Wohlleben, P. The Hidden Life of Trees: What They Feel, How They Communicate—Discoveries From a Secret World Vol. 1 (Greystone Books, 2016).
Simard, S. W. Finding the Mother Tree: Discovering the Wisdom of the Forest (Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, 2022).
Powers, R. The Overstory (W. W. Norton & Company, 2018).
Jabr, F. The social life of forests. New York Times Magazine https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/12/02/magazine/tree-communication-mycorrhiza.html (2020).
Kaplan, S. With forests in peril, she’s on a mission to save ‘mother trees’. Washington Post (27 December 2022).
Chung, D. & Williams, R. T. Talking trees. Natl Geogr. 233, 6 (2018).
Grant, R. Do trees talk to each other? Smithsonian Magazine https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/the-whispering-trees-180968084/ (2018).
Schwartzberg, L. Fantastic Fungi. Moving Art (2019).
Druyan, A. Cosmos: Possible Worlds: the Search for Intelligent Life on Earth (2020).
Mills, M. C’mon C’mon (2020).
Simard, S. W. How trees talk to each other. YouTube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Un2yBgIAxYs (2016).
Abumrad J & Krulwich, R. From tree to shining tree. Radiolab https://radiolab.org/episodes/from-tree-to-shining-tree (2016).
Geddes, L. Unearthing the secret social lives of trees. The Guardian Science Weekly https://www.theguardian.com/science/audio/2021/apr/29/unearthing-the-secret-social-lives-of-trees-podcast (2021).
Davies, D. Trees talk to each other. ‘Mother Tree’ ecologist hears lessons for people, too. National Public Radio https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2021/05/04/993430007/trees-talk-to-each-other-mother-tree-ecologist-hears-lessons-for-people-too (2021).
Braff, Z. Midnight train to Royston. Ted Lasso (2021).
Murphy, R. Welcome, friends. The Watcher (2022).
Milović, M., Kebert, M. & Orlović, S. How mycorrhizas can help forests to cope with ongoing climate change? Pregledni Članci Rev. 5, 279–286 (2021).
Simard, S. W. & Austin, M. E. in Climate Change and Variabilty (eds Simard, S. W. & Austin, M. E.) 275–302 (IntechOpen Europe, 2010).
Domínguez-Núñez, J. A. in Structure and Functions of the Pedosphere (eds Giri, B. et al.) 365–391 (Springer, 2022).
Authier, L., Violle, C. & Richard, F. Ectomycorrhizal networks in the anthropocene: from natural ecosystems to urban planning. Front. Plant Sci. 13, 900231 (2022).
Google Scholar
Selosse, M.-A., Richard, F., He, X. & Simard, S. W. Mycorrhizal networks: des liaisons dangereuses? Trends Ecol. Evol. 21, 621–628 (2006).
Google Scholar
Newman, E. Mycorrhizal links between plants—their functioning and ecological significance. Adv. Ecol. Res. 18, 243–270 (1988).
Google Scholar
Bonello, P., Bruns, T. D. & Gardes, M. Genetic structure of a natural population of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Suillus pungens. New Phytol. 138, 533–542 (1998).
Google Scholar
Dahlberg, A. & Stenlid, J. Size, distribution and biomass of genets in populations of Suillus bovinus (L.: Fr.) Roussel revealed by somatic incompatibility. New Phytol. 128, 225–234 (1994).
Google Scholar
Kretzer, A. M., Dunham, S., Molina, R. & Spatafora, J. W. Microsatellite markers reveal the below ground distribution of genets in two species of Rhizopogon forming tuberculate ectomycorrhizas on Douglas fir. New Phytol. 161, 313–320 (2004).
Google Scholar
Figueiredo, A. F., Boy, J. & Guggenberger, G. Common mycorrhizae network: a review of the theories and mechanisms behind underground interactions. Front. Fungal Biol. 2, https://doi.org/10.3389/ffunb.2021.735299 (2021).
Leake, J. et al. Networks of power and influence: the role of mycorrhizal mycelium in controlling plant communities and agroecosystem functioning. Can. J. Bot. 82, 1016–1045 (2004).
Google Scholar
Trappe, J. M. & Fogel, R. in The Belowground Ecosystem: a Synthesis of Plant-Associated Processes (ed. Marshall J. K.) 205–214 (Colorado State Univ., 1977).
