Franchini, M. & Mannucci, P. M. Air pollution and cardiovascular disease. Thromb. Res. 129, 230–234 (2012).
Google Scholar
Langrish, J. P. et al. Reducing personal exposure to particulate air pollution improves cardiovascular health in patients with coronary heart disease. Environ. Health Perspect. 120, 367–372 (2012).
Google Scholar
Tanwar, V., Katapadi, A., Adelstein, J. M., Grimmer, J. A. & Wold, L. E. Cardiac pathophysiology in response to environmental stress: A current review. Curr. Opin. Physiol. 1, 198–205 (2018).
Google Scholar
Franchini, M. & Mannucci, P. M. Particulate air pollution and cardiovascular risk: short-term and long-term effects. in Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis. Vol. 35. 665–670 (© Thieme Medical Publishers, 2009).
Shah, A. S. V. et al. Global association of air pollution and heart failure: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet 382, 1039–1048 (2013).
Google Scholar
Cesaroni, G. et al. Long term exposure to ambient air pollution and incidence of acute coronary events: Prospective cohort study and meta-analysis in 11 European cohorts from the ESCAPE Project. BMJ 348, f7412 (2014).
Google Scholar
Brook, R. D. et al. Particulate matter air pollution and cardiovascular disease: An update to the scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 121, 2331–2378 (2010).
Google Scholar
Héroux, M.-E. et al. Quantifying the health impacts of ambient air pollutants: Recommendations of a WHO/Europe project. Int. J. Public Health 60, 619–627 (2015).
Google Scholar
An, Z., Jin, Y., Li, J., Li, W. & Wu, W. Impact of particulate air pollution on cardiovascular health. Curr. Allergy Asthma Rep. 18, 1–7 (2018).
Google Scholar
Zanobetti, A., Baccarelli, A. & Schwartz, J. Gene-air pollution interaction and cardiovascular disease: A review. Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis. 53, 344–352 (2011).
Google Scholar
Liang, R. et al. Effect of exposure to PM2.5 on blood pressure: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Hypertens. 32, 2130–2141 (2014).
Google Scholar
Jerrett, M. et al. Traffic-related air pollution and obesity formation in children: A longitudinal, multilevel analysis. Environ. Heal. 13, 49 (2014).
Google Scholar
McConnell, R. et al. A longitudinal cohort study of body mass index and childhood exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke and air pollution: The Southern California Children’s Health Study. Environ. Health Perspect. 123, 360–366 (2015).
Google Scholar
Renzi, M. et al. Air pollution and occurrence of type 2 diabetes in a large cohort study. Environ. Int. 112, 68–76 (2018).
Google Scholar
Jomova, K. et al. Arsenic: Toxicity, oxidative stress and human disease. J. Appl. Toxicol. 31, 95–107 (2011).
Google Scholar
Al-Kindi, S. G., Brook, R. D., Biswal, S. & Rajagopalan, S. Environmental determinants of cardiovascular disease: Lessons learned from air pollution. Nat. Rev. Cardiol. 17, 656–672 (2020).
Google Scholar
Noroozian, M. The elderly population in iran: An ever growing concern in the health system. Iran. J. Psychiatry Behav. Sci. 6, 1 (2012).
Chokshi, D. A. & Farley, T. A. The cost-effectiveness of environmental approaches to disease prevention. N. Engl. J. Med. 367, 295–297 (2012).
Google Scholar
Nieuwenhuijsen, M. J. Influence of urban and transport planning and the city environment on cardiovascular disease. Nat. Rev. Cardiol. 15, 432–438 (2018).
Google Scholar
Barnett, A. G. et al. The effects of air pollution on hospitalizations for cardiovascular disease in elderly people in Australian and New Zealand cities. Environ. Health Perspect. 114, 1018–1023 (2006).
Google Scholar
Koken, P. J. M. et al. Temperature, air pollution, and hospitalization for cardiovascular diseases among elderly people in Denver. Environ. Health Perspect. 111, 1312–1317 (2003).
Google Scholar
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. GBD 2019. (University of Washington, 2022).
IHME. GBD 2019 Data and Tools Overview. (University of Washington, 2020).
Dicker, D. et al. Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality and life expectancy, 1950–2017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet 392, 1684–1735 (2018).
Google Scholar
Miller, D. C. & Salkind, N. J. Handbook of Research Design and Social Measurement (Sage, 2002).
Google Scholar
Rosenthal, F. S., Carney, J. P. & Olinger, M. L. Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest and airborne fine particulate matter: A case–crossover analysis of emergency medical services data in Indianapolis, Indiana. Environ. Health Perspect. 116, 631–636 (2008).
