1978).
Google Scholar
Kleiber, M. Body size and metabolic rate. Physiol. Rev. 27, 511–541 (1947).
Google Scholar
Yodzis, P. & Innes, S. Body size and consumer-resource dynamics. Am. Nat. 139, 1151–1175 (1992).
Prum, R. O. Interspecific social dominance mimicry in birds: social mimicry in birds. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 172, 910–941 (2014).
Pyle, P. Identification Guide to North American Birds: A Compendium of Information on Identifying, Ageing, and Sexing ‘Near-Passerines’ and Passerines in the Hand (Slate Creek Press, 1997).
Leys, C., Ley, C., Klein, O., Bernard, P. & Licata, L. Detecting outliers: do not use standard deviation around the mean, use absolute deviation around the median. J. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 49, 764–766 (2013).
Danielson, J. J. & Gesch, D. B. Global Multi-Resolution Terrain Elevation Data 2010 (GMTED2010) (US Geological Survey, 2011).
Thornton, M. M. et al. Daymet: Daily Surface Weather Data on a 1-km Grid for North America, Version 4 (ORNL Distributed Active Archive Center, 2020).
Greenewalt, C. H. The flight of birds: the significant dimensions, their departure from the requirements for dimensional similarity, and the effect on flight aerodynamics of that departure. Trans. Am. Philos. Soc. 65, 1–67 (1975).
Longo, G. & Montévil, M. Perspectives on Organisms: Biological Time, Symmetries, and Singularities (Springer, 2014).
Harvey, P. H. in Scaling in Biology (eds Brown, J. H. & West, G. B.) 253–265 (Oxford Univ. Press, 2000).
Orme, D. et al. The caper package: comparative analysis of phylogenetics and evolution in R. R package version 5 (2013).
R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2021).
Jetz, W., Thomas, G. H., Joy, J. B., Hartmann, K. & Mooers, A. O. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491, 444–448 (2012).
Google Scholar
Nudds, R. L., Kaiser, G. W. & Dyke, G. J. Scaling of avian primary feather length. PLoS ONE 6, e15665 (2011).
Google Scholar
Nudds, R. Wing-bone length allometry in birds. J. Avian Biol. 38, 515–519 (2007).
Anderson, S. C., Branch, T. A., Cooper, A. B. & Dulvy, N. K. Black-swan events in animal populations. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 114, 3252–3257 (2017).
Google Scholar
Stan Modeling Language Users Guide and Reference Manual, Version 2.18.0 (Stan Development Team, 2018); http://mc-stan.org
Carpenter, B. et al. Stan: a probabilistic programming language. J. Stat. Softw. 76, 1–32 (2017).
Youngflesh, C. MCMCvis: tools to visualize, manipulate, and summarize MCMC output. J. Open Source Softw. 3, 640 (2018).
Wickham, H. et al. Welcome to the Tidyverse. J. Open Source Softw. 4, 1686 (2019).
Gabry, J., Simpson, D., Vehtari, A., Betancourt, M. & Gelman, A. Visualization in Bayesian workflow. J. R. Stat. Soc. A 182, 389–402 (2019).
McElreath, R. Statistical Rethinking: A Bayesian Course with Examples in R and Stan (Chapman and Hall/CRC, 2018).
Data Zone (BirdLife International, 2019); http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/requestdis
Cramp, S. & Brooks, D. Handbook of the Birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa. The Birds of the Western Palearctic, Vol. VI. Warblers (Oxford Univ. Press, 1992).
Che-Castaldo, J., Che-Castaldo, C. & Neel, M. C. Predictability of demographic rates based on phylogeny and biological similarity. Conserv. Biol. 32, 1290–1300 (2018).
Google Scholar
Villemereuil, P., de, Wells, J. A., Edwards, R. D. & Blomberg, S. P. Bayesian models for comparative analysis integrating phylogenetic uncertainty. BMC Evol. Biol. 12, 102 (2012).
Google Scholar
Revell, L. J. phytools: an R package for phylogenetic comparative biology (and other things). Methods Ecol. Evol. 3, 217–223 (2012).
Pagel, M. Inferring the historical patterns of biological evolution. Nature 401, 877–884 (1999).
Google Scholar
Hendry, A. P. & Kinnison, M. T. Perspective: the pace of modern life: measuring rates of contemporary microevolution. Evolution 53, 1637–1653 (1999).
Google Scholar
Gingerich, P. Rates of evolution: effects of time and temporal scaling. Science 222, 159–162 (1983).
Google Scholar
Bird, J. P. et al. Generation lengths of the world’s birds and their implications for extinction risk. Conserv. Biol. 34, 1252–1261 (2020).
Gingerich, P. D. Rates of evolution. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 40, 657–675 (2009).
Bürger, R. & Lynch, M. Evolution and extinction in a changing environment: a quantitative-genetic analysis. Evolution 49, 151–163 (1995).
Google Scholar
Hendry, A. P., Farrugia, T. J. & Kinnison, M. T. Human influences on rates of phenotypic change in wild animal populations. Mol. Ecol. 17, 20–29 (2008).
Google Scholar
Source: Ecology - nature.com