Beiler, K. J., Durall, D. M., Simard, S. W., Maxwell, S. A. & Kretzer, A. M. Architecture of the wood-wide web: Rhizopogon spp. genets link multiple Douglas-fir cohorts. New Phytol. 185, 543–553 (2010).
Google Scholar
Beiler, K. J., Simard, S. W. & Durall, D. M. Topology of tree–mycorrhizal fungus interaction networks in xeric and mesic Douglas-fir forests. J. Ecol. 103, 616–628 (2015).
Google Scholar
Beiler, K. J., Simard, S. W., LeMay, V. & Durall, D. M. Vertical partitioning between sister species of Rhizopogon fungi on mesic and xeric sites in an interior Douglas-fir forest. Mol. Ecol. 21, 6163–6174 (2012).
Google Scholar
Lian, C., Narimatsu, M., Nara, K. & Hogetsu, T. Tricholoma matsutake in a natural Pinus densiflora forest: correspondence between above- and below-ground genets, association with multiple host trees and alteration of existing ectomycorrhizal communities. New Phytol. 171, 825–836 (2006).
Google Scholar
Van Dorp, C. H., Simard, S. W. & Durall, D. M. Resilience of Rhizopogon–Douglas-fir mycorrhizal networks 25 years after selective logging. Mycorrhiza 30, 467–474 (2020).
Google Scholar
Cazzolla Gatti, R. et al. The number of tree species on Earth. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 119, e2115329119 (2022).
Google Scholar
Tedersoo, L. & Bahram, M. Mycorrhizal types differ in ecophysiology and alter plant nutrition and soil processes. Biol. Rev. 94, 1857–1880 (2019).
Google Scholar
Setälä, H. Growth of birch and pine seedlings in relation to grazing by soil fauna on ectomycorrhizal fungi. Ecology 76, 1844–1851 (1995).
Google Scholar
Kanters, C., Anderson, I. C. & Johnson, D. Chewing up the wood-wide web: selective grazing on ectomycorrhizal fungi by collembola. Forests 6, 2560–2570 (2015).
Google Scholar
Horton, T. R., Bruns, T. D. & Parker, V. T. Ectomycorrhizal fungi associated with Arctostaphylos contribute to Pseudotsuga menziesii establishment. Can. J. Bot. 77, 93–102 (1999).
Kennedy, P. G., Izzo, A. D. & Bruns, T. D. There is high potential for the formation of common mycorrhizal networks between understorey and canopy trees in a mixed evergreen forest. J. Ecol. 91, 1071–1080 (2003).
Google Scholar
Kennedy, P. G., Smith, D. P., Horton, T. R. & Molina, R. J. Arbutus menziesii (Ericaceae) facilitates regeneration dynamics in mixed evergreen forests by promoting mycorrhizal fungal diversity and host connectivity. Am. J. Bot. 99, 1691–1701 (2012).
Google Scholar
Horton, T. R., Molina, R. & Hood, K. Douglas-fir ectomycorrhizae in 40- and 400-year-old stands: mycobiont availability to late successional western hemlock. Mycorrhiza 15, 393–403 (2005).
Google Scholar
Buscardo, E. et al. Is the potential for the formation of common mycorrhizal networks influenced by fire frequency? Soil Biol. Biochem. 46, 136–144 (2012).
Google Scholar
Hewitt, R. E., Chapin, F. S. III, Hollingsworth, T. N. & Taylor, D. L. The potential for mycobiont sharing between shrubs and seedlings to facilitate tree establishment after wildfire at Alaska arctic treeline. Mol. Ecol. 26, 3826–3838 (2017).
Google Scholar
Jia, S., Nakano, T., Hattori, M. & Nara, K. Root-associated fungal communities in three Pyroleae species and their mycobiont sharing with surrounding trees in subalpine coniferous forests on Mount Fuji, Japan. Mycorrhiza 27, 733–745 (2017).
Google Scholar
Hortal, S. et al. Beech roots are simultaneously colonized by multiple genets of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccaria amethystina clustered in two genetic groups. Mol. Ecol. 21, 2116–2129 (2012).
Google Scholar
Wadud, M. A., Nara, K., Lian, C., Ishida, T. A. & Hogetsu, T. Genet dynamics and ecological functions of the pioneer ectomycorrhizal fungi Laccaria amethystina and Laccaria laccata in a volcanic desert on Mount Fuji. Mycorrhiza 24, 551–563 (2014).
