Estes, J. A. Predators and ecosystem management. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 24, 390–396 (1996).
Licht, D. S., Millspaugh, J. J., Kunkel, K. E., Kochanny, C. O. & Peterson, R. O. Using small populations of wolves for ecosystem restoration and stewardship. Bioscience 60, 147–153 (2010).
Google Scholar
Schwartz, C. C., Swenson, J. E. & Miller, S. D. Large carnivores, moose, and humans: A changing paradigm of predator management in the 21st century. Alces J. Devot. Biol. Manag. Moose 39, 41–63 (2003).
Valente, A. M., Acevedo, P., Figueiredo, A. M., Fonseca, C. & Torres, R. T. Overabundant wild ungulate populations in Europe: Management with consideration of socio-ecological consequences. Mammal Rev. 50, 353–366 (2020).
Google Scholar
Lee, S. D. & Miller-Rushing, A. J. Degradation, urbanization, and restoration: A review of the challenges and future of conservation on the Korean Peninsula. Biol. Cons. 176, 262–276 (2014).
Google Scholar
Kodera, Y. Habitat selection of Japanese wild boar in Iwami district, Shimane Prefecture, western Japan. Wildl. Conserv. Jpn. 6, 119–129 (2001).
Ohashi, H. et al. Differences in the activity pattern of the wild boar Sus scrofa related to human disturbance. Eur. J. Wildl. Res. 59, 167–177 (2013).
Google Scholar
Ministry of Environment Republic of Korea. Management Plan of Pest Wild Boars. (Sejong, 2010).
National Institute of Biological Resources. Analysis of Hunting Effect on Pest Animals and its Monitoring Techniques. (Incheon, 2017).
Lee, S. M. & Lee, E. J. Diet of the wild boar (Sus scrofa): Implications for management in forest-agricultural and urban environments in South Korea. PeerJ 7, e7835 (2019).
Google Scholar
Bieber, C. & Ruf, T. Population dynamics in wild boar Sus scrofa: ecology, elasticity of growth rate and implications for the management of pulsed resource consumers. J. Appl. Ecol. 42, 1203–1213 (2005).
Google Scholar
Brogi, R. et al. Capital-income breeding in wild boar: A comparison between two sexes. Sci. Rep. 11, 1–10 (2021).
Google Scholar
Frauendorf, M., Gethöffer, F., Siebert, U. & Keuling, O. The influence of environmental and physiological factors on the litter size of wild boar (Sus scrofa) in an agriculture dominated area in Germany. Sci. Total Environ. 541, 877–882 (2016).
Google Scholar
Massei, G., Genov, P. V. & Staines, B. W. Diet, food availability and reproduction of wild boar in a Mediterranean coastal area. Acta Theriol. 41, 307–320 (1996).
Google Scholar
Sabrina, S., Jean-Michel, G., Carole, T., Serge, B. & Eric, B. Pulsed resources and climate-induced variation in the reproductive traits of wild boar under high hunting pressure. J. Anim. Ecol. 78, 1278–1290 (2009).
Google Scholar
Fonseca, C. et al. Reproduction in the wild boar (Sus scrofa Linnaeus, 1758) populations of Portugal. Galemys 16, 53–65 (2004).
Morreti, M. Birth distribution, structure and dynamics of a hunted mountain populatin of wild boars (Sus scrofa L.), Ticino, Switzerland. J. Mt. Ecol. 3, 192–196 (1995).
Rosell, C., Navas, F. & Romero, S. Reproduction of wild boar in a cropland and coastal wetland area: Implications for management. Anim. Biodivers. Conserv. 35, 209–217 (2012).
Google Scholar
Cellina, S. Effects of supplemental feeding on the body condition and reproductive state of wild boar Sus scrofa in Luxembourg PhD Dissertation thesis, University of Sussex, (2008).
Gamelon, M. et al. High hunting pressure selects for earlier birth date: Wild boar as a case study. Evol. Int. J. Org. Evol. 65, 3100–3112 (2011).
Google Scholar
Gethöffer, F., Sodeikat, G. & Pohlmeyer, K. Reproductive parameters of wild boar (Sus scrofa) in three different parts of Germany. Eur. J. Wildl. Res. 53, 287–297 (2007).
Google Scholar
Fonseca, C., Da Silva, A., Alves, J., Vingada, J. & Soares, A. Reproductive performance of wild boar females in Portugal. Eur. J. Wildl. Res. 57, 363–371 (2011).
Google Scholar
Gaillard, J.-M., Brandt, S. & Jullien, J.-M. Body weight effect on reproduction of young wild boar (Sus scrofa) females: A comparative analysis. Folia Zool. (Brno) 42, 204–212 (1993).
Poteaux, C. et al. Socio-genetic structure and mating system of a wild boar population. J. Zool. 278, 116–125 (2009).
Google Scholar
Spitz, F., Valet, G. & Lehr Brisbin, I. Jr. Variation in body mass of wild boars from southern France. J. Mammal. 79, 251–259 (1998).