Google Scholar
Ensor, K. B., Raun, L. H. & Persse, D. A case-crossover analysis of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest and air pollution. Circulation 127, 1192–1199 (2013).
Google Scholar
Forastiere, F. et al. A case-crossover analysis of out-of-hospital coronary deaths and air pollution in Rome, Italy. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 172, 1549–1555 (2005).
Google Scholar
Levy, D. et al. A case-crossover analysis of particulate matter air pollution and out-of-hospital primary cardiac arrest. Epidemiology 12, 193–199 (2001).
Google Scholar
Silverman, R. A. et al. Association of ambient fine particles with out-of-hospital cardiac arrests in New York City. Am. J. Epidemiol. 172, 917–923 (2010).
Google Scholar
Naghavi, M. et al. Global, regional, and national age-sex specific mortality for 264 causes of death, 1980–2016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet 390, 1151–1210 (2017).
Google Scholar
Berend, N. Contribution of air pollution to COPD and small airway dysfunction. Respirology 21, 237–244 (2016).
Google Scholar
Vahedian, M., Khanjani, N., Mirzaee, M. & Koolivand, A. Associations of short-term exposure to air pollution with respiratory hospital admissions in Arak, Iran. J. Environ. Health Sci. Eng. 15, 17 (2017).
Yaser, H. S., Narges, K., Yaser, S. & Rasoul, M. Air pollution and cardiovascular mortality in Kerman from 2006 to 2011. Am. J. Cardiovasc. Dis. Res. 2, 27–30 (2014).
Khaefi, M. et al. Association of particulate matter impact on prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Ahvaz, southwest Iran during 2009–2013. Aerosol Air Qual. Res. 17, 230–237 (2017).
Google Scholar
Khaniabadi, Y. O. et al. Exposure to PM10, NO2, and O3 and impacts on human health. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int. 24, 2781–2789 (2017).
Google Scholar
Momtazan, M. et al. An investigation of particulate matter and relevant cardiovascular risks in Abadan and Khorramshahr in 2014–2016. Toxin Rev. 38, 1–8 (2018).
Martinelli, N., Olivieri, O. & Girelli, D. Air particulate matter and cardiovascular disease: A narrative review. Eur. J. Intern. Med. 24, 295–302 (2013).
Google Scholar
Khaniabadi, Y. O. et al. Mortality and morbidity due to ambient air pollution in Iran. Clin. Epidemiol. Glob. Health 7, 222–227 (2019).
Google Scholar
Almeida-Silva, M. et al. Exposure and dose assessment to particle components among an elderly population. Atmos. Environ. 102, 156–166 (2015).
Google Scholar
Suh, H. H., Zanobetti, A., Schwartz, J. & Coull, B. A. Chemical properties of air pollutants and cause-specific hospital admissions among the elderly in Atlanta, Georgia. Environ. Health Perspect. 119, 1421–1428 (2011).
Google Scholar
Chien, L.-C., Yang, C.-H. & Yu, H.-L. Estimated effects of Asian dust storms on spatiotemporal distributions of clinic visits for respiratory diseases in Taipei children (Taiwan). Environ. Health Perspect. 120, 1215–1220 (2012).
Google Scholar
Khaniabadi, Y. O. et al. Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases related to outdoor PM10, O3, SO2, and NO2 in a heavily polluted megacity of Iran. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 25, 17726–17734 (2018).
Google Scholar
Omidi Khaniabadi, Y. et al. Air quality modeling for health risk assessment of ambient PM10, PM2.5 and SO2 in Iran. Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. Int. J. 25, 1298–1310 (2019).
Newell, K., Kartsonaki, C., Lam, K. B. H. & Kurmi, O. P. Cardiorespiratory health effects of particulate ambient air pollution exposure in low-income and middle-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Planet. Health 1, e368–e380 (2017).
Google Scholar
Dominici, F. et al. Fine particulate air pollution and hospital admission for cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. JAMA 295, 1127–1134 (2006).
Google Scholar
Qiu, H. et al. Inflammatory and oxidative stress responses of healthy elders to solar-assisted large-scale cleaning system (SALSCS) and changes in ambient air pollution: A quasi-interventional study in Xi’an, China. Sci. Total Environ. 806, 151217 (2022).
Google Scholar
Fiordelisi, A. et al. The mechanisms of air pollution and particulate matter in cardiovascular diseases. Heart Fail. Rev. 22, 337–347 (2017).
Google Scholar
Yang, D., Yang, X., Deng, F. & Guo, X. Ambient air pollution and biomarkers of health effect. Ambient Air Pollut. Health Impact China 1017, 59–102 (2017).
Lim, S. S. et al. A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990–2010: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet 380, 2224–2260 (2012).