Google Scholar
Germain, S. J. & Lutz, J. A. Shared friends counterbalance shared enemies in old forests. Ecology 102, e03495 (2021).
Google Scholar
Simard, S. W. et al. Partial retention of legacy trees protect mycorrhizal inoculum potential, biodiversity, and soil resources while promoting natural regeneration of interior Douglas-fir. Front. For. Glob. Change 3, https://doi.org/10.3389/ffgc.2020.620436 (2021).
Björkman, E. Monotropa hypopitys L.—an epiparasite on tree roots. Physiol. Plant. 13, 308–327 (1960).
Google Scholar
Simard, S. W. et al. Net transfer of carbon between ectomycorrhizal tree species in the field. Nature 388, 579–582 (1997).
Google Scholar
Read, D. The ties that bind. Nature 388, 517–518 (1997).
Google Scholar
Aleklett, K. & Boddy, L. Fungal behaviour: a new frontier in behavioural ecology. Trends Ecol. Evol. 36, 787–796 (2021).
Google Scholar
Franklin, O., Näsholm, T., Högberg, P. & Högberg, M. N. Forests trapped in nitrogen limitation—an ecological market perspective on ectomycorrhizal symbiosis. New Phytol. 203, 657–666 (2014).
Google Scholar
Hasselquist, N. J. et al. Greater carbon allocation to mycorrhizal fungi reduces tree nitrogen uptake in a boreal forest. Ecology 97, 1012–1022 (2016).
Näsholm, T. et al. Are ectomycorrhizal fungi alleviating or aggravating nitrogen limitation of tree growth in boreal forests? New Phytol. 198, 214–221 (2013).
Google Scholar
Hoeksema, J. D. in Mycorrhizal Networks (ed. Horton, T. R.) 255–277 (Springer Netherlands, 2015).
Teste, F. P. & Simard, S. W. Mycorrhizal networks and distance from mature trees alter patterns of competition and facilitation in dry Douglas-fir forests. Oecologia 158, 193–203 (2008).
Google Scholar
Teste, F. P., Simard, S. W., Durall, D. M., Guy, R. D. & Berch, S. M. Net carbon transfer between Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca seedlings in the field is influenced by soil disturbance. J. Ecol. 98, 429–439 (2010).
Google Scholar
Teste, F. P. et al. Access to mycorrhizal networks and roots of trees: importance for seedling survival and resource transfer. Ecology 90, 2808–2822 (2009).
Google Scholar
Lerat, S. et al. 14C transfer between the spring ephemeral Erythronium americanum and sugar maple saplings via arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in natural stands. Oecologia 132, 181–187 (2002).
Google Scholar
Klein, T., Siegwolf, R. T. W. & Korner, C. Belowground carbon trade among tall trees in a temperate forest. Science 352, 342–344 (2016).
Google Scholar
He, X., Bledsoe, C. S., Zasoski, R. J., Southworth, D. & Horwath, W. R. Rapid nitrogen transfer from ectomycorrhizal pines to adjacent ectomycorrhizal and arbuscular mycorrhizal plants in a California oak woodland. New Phytol. 170, 143–151 (2006).
Google Scholar
Schoonmaker, A. L., Teste, F. P., Simard, S. W. & Guy, R. D. Tree proximity, soil pathways and common mycorrhizal networks: their influence on the utilization of redistributed water by understory seedlings. Oecologia 154, 455–466 (2007).
Google Scholar
Warren, J. M., Brooks, J. R., Meinzer, F. C. & Eberhart, J. L. Hydraulic redistribution of water from Pinus ponderosa trees to seedlings: evidence for an ectomycorrhizal pathway. New Phytol. 178, 382–394 (2008).
Google Scholar
Bingham, M. A. & Simard, S. W. Seedling genetics and life history outweigh mycorrhizal network potential to improve conifer regeneration under drought. For. Ecol. Manag. 287, 132–139 (2013).
Google Scholar
Kranabetter, J. M. Understory conifer seedling response to a gradient of root and ectomycorrhizal fungal contact. Can. J. Bot. 83, 638–646 (2005).
Google Scholar
Liang, M. et al. Soil fungal networks maintain local dominance of ectomycorrhizal trees. Nat. Commun. 11, 2636 (2020).
