Estes, J. et al. Trophic downgrading of planet Earth. Science 333, 301–306 (2011).
Google Scholar
Ripple, W. J. et al. Status and ecological effects of the World’s Largest Carnivores. Science 343, 151–162 (2014).
Google Scholar
Cardillo, M. et al. Multiple causes of high extinction risk in large mammal species. Science 309, 1239–1241 (2005).
Google Scholar
De La Torre, J. A., González-Maya, J. F., Zarza, H., Ceballos, G. & Medellín, R. A. The jaguar’s spots are darker than they appear: assessing the global conservation status of the jaguar (Panthera onca). Oryx 52, 300–315 (2018).
Google Scholar
Lindsey, P. A. et al. The performance of African protected areas for lions and their prey. Biol. Conserv. 209, 137–149 (2017).
Google Scholar
Carbone, C., Cowlishaw, G., Isaac, N. J. B. & Rowcliffe, J. M. How far do animals go? Determinants of day range in mammals. Am. Nat. 165, 290–297 (2005).
Google Scholar
Sanderson, E. W. et al. Planning to save a species: the jaguar as a model. Conserv. Biol. 16, 58–72 (2002).
Google Scholar
Rabinowitz, A. & Zeller, K. A. A range-wide model of landscape connectivity and conservation for the jaguar, Panthera onca. Biol. Conserv. 143, 939–945 (2010).
Google Scholar
Woodroffe, R. Predators and people: using human densities to interpret declines of large carnivores. Anim. Conserv. 3, 165–173 (2000).
Google Scholar
Crooks, K. R. Relative sensitivities of mammalian carnivores to habitat fragmentation. Conserv. Biol. 16, 488–502 (2002).
Google Scholar
Ferreira, A. S., Peres, C. A., Bogoni, J. A. & Cassano, C. G. Use of agroecosystem matrix habitats by mammalian carnivores (Carnivora): a global-scale analysis. Mammal Rev. https://doi.org/10.1111/mam12137 (2018).
Thompson, J. J. et al. Range-wide factors shaping space use and movements by the Neotropic’s flagship predator: the jaguar. Curr. Biol. https://doi.org/10.1016/jcub202106029 (2021).
Sunquist, M. & Sunquist, F. Wild Cats of the World. University of Chicago Press (2002).
Leader-Williams, N. & Dublin, H. T. in Priorities for The Conservation Of Mammalian Diversity: Has The Panda Had Its Day? (eds. Entwistle, A., Dunstone, N.) 53−81 (Cambridge University Press, 2000).
Thornton, D. et al. Assessing the umbrella value of a range-wide conservation network for jaguars (Panthera onca). Ecol. Appl. 26, 1112–1124 (2015).
Google Scholar
Olsoy, P. J. et al. Quantifying the effects of deforestation and fragmentation on a range-wide conservation plan for jaguars. Biol. Conserv. 203, 8–16 (2016).
Google Scholar
Morato, R. G., Beisiegel, B. M., Ramalho, E. E. & Boulhosa, R. L. P. Avaliação do risco de extinção da Onça-pintada Panthera onca (Linnaeus, 1758) no Brasil. Biodivers. Brasil. 3, 122–132 (2013).
Hunter, L. Carnivores of the World. Princeton Univ Press (2011).
Morato, R. G. et al. Space use and movement of a neotropical top predator: The Endangered Jaguar. PLoS ONE 11, e0168176 (2016).
Google Scholar
Eriksson, C. E. et al. Extensive aquatic subsidies lead to territorial breakdown and high density of an apex predator. Ecology 103, e03543 (2022).
Google Scholar
Chapman, B. et al. in Animal Movement Across Scales 1st edn. (eds. Hansson, L-A, Akesson, S.) 11–30 (Oxford University Press, 2014).
Quigley, H. et al. Panthera onca. (errata version published in 2018). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017:e.T15953A123791436. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T15953A50658693.en (2017).
Paviolo, A. et al. A biodiversity hotspot losing its top predator: the challenge of jaguar conservation in the Atlantic Forest of South America. Sci. Rep. 6, 37147 (2016).
Google Scholar
Tobler, M. W., Carillo-Perscastegui, S. E., Hartley, A. Z. & Powell, G. V. N. High jaguar densities and large population sizes in the core habitat of the southwestern Amazon. Biol. Conserv. 159, 375–381 (2013).
Google Scholar
Jędrzejewski, W. et al. Estimating large carnivore populations at global scale based on spatial predictions of density and distribution: application to the jaguar (Panthera onca). PLoS ONE 13, e0194719 (2018).