Google Scholar
Newby, D. E. et al. Expert position paper on air pollution and cardiovascular disease. Eur. Heart J. 36, 83–93 (2015).
Google Scholar
Brook, R. D., Newby, D. E. & Rajagopalan, S. Air pollution and cardiometabolic disease: An update and call for clinical trials. Am. J. Hypertens. 31, 1–10 (2018).
Google Scholar
Kang, S.-H. et al. Ambient air pollution and out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Int. J. Cardiol. 203, 1086–1092 (2016).
Google Scholar
Thurston, G. D. et al. Ambient particulate matter air pollution exposure and mortality in the NIH-AARP diet and health cohort. Environ. Health Perspect. 124, 484–490 (2016).
Google Scholar
Gallagher, L. G. et al. Applying a moving total mortality count to the cities in the NMMAPS database to estimate the mortality effects of particulate matter air pollution. Circulation 172, 872–879 (2010).
Rodopoulou, S., Samoli, E., Chalbot, M.-C.G. & Kavouras, I. G. Air pollution and cardiovascular and respiratory emergency visits in Central Arkansas: A time-series analysis. Sci. Total Environ. 536, 872–879 (2015).
Google Scholar
Teng, T.-H.K. et al. A systematic review of air pollution and incidence of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. J. Epidemiol. Commun. Health 68, 37–43 (2014).
Google Scholar
Brook, R. D. et al. Air pollution and cardiovascular disease: A statement for healthcare professionals from the expert panel on population and prevention science of the American Heart Association. Circulation 109, 2655–2671 (2004).
Google Scholar
Raza, A. et al. Short-term effects of air pollution on out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in Stockholm. Eur. Heart J. 35, 861–868 (2014).
Google Scholar
Baccarelli, A. et al. Effects of exposure to air pollution on blood coagulation. J. Thromb. Haemost. 5, 252–260 (2007).
Google Scholar
Franchini, M. & Mannucci, P. M. Thrombogenicity and cardiovascular effects of ambient air pollution. Blood 118, 2405–2412 (2011).
Google Scholar
Yin, F. et al. Diesel exhaust induces systemic lipid peroxidation and development of dysfunctional pro-oxidant and pro-inflammatory high-density lipoprotein. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 33, 1153–1161 (2013).
Google Scholar
Chirinos, J. A. et al. Elevation of endothelial microparticles, platelets, and leukocyte activation in patients with venous thromboembolism. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 45, 1467–1471 (2005).
Google Scholar
Adar, S. D. et al. Fine particulate air pollution and the progression of carotid intima-medial thickness: A prospective cohort study from the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis and air pollution. PLoS Med. 10, e1001430 (2013).
Google Scholar
Kampfrath, T. et al. Chronic fine particulate matter exposure induces systemic vascular dysfunction via NADPH oxidase and TLR4 pathways. Circ. Res. 108, 716–726 (2011).
Google Scholar
Sun, Q. et al. Long-term air pollution exposure and acceleration of atherosclerosis and vascular inflammation in an animal model. JAMA 294, 3003–3010 (2005).
Google Scholar
Dennekamp, M. et al. Outdoor air pollution as a trigger for out-of-hospital cardiac arrests. Epidemiology 21, 494–500 (2010).
Straney, L. et al. Evaluating the impact of air pollution on the incidence of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in the Perth Metropolitan Region: 2000–2010. J. Epidemiol. Commun. Health 68, 6–12 (2014).
Google Scholar
Sullivan, J. et al. Exposure to ambient fine particulate matter and primary cardiac arrest among persons with and without clinically recognized heart disease. Am. J. Epidemiol. 157, 501–509 (2003).
Google Scholar
Barton, T. J. et al. Traditional cardiovascular risk factors strongly underestimate the 5-year occurrence of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in spinal cord injured individuals. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 102, 27–34 (2021).
Google Scholar
Burg, M. M. et al. Risk for incident hypertension associated with PTSD in military veterans, and the effect of PTSD treatment. Psychosom. Med. 79, 181 (2017).
Google Scholar
Hinojosa, R. Veterans’ likelihood of reporting cardiovascular disease. J. Am. Board Fam. Med. 32, 50–57 (2019).
Google Scholar
Rush, T., LeardMann, C. A. & Crum-Cianflone, N. F. Obesity and associated adverse health outcomes among US military members and veterans: Findings from the millennium cohort study. Obesity 24, 1582–1589 (2016).
Google Scholar
Stefanovics, E. A., Potenza, M. N. & Pietrzak, R. H. Smoking, obesity, and their co-occurrence in the US military veterans: Results from the national health and resilience in veterans study. J. Affect. Disord. 274, 354–362 (2020).