Google Scholar
Liang, M. et al. Soil fungal networks moderate density-dependent survival and growth of seedlings. New Phytol. 230, 2061–2071 (2021).
Google Scholar
McGuire, K. L. Common ectomycorrhizal networks may maintain monodominance in a tropical rain forest. Ecology 88, 567–574 (2007).
Google Scholar
Pec, G. J., Simard, S. W., Cahill, J. F. & Karst, J. The effects of ectomycorrhizal fungal networks on seedling establishment are contingent on species and severity of overstorey mortality. Mycorrhiza 30, 173–183 (2020).
Google Scholar
Corrales, A., Mangan, S. A., Turner, B. L. & Dalling, J. W. An ectomycorrhizal nitrogen economy facilitates monodominance in a neotropical forest. Ecol. Lett. 19, 383–392 (2016).
Google Scholar
Booth, M. G. Mycorrhizal networks mediate overstorey–understorey competition in a temperate forest. Ecol. Lett. 7, 538–546 (2004).
Google Scholar
Booth, M. G. & Hoeksema, J. D. Mycorrhizal networks counteract competitive effects of canopy trees on seedling survival. Ecology 91, 2294–2302 (2010).
Google Scholar
Brearley, F. Q. et al. Testing the importance of a common ectomycorrhizal network for dipterocarp seedling growth and survival in tropical forests of Borneo. Plant Ecol. Divers. 9, 563–576 (2016).
Google Scholar
Dehlin, H. et al. Tree seedling performance and below-ground properties in stands of invasive and native tree species. N. Z. J. Ecol. 32, 67–79 (2008).
Newbery, D. M. & Neba, G. A. Micronutrients may influence the efficacy of ectomycorrhizas to support tree seedlings in a lowland African rain forest. Ecosphere 10, e02686 (2019).
Google Scholar
Oliveira, I. R. et al. Nutrient deficiency enhances the rate of short-term belowground transfer of nitrogen from Acacia mangium to Eucalyptus trees in mixed-species plantations. For. Ecol. Manag. 491, 119192 (2021).
Google Scholar
Paula, R. R. et al. Evidence of short-term belowground transfer of nitrogen from Acacia mangium to Eucalyptus grandis trees in a tropical planted forest. Soil Biol. Biochem. 91, 99–108 (2015).
Google Scholar
Nygren, P. & Leblanc, H. A. Dinitrogen fixation by legume shade trees and direct transfer of fixed N to associated cacao in a tropical agroforestry system. Tree Physiol. 35, 134–147 (2015).
Google Scholar
Liu, Y., Chen, H. & Mou, P. Spatial patterns nitrogen transfer models of ectomycorrhizal networks in a Mongolian scotch pine plantation. J. For. Res. 29, 339–346 (2018).
Google Scholar
Bingham, M. A. & Simard, S. Ectomycorrhizal networks of Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca trees facilitate establishment of conspecific seedlings under drought. Ecosystems 15, 188–199 (2012).
Google Scholar
Robinson, D. & Fitter, A. The magnitude and control of carbon transfer between plants linked by a common mycorrhizal network. J. Exp. Bot. 50, 9–13 (1999).
Google Scholar
Chen, W., Koide, R. T. & Eissenstat, D. M. Root morphology and mycorrhizal type strongly influence root production in nutrient hot spots of mixed forests. J. Ecol. 106, 148–156 (2018).
Google Scholar
Jones, M. D., Durall, D. M. & Tinker, P. B. A comparison of arbuscular and ectomycorrhizal Eucalyptus coccifera: growth response, phosphorus uptake efficiency and external hyphal production. New Phytol. 140, 125–134 (1998).
Google Scholar
Pickles, B. J. et al. Transfer of 13C between paired Douglas-fir seedlings reveals plant kinship effects and uptake of exudates by ectomycorrhizas. New Phytol. 214, 400–411 (2017).
Google Scholar
Teste, F. P., Simard, S. W. & Durall, D. M. Role of mycorrhizal networks and tree proximity in ectomycorrhizal colonization of planted seedlings. Fungal Ecol. 2, 21–30 (2009).
Google Scholar
Bingham, M. A. & Simard, S. W. Mycorrhizal networks affect ectomycorrhizal fungal community similarity between conspecific trees and seedlings. Mycorrhiza 22, 317–326 (2012).