Google Scholar
Trivers, R. L. & Willard, D. E. Natural selection of parental ability to vary the sex ratio of offspring. Science 179, 90–92 (1973).
Google Scholar
Clutton-Brock, T. H., Albon, S. & Guinness, F. Parental investment in male and female offspring in polygynous mammals. Nature 289, 487–489 (1981).
Google Scholar
Hewison, A. M. & Gaillard, J.-M. Successful sons or advantaged daughters? The Trivers-Willard model and sex-biased maternal investment in ungulates. Trends Ecol. Evol. 14, 229–234 (1999).
Google Scholar
Clutton-Brock, T. H. & Iason, G. R. Sex ratio variation in mammals. Q. Rev. Biol. 61, 339–374 (1986).
Google Scholar
Fernández-Llario, P. & Mateos-Quesada, P. Body size and reproductive parameters in the wild boar Sus scrofa. Acta Theriol. 43, 439–444 (1998).
Google Scholar
Meikle, D. B., Drickamer, L. C., Vessey, S. H., Rosenthal, T. L. & Fitzgerald, K. S. Maternal dominance rank and secondary sex ratio in domestic swine. Anim. Behav. 46, 79–85 (1993).
Google Scholar
Servanty, S., Gaillard, J.-M., Allainé, D., Brandt, S. & Baubet, E. Litter size and fetal sex ratio adjustment in a highly polytocous species: The wild boar. Behav. Ecol. 18, 427–432 (2007).
Google Scholar
Mendl, M., Zanella, A. J., Broom, D. M. & Whittemore, C. T. Maternal social status and birth sex ratio in domestic pigs: An analysis of mechanisms. Anim. Behav. 50, 1361–1370 (1995).
Google Scholar
Cameron, E. Z. Facultative adjustment of mammalian sex ratios in support of the Trivers-Willard hypothesis: Evidence for a mechanism. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B Biol. Sci. 271, 1723–1728 (2004).
Google Scholar
Clutton-Brock, T., Albon, S. & Guinness, F. Maternal dominance, breeding success and birth sex ratios in red deer. Nature 308, 358–360 (1984).
Google Scholar
Maillard, D. & Fournier, P. Timing and synchrony of births in the wild boar (Sus scrofa Linnaeus, 1758) in a Mediterranean habitat: The effect of food availability. Galemys 16, 67–74 (2004).
Bywater, K. A., Apollonio, M., Cappai, N. & Stephens, P. A. Litter size and latitude in a large mammal: the wild boar Sus scrofa. Mammal Rev. 40, 212–220 (2010).
Orłowska, L., Rembacz, W. & Florek, C. Carcass weight, condition and reproduction of wild boars harvested in north-western Poland. Pest Manag. Sci. 69, 367–370 (2013).
Google Scholar
Carranza, J. Sexual selection for male body mass and the evolution of litter size in mammals. Am. Nat. 148, 81–100 (1996).
Google Scholar
FernáNdez-Llario, P., Carranza, J. & Mateos-Quesada, P. Sex allocation in a polygynous mammal with large litters: The wild boar. Anim. Behav. 58, 1079–1084 (1999).
Google Scholar
McBride, G. The” teat order” and communication in young pigs. Animal Behaviour (1963).
McBride, G., James, J. & Hodgens, N. Social behaviour of domestic animals. IV. Growing pigs. Anim. Sci. 6, 129–139 (1964).
Google Scholar
McBride, G., James, J. & Wyeth, G. Social behaviour of domestic animals VII. Variation in weaning weight in pigs. Anim. Sci. 7, 67–74 (1965).
Google Scholar
Geochang County. Geochang Statistical yearbook. (Geochang, 2015).
Seoul Metropolitan Government. Seoul Statistical Yearbook. (Seoul, 2017).
Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency and Ministry of Food and Drug Safety. Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee Standard Operation Guideline. (Gimcheon, 2020).
Magnell, O. & Carter, R. The chronology of tooth development in wild boar – A guide to age determination of linear enamel hypoplasia in prehistoric and medieval pigs. Verterrinarija Ir Zootechnika. T. 40, 43–48 (2007).
Oroian, T. E., Oroian, R. G., Pasca, I., Oroian, E. & Covrig, I. Methods of age estimation by dentition in Sus scrofa ferus sp. Bull. UASVM Anim. Sci. Biotechnol. 67, 1–2 (2010).
Vericad, R. Fetal age, conception and birth period estimation on wild boar (Sus scrofa) in West Pyrenees. in Actas del XV Congresso Int. Fauna Cinegética y Silvestre. (Trujillo, 1983).
Rosell, C., Fernández-Llario, P. & Herrero, J. The wild boar (Sus scrofa Linnaeus, 1758). Galemys 13, 1–25 (2001).
R core team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing v. 3.6.0 (Austria, 2019).
Source: Ecology - nature.com