Google Scholar
Brook, R. D. et al. Insights into the mechanisms and mediators of the effects of air pollution exposure on blood pressure and vascular function in healthy humans. Hypertension 54, 659–667 (2009).
Google Scholar
Rajagopalan, S. & Brook, R. D. Air pollution and type 2 diabetes: Mechanistic insights. Diabetes 61, 3037–3045 (2012).
Google Scholar
Franklin, S. S. & Wong, N. D. Hypertension and cardiovascular disease: Contributions of the Framingham Heart Study. Glob. Heart 8, 49–57 (2013).
Google Scholar
Gu, D. et al. Blood pressure and risk of cardiovascular disease in Chinese men and women. Am. J. Hypertens. 21, 265–272 (2008).
Google Scholar
Wang, H. et al. Blood pressure, body mass index and risk of cardiovascular disease in Chinese men and women. BMC Public Health 10, 189 (2010).
Google Scholar
O’Brien, E. The Lancet Commission on hypertension: Addressing the global burden of raised blood pressure on current and future generations. J. Clin. Hypertens. 19, 564–568 (2017).
Google Scholar
Cai, Y. et al. Associations of short-term and long-term exposure to ambient air pollutants with hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Hypertension 68, 62–70 (2016).
Google Scholar
Zhang, Z., Laden, F., Forman, J. P. & Hart, J. E. Long-term exposure to particulate matter and self-reported hypertension: A prospective analysis in the Nurses’ Health Study. Environ. Health Perspect. 124, 1414–1420 (2016).
Google Scholar
Cosselman, K. E., Navas-Acien, A. & Kaufman, J. D. Environmental factors in cardiovascular disease. Nat. Rev. Cardiol. 12, 627 (2015).
Google Scholar
Baccarelli, A. et al. Effects of particulate air pollution on blood pressure in a highly exposed population in Beijing, China: A repeated-measure study. Environ. Heal. 10, 108 (2011).
Google Scholar
Mordukhovich, I. et al. Black carbon exposure, oxidative stress genes, and blood pressure in a repeated-measures study. Environ. Health Perspect. 117, 1767–1772 (2009).
Google Scholar
Chen, H. et al. Spatial association between ambient fine particulate matter and incident hypertension. Circulation 129, 562–569 (2014).
Google Scholar
Honjo, K. et al. The effects of smoking and smoking cessation on mortality from cardiovascular disease among Japanese: Pooled analysis of three large-scale cohort studies in Japan. Tob. Control 19, 50–57 (2010).
Google Scholar
Lawlor, D. A., Song, Y.-M., Sung, J., Ebrahim, S. & Smith, G. D. The association of smoking and cardiovascular disease in a population with low cholesterol levels: A study of 648 346 men from the Korean national health system prospective cohort study. Stroke 39, 760–767 (2008).
Google Scholar
Wold, L. E. et al. Cardiovascular remodeling in response to long-term exposure to fine particulate matter air pollution. Circ. Hear. Fail. 5, 452–461 (2012).
Google Scholar
Zoeller, R. T. et al. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals and public health protection: A statement of principles from The Endocrine Society. Endocrinology 153, 4097–4110 (2012).
Google Scholar
Ruiz, D., Becerra, M., Jagai, J. S., Ard, K. & Sargis, R. M. Disparities in environmental exposures to endocrine-disrupting chemicals and diabetes risk in vulnerable populations. Diabetes Care 41, 193–205 (2018).
Google Scholar
Taylor, D. Toxic Communities: Environmental Racism, Industrial Pollution, and Residential Mobility (NYU Press, 2014).
Newbold, R. R., Padilla-Banks, E. & Jefferson, W. N. Environmental estrogens and obesity. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 304, 84–89 (2009).
Google Scholar
Szyszkowicz, M., Rowe, B. H. & Brook, R. D. Even low levels of ambient air pollutants are associated with increased emergency department visits for hypertension. Can. J. Cardiol. 28, 360–366 (2012).
Google Scholar
van den Hooven, E. H. et al. Air pollution, blood pressure, and the risk of hypertensive complications during pregnancy: The generation R study. Hypertension 57, 406–412 (2011).
Google Scholar
Vali, M. et al. Effect of meteorological factors and Air Quality Index on the COVID-19 epidemiological characteristics: An ecological study among 210 countries. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 38, 1–11 (2021).
Kiani, B. et al. Association between heavy metals and colon cancer: An ecological study based on geographical information systems in North-Eastern Iran. BMC Cancer 21, 1–12 (2021).
Google Scholar
Cyranoski, D. China tests giant air cleaner to combat smog. Nature 555, 152–154 (2018).
Google Scholar
Source: Ecology - nature.com