Google Scholar
Pec, G. J. et al. Change in soil fungal community structure driven by a decline in ectomycorrhizal fungi following a mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) outbreak. New Phytol. 213, 864–873 (2017).
Google Scholar
Coomes, D. A. & Grubb, P. J. Impacts of root competition in forests and woodlands: a theoretical framework and review of experiments. Ecol. Monogr. 70, 171–207 (2000).
Google Scholar
Finlay, R. D. & Read, D. J. The structure and function of the vegetative mycelium of ectomycorrhizal plants. New Phytol. 103, 143–156 (1986).
Google Scholar
Brownlee, C., Duddridge, J. A., Malibari, A. & Read, D. J. The structure and function of mycelial systems of ectomycorrhizal roots with special reference to their role in forming inter-plant connections and providing pathways for assimilate and water transport. Plant Soil 71, 433–443 (1983).
Google Scholar
Wu, B., Nara, K. & Hogetsu, T. Can 14C-labeled photosynthetic products move between Pinus densiflora seedlings linked by ectomycorrhizal mycelia? New Phytol. 149, 137–146 (2001).
Google Scholar
Anten, N. P. R. & Chen, B. J. W. Detect thy family: mechanisms, ecology and agricultural aspects of kin recognition in plants. Plant Cell Environ. 44, 1059–1071 (2021).
Google Scholar
Dominguez, P. G. & Niittylä, T. Mobile forms of carbon in trees: metabolism and transport. Tree Physiol. 42, 458–487 (2021).
Google Scholar
Yu, R.-P., Lambers, H., Callaway, R. M., Wright, A. J. & Li, L. Belowground facilitation and trait matching: two or three to tango. Trends Plant Sci. 26, 1227–1235 (2021).
Google Scholar
Simard, S. W. in The Word for World is Still Forest (eds Springer, A. & Turpin, E.) 66–72 (K Verlag and Haus der Kulturen der Welt, 2017).
Simard, S. W. in Memory and Learning in Plants (eds Baluska, F. et al.) 191–213 (Springer, 2018).
Boyno, G. & Demir, S. Plant–mycorrhiza communication and mycorrhizae in inter-plant communication. Symbiosis 86, 155–168 (2022).
Google Scholar
Rasheed, M. U., Brosset, A. & Blande, J. D. Tree communication: the effects of “wired” and “wireless” channels on interactions with herbivores. Curr. For. Rep. 9, 33–47 (2023).
Song, Y. Y., Simard, S. W., Carroll, A., Mohn, W. W. & Zeng, R. S. Defoliation of interior Douglas-fir elicits carbon transfer and stress signalling to ponderosa pine neighbors through ectomycorrhizal networks. Sci. Rep. 5, 8495 (2015).
Google Scholar
Gorzelak, M. A. Kin-Selected Signal Transfer Through Mycorrhizal Networks in Douglas-Fir. PhD thesis, Univ. British Columbia (2017).
Asay, A. K. Mycorrhizal Facilitation of Kin Recognition in Interior Douglas-Fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca). MSc thesis, Univ. British Columbia (2013).
Orrego, G. Western Hemlock Regeneration on Coarse Woody Debris is Facilitated by Linkage into a Mycorrhizal Network in an Old-Growth Forest. MSc thesis, Univ. British Columbia (2018).
Diédhiou, A. G. et al. Multi-host ectomycorrhizal fungi are predominant in a Guinean tropical rainforest and shared between canopy trees and seedlings. Environ. Microbiol. 12, 2219–2232 (2010).
Grelet, G.-A. et al. New insights into the mycorrhizal Rhizoscyphus ericae aggregate: spatial structure and co-colonization of ectomycorrhizal and ericoid roots. New Phytol. 188, 210–222 (2010).
Google Scholar
Van der Heijden, M. G. A. & Horton, T. R. Socialism in soil? The importance of mycorrhizal fungal networks for facilitation in natural ecosystems. J. Ecol. 97, 1139–1150 (2009).
Google Scholar
Babikova, Z., Johnson, D., Bruce, T., Pickett, J. & Gilbert, L. Underground allies: how and why do mycelial networks help plants defend themselves? BioEssays 36, 21–26 (2014).
Google Scholar
Alaux, P.-L., Zhang, Y., Gilbert, L. & Johnson, D. Can common mycorrhizal fungal networks be managed to enhance ecosystem functionality? Plants People Planet 3, 433–444 (2021).