Google Scholar
Eva, H. D. et al. A proposal for defining the geographical boundaries of Amazonia; synthesis of the results from an expert consultation workshop organized by the European Commission in collaboration with the Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization-JRC Ispra (No 21808-EN). https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/38630683.pdf (2005).
Nepstad, D. C., Stickler, C. M., Soares-Filho, B., Merry, F. & Nin, E. Interactions among Amazon land use, forests and climate: prospects for a near-term forest tipping point. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B 363, 1737–1746 (2008).
Google Scholar
Marques, A. A. B., Schneider, M. & Peres, C. A. Human population and socioeconomic modulators of conservation performance in 788 Amazonian and Atlantic Forest reserves. PeerJ 4, pe2206 (2016).
Google Scholar
Jaguar 2030 Roadmap. Regional plan to save America’s largest cat and its ecosystems. https://www.internationaljaguarday.org/jaguar-conservation-roadmap (2018).
Sanderson, E. W. et al. A systematic review of potential habitat suitability for the jaguar Panthera onca in central Arizona and New Mexico, USA. Oryx 2021, 1–12 (2021).
Simberloff, D. Flagships, umbrellas, and keystones: is single-species management passe’ in the landscape era. Biol. Conserv. 83, 247–57 (1998).
Google Scholar
Silvério, D. V. et al. Testing the Amazon savannization hypothesis: fire effects on invasion of a neotropical forest by native Cerrado and exotic pasture grasses. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B 368, 20120427 (2013).
Google Scholar
Brazil’s National Institute for Space Research (INPE). Banco de dados de Queimadas INPE—Programa Queimadas. http://queimadasdgiinpebr/queimadas/bdqueimadas (2020b).
Silva-Jr, C. H. L. et al. The Brazilian Amazon deforestation rate in 2020 is the greatest of the decade. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 5, 144–145 (2020).
Google Scholar
Walker, R. et al. Protecting the Amazon with protected areas. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 106, 10582–10586 (2009).
Google Scholar
Gray, C. L. et al. Local biodiversity is higher inside than outside terrestrial protected areas worldwide. Nat. Commun. 7, 12306 (2016).
Google Scholar
Begotti, R. A. & Peres, C. A. Rapidly escalating threats to the biodiversity and ethnocultural capital of Brazilian Indigenous Lands. Land Use Policy 96, 104694 (2020).
Google Scholar
Walker, W. S. et al. The role of forest conversion, degradation, and disturbance in the carbon dynamics of Amazon indigenous territories and protected areas. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 117, 3015–3025 (2020).
Google Scholar
Moilanen, A., Arponen, A., Stokland, J. N. & Cabeza, M. Assessing replacement cost of conservation areas: How does habitat loss influence priorities? Biol. Conserv. 142, 575–585 (2009).
Google Scholar
Almeida-Rocha, J. A. & Peres, C. A. Nominally protected buffer zones around tropical protected areas are as highly degraded as the wider unprotected countryside. Biol. Conserv. 256, 109068 (2021).
Google Scholar
Terborgh, J. The role of felid predators in Neotropical Forests. Vida Silv. Neotrop. 2, 3–5 (1990).
Woodroffe, R. & Ginsberg, J. R. Edge effects and the extinction of populations inside protected areas. Science 280, 2126–2128 (1998).
Google Scholar
Brando, P. M. et al. The gathering firestorm in southern Amazonia. Sci. Adv. 6, 1632 (2020).
Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS). Proposal for the Inclusion of the Jaguar in Appendices I and II of the Convention. https://www.cms.int/en/document/proposal-inclusion-jaguar-appendices-i-and-ii-convention (2022).
Ceddia, M. G., Bardsley, N. O., Gomez-y-Paloma, S. & Sedlacek, S. Governance, agricultural intensification, and land sparing in tropical South America. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 111, 7242–7247 (2014).
Laurance, W. F. et al. Impacts of roads and hunting on central African rainforest mammals. Conserv. Biol. 20, 1251–1261 (2006).
Google Scholar
Brancalion, P. H. S. et al. Análise crítica da Lei de Proteção da Vegetação Nativa (2012), que substituiu o antigo Código Florestal: atualizações e ações em curso. Natureza Conservação 14, 1–16 (2016).
Wilkie, D. S., Bennett, E. L., Peres, C. A. & Cunningham, A. A. The empty forest revisited. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1223, 120–128 (2011).
Google Scholar
Bogoni, J. A., Peres, C. A. & Ferraz, K. M. P. M. B. Extent, intensity and drivers of mammal defaunation: a continental-scale analysis across the Neotropics. Sci. Rep. 10, 14750 (2020).
Google Scholar
Ferrante, L. & Fearnside, P. M. Brazil’s new president and ‘ruralists’ threaten Amazonia’s environment, traditional peoples and the global climate. Environ. Conserv. 46, 261–263 (2019).