Google Scholar
Simard, S. W. et al. Mycorrhizal networks: mechanisms, ecology and modelling. Fungal Biol. Rev. 26, 39–60 (2012).
Google Scholar
Flinn, K. The idea that trees talk to cooperate is misleading. Scientific American https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-idea-that-trees-talk-to-cooperate-is-misleading/ (2021).
Högberg, P. & Högberg, M. N. Does successful forest regeneration require the nursing of seedlings by nurse trees through mycorrhizal interconnections. For. Ecol. Manag. 516, 120252 (2022).
Google Scholar
Teste, F. P., Jones, M. D. & Dickie, I. A. Dual-mycorrhizal plants: their ecology and relevance. New Phytol. 225, 1835–1851 (2020).
Google Scholar
Toju, H., Guimarães, P. R., Olesen, J. M. & Thompson, J. N. Assembly of complex plant–fungus networks. Nat. Commun. 5, 5273 (2014).
Google Scholar
Smith, S. E. & Read, D. J. Mycorrhizal Symbiosis 3rd edn (Elsevier, 2008).
Nara, K. Ectomycorrhizal networks and seedling establishment during early primary succession. New Phytol. 169, 169–178 (2006).
Google Scholar
Arnebrant, K., Ek, H., Finlay, R. D. & Söderström, B. Nitrogen translocation between Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. seedlings inoculated with Frankia sp. and Pinus contorta Doug, ex Loud seedlings connected by a common ectomycorrhizal mycelium. New Phytol. 124, 231–242 (1993).
Google Scholar
Finlay, R. D. Functional aspects of phosphorus uptake and carbon translocation in incompatible ectomycorrhizal associations between Pinus sylvestris and Suillus grevillei and Boletinus cauipes. New Phytol. 112, 185–192 (1989).
Google Scholar
Cahanovitc, R., Livne-Luzon, S., Angel, R. & Klein, T. Ectomycorrhizal fungi mediate belowground carbon transfer between pines and oaks. ISME J. 16, 1420–1429 (2022).
Google Scholar
Teste, F. P., Veneklass, E. J., Dixon, K. W. & Lambers, H. Is nitrogen transfer among plants enhanced by contrasting nutrient-acquisition strategies? Plant Cell Environ. 38, 50–60 (2015).
Google Scholar
Simard, S. W. et al. Reciprocal transfer of carbon isotopes between ectomycorrhizal Betula papyrifera and Pseudotsuga menziesii. New Phytol. 137, 529–542 (1997).
Google Scholar
Egerton-Warburton, L. M., Querejeta, J. I. & Allen, M. F. Common mycorrhizal networks provide a potential pathway for the transfer of hydraulically lifted water between plants. J. Exp. Bot. 58, 1473–1483 (2007).
Google Scholar
He, X., Critchley, C., Ng, H. & Bledsoe, C. Nodulated N2-fixing Casuarina cunninghamiana is the sink for net N transfer from non-N2-fixing Eucalyptus maculata via an ectomycorrhizal fungus Pisolithus sp. using 15NH4+ or 15NO3− supplied as ammonium nitrate. New Phytol. 167, 897–912 (2005).
Google Scholar
He, X., Critchley, C., Ng, H. & Bledsoe, C. Reciprocal N (15NH4+ or 15NO3−) transfer between nonN2-fixing Eucalyptus maculata and N2-fixing Casuarina cunninghamiana linked by the ectomycorrhizal fungus Pisolithus sp. New Phytol. 163, 629–640 (2004).
Google Scholar
Bingham, M. A. & Simard, S. W. Do mycorrhizal network benefits to survival and growth of interior Douglas-fir seedlings increase with soil moisture stress? Ecol. Evol. 1, 306–316 (2011).
Google Scholar
Babikova, Z. et al. Underground signals carried through common mycelial networks warn neighbouring plants of aphid attack. Ecol. Lett. 16, 835–843 (2013).
Google Scholar
Birch, J. D., Simard, S. W., Beiler, K. J. & Karst, J. Beyond seedlings: ectomycorrhizal fungal networks and growth of mature Pseudotsuga menziesii. J. Ecol. 109, 806–818 (2021).
Google Scholar
Färkkilä, S. M. A. et al. Fluorescent nanoparticles as tools in ecology and physiology. Biol. Rev. 96, 2392–2424 (2021).
Google Scholar
Source: Ecology - nature.com