Google Scholar
Aragão, L. E. O. C. & Shimabukuro, Y. E. The incidence of fire in Amazonian forests with implications for REDD. Science 328, 1275–1278 (2010).
Google Scholar
Barlow, J. & Peres, C. A. Fire-mediated dieback and compositional cascade in an Amazonian forest. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B 363, 1787 (2008).
Google Scholar
Michalski, F., Boulhosa, R. L. P., Faria, A. & Peres, C. A. Human–wildlife conflicts in a fragmented Amazonian forest landscape: determinants of large felid depredation on livestock. Anim. Conserv. https://doi.org/10.1111/j1469-1795200600025x (2006).
Google Scholar
Jorge, M. L. S. P., Galetti, M., Ribeiro, M. C. & Ferraz, K. M. P. M. B. Mammal defaunation as surrogate of trophic cascades in a biodiversity hotspot. Biol. Conserv. 163, 49–57 (2013).
Google Scholar
Menezes, J. F. S., Tortato, F. R., Roque, F. O., Oliveira-Santos, L. G. & Morato, R. G. Deforestation, fires, and lack of governance are displacing thousands of jaguars in Brazilian Amazon. Conserv. Sci. Pract. 3, e477 (2021).
Morato, R. G. et al. Resource selection in an apex predator and variation in response to local landscape characteristics. Biol. Conserv. 228, 233–240 (2018).
Google Scholar
Romero-Muñoz, A. et al. Habitat loss and overhunting synergistically drive the extirpation of jaguars from the Gran Chaco. Divers. Distrib. 25, 176–190 (2018).
Romero-Muñoz, A., Morato, R. G., Tortato, F. & Kuemmerle, T. Beyond fangs: beef and soybean trade drive jaguar extinction. Front. Ecol. Environ. 18, 67–68 (2020).
Google Scholar
Vilela, T. et al. A better Amazon road network for people and the environment. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 117, 7095–7102 (2020).
Google Scholar
Benítez-López, A., Alkemade, R. & Verweij, P. A. The impacts of roads and other infrastructure on mammal and bird populations: a meta-analysis. Biol. Conserv. 143, 1307–1316 (2010).
Google Scholar
Carter, N., Killion, A., Easter, T., Brandt, J. & Ford, A. Road development in Asia: assessing the range-wide risks to tigers. Sci. Adv. 6, eaaz9619 (2020).
Google Scholar
Abra, F. D. et al. Pay or prevent? Human safety, costs to society and legal perspectives on animal-vehicle collisions in São Paulo state, Brazil. PLoS ONE 14, e0215152 (2019).
Google Scholar
Joshi, A. R. et al. Tracking changes and preventing loss in critical tiger habitat. Sci. Adv. 2, e1501675 (2016).
Google Scholar
Peres, C. A. & Terborgh, J. Amazonian nature reserves: an analysis of the defensibility status of existing conservation units and design criteria for the future. Conserv. Biol. 9, 34–46 (1995).
Google Scholar
Sistema Nacional de Unidades de Conservação (SNUC). Lei 9985 de 18 de julho de 2000; Ministério do Meio Ambiente. (2000).
Stocks, A. Too much for too few: problems of indigenous land rights in Latin America Annual. Rev. Anthropol. 34, 85–104 (2005).
Google Scholar
Mooers, A. Ø., Faith, D. P. & Maddison, W. P. Converting endangered species categories to probabilities of extinction for phylogenetic conservation prioritization. PLoS ONE 3, e3700 (2008).
Google Scholar
Staal, A. et al. Hysteresis of tropical forests in the 21st century. Nat. Commun. 11, 4978 (2020).
Google Scholar
Miranda, E. B. P. et al. Tropical deforestation induces thresholds of reproductive viability and habitat suitability in Earth’s largest eagles. Sci. Rep. 11, 1–17 (2021).
Google Scholar
Bowman, K. W. et al. Environmental degradation of indigenous protected areas of the Amazon as a slow onset event. Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustain. 50, 260–271 (2021).
Google Scholar
Wilson, K. A., Carwardine, J. & Possingham, H. P. Setting conservation priorities. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1162, 237–264 (2009).
Google Scholar
Venter, O. et al. Sixteen years of change in the global terrestrial human footprint and implications for biodiversity conservation. Nat. Commun. 7, 12558 (2016).
Google Scholar
Sales, L. P., Galetti, M. & Pires, M. M. Climate and land‐use change will lead to a faunal “savannization” on tropical rainforests. Glob. Change Biol. 26, 7036–7044 (2020).
Google Scholar
da Silva, J. M. C., Dias, T. C. A. C., da Cunha, A. C. & Cunha, H. F. A. Funding deficits of protected areas in Brazil. Land Use Policy 100, 104926 (2021).
Google Scholar
Nobre, C. A. et al. Land-use and climate change risks in the Amazon and the need of a novel sustainable development paradigm. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 113, 10759–10768 (2016).
Google Scholar
Kauano, E. E., Silva, J. M. C. & Michalski, F. Illegal use of natural resources in federal protected areas of the Brazilian Amazon. PeerJ 5, e3902 (2017).
Google Scholar
Olson, D. M. et al. Terrestrial ecoregions of the world: a new map of life on Earth. Bioscience 51, 933–938 (2011).
Google Scholar
Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). Censo demográfico Rio de Janeiro. http://www.ibge.gov.br (2020).
Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). Censo demográfico Rio de Janeiro. http://www.ibge.gov.br (2010).
Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). BC250—Base Cartográfica Contínua do Brasil—1:250,000—2017 Diretoria de Geociências—DGC / Coordenação de Cartografia—CCAR. http://www.metadadosgeoibgegovbr/geonetwork_ibge/srv/por/metadatashow?uuid=5a47e9ea-e2cd-423b-8646-53f67ff4ed2d (2017).
MapBiomas. Projeto MapBiomas Coleção 5 da Série Anual de Mapas de Cobertura e Uso de Solo do Brasil. https://mapbiomas.org/colecoes-mapbiomas-1 (2019).
Brazil’s National Institute for Space Research (INPE). Monitoramento do Desmatamento da Floresta Amazônica Brasileira por Satélite. http://www.obtinpebr/OBT/assuntos/programas/amazonia/prodes (2020a).
ESRI. ArcGIS Desktop: Release 10 Redlands. (Environmental Systems Research Institute, 2019).
Ministério do Meio Ambiente (MMA). Cadastro Nacional de Unidades de Conservação (CNUC). https://antigo.mma.gov.br/areas-protegidas/cadastro-nacional-de-ucs/dados-georreferenciados.html (2019).
Fundação Nacional dos Povos Indígenas (FUNAI). Modalidades de Terra Indígenas. http://www.funaigovbr/indexphp/indios-no-brasil/terras-indigenas (2019).
Tobler, M. W. & Powell, G. V. N. Estimating jaguar densities with camera traps: Problems with current designs and recommendations for future studies. Biol. Conserv. 159, 109–118 (2013).
Google Scholar
de Oliveira, T. G. et al. Red list assessment of the jaguar in Brazilian Amazonia. CatNews 7, 8–13 (2012).
Ramalho, F. B. L. Jaguar (Panthera Onca) Population Dynamics, Feeding Ecology, Human Induced Mortality, and Conservation in the Várzea Floodplain Forests of Amazonia. PhD Thesis. (University of São Paulo, 2012).
Duarte, H. O. B., Boron, V., Carvalho, W. D. & Toledo, J. J. Amazon islands as predator refugia: jaguar density and temporal activity in Maracá-Jipioca. J. Mammal. 103, 440–446 (2022).
Google Scholar
Zar, J. H. Biostatistical Analysis 4th edn., (Pretince-Hall, 1999).
Medellín, R. A. et al. El jaguar en el nuevo milenio. Fondo de Cultura Económica (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Wildlife Conservation Society, 2002).
Quigley, H. et al. Observations and preliminary testing of Jaguar depredation reduction techniques in and between core Jaguar populations. Parks 21, 63–72 (2015).
Google Scholar
Bogoni, J. A., Ferraz, K. M. P. M. B. & Peres, C. A. Continental-scale local extinctions in mammal assemblages are synergistically induced by habitat loss and hunting pressure. Biol. Conserv. 272, 109635 (2022).
Google Scholar
Valsecchi, J., Monteiro, M. C., Alvarenga, G. C., Lemos, L. P. & Ramalho, E. E. Community-based monitoring of wild felid hunting in Central Amazonia. Animal Conser. https://zslpublications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/acv.12811 (2022).
WWF. WWF Jaguar Strategy 2020–2030. https://wwflac.awsassets.panda.org/downloads/estrategia_jaguar_2020_2030_wwf.pdf (2020).
Chape, S., Harrison, J., Spalding, M. D. & Lysenko, I. Measuring the extent and effectiveness of protected areas as an indicator for meeting global biodiversity targets. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 360, 443–455 (2005).
Google Scholar
R Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2020).
Souza-Jr, C. M. et al. Reconstructing Three Decades of Land Use and Land Cover Changes in Brazilian Biomes with Landsat Archive and Earth Engine. Remote Sens. 12, 2735 (2020).
Google Scholar
Source: Ecology - nature.com
