Nigst, P. R. et al. Early modern human settlement of Europe north of the alps occurred 43,500 years ago in a cold steppe-type environment. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 111, 14394–14399 (2014).
Google Scholar
Pederzani, S. et al. Subarctic climate for the earliest Homo sapiens in Europe. Sci. Adv. 7, 1–11 (2021).
Google Scholar
Shao, Y. et al. Human-existence probability of the Aurignacian techno-complex under extreme climate conditions. Quat. Sci. Rev. 263, 106995 (2021).
Google Scholar
Slimak, L. et al. Modern human incursion into Neanderthal territories 54,000 years ago at Mandrin, France. Sci. Adv. 8, 1 (2022).
Google Scholar
Fewlass, H. et al. A 14C chronology for the Middle to Upper Palaeolithic transition at Bacho Kiro Cave, Bulgaria. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 4, 794–801 (2020).
Google Scholar
Hublin, J. J. et al. Initial Upper Palaeolithic Homo sapiens from Bacho Kiro Cave, Bulgaria. Nature 581, 299–302 (2020).
Google Scholar
Benazzi, S. et al. Early dispersal of modern humans in Europe and implications for Neanderthal behaviour. Nature 479, 525–528 (2011).
Google Scholar
Benazzi, S. et al. The makers of the Protoaurignacian and implications for Neandertal extinction. Science 348, 793–796 (2015).
Google Scholar
Cortés-Sánchez, M. et al. An early Aurignacian arrival in southwestern Europe. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 3, 207–212 (2019).
Google Scholar
Vidal-Cordasco, M., Ocio, D., Hickler, T. & Marín-Arroyo, A. B. Publisher Correction: Ecosystem productivity affected the spatiotemporal disappearance of Neanderthals in Iberia. Nat. Ecol. Evol. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-022-01917-6 (2022).
Google Scholar
Fu, Q. et al. An early modern human from Romania with a recent Neanderthal ancestor. Nature 524, 216–219 (2015).
Google Scholar
Wood, R. E. et al. The chronology of the earliest Upper Palaeolithic in northern Iberia: New insights from L’Arbreda, Labeko Koba and La Viña. J. Hum. Evol. 69, 91–109 (2014).
Google Scholar
Hublin, J. J. The modern human colonization of western Eurasia: When and where? Quat. Sci. Rev. 118, 194–210 (2015).
Google Scholar
Hublin, J. J. The earliest modern human colonization of Europe. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 109, 13471–13472 (2012).
Google Scholar
Marín-Arroyo, A. B. & Sanz-Royo, A. What Neanderthals and AMH ate: Reassessment of the subsistence across the Middle-Upper Palaeolithic transition in the Vasco-Cantabrian region of SW Europe. J. Quat. Sci. 37, 320–334 (2022).
Google Scholar
Semal, P. et al. New data on the late Neandertals: Direct dating of the Belgian Spy fossils. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 138, 421–428 (2009).
Google Scholar
Welker, F. et al. Palaeoproteomic evidence identifies archaic hominins associated with the Châtelperronian at the Grotte du Renne. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 113, 11162–11167 (2016).
Google Scholar
Zilhão, J. Chronostratigraphy of the Middle-to-Upper Paleolithic transition in the Iberian Peninsula. Pyrenae Rev. Prehist. i Antig. la Mediter. Occident. 37, 7–84 (2006).
Vanhaeren, M. & d’Errico, F. Aurignacian ethno-linguistic geography of Europe revealed by personal ornaments. J. Archaeol. Sci. 33, 1105–1128 (2006).
Google Scholar
Higham, T. et al. Testing models for the beginnings of the Aurignacian and the advent of figurative art and music: The radiocarbon chronology of Geißenklösterle. J. Hum. Evol. 62, 664–676 (2012).
Google Scholar
Broglio, A. et al. L’art aurignacien dans la décoration de la Grotte de Fumane. Anthropologie 113, 753–761 (2009).
Google Scholar
Conard, N. J. Palaeolithic ivory sculptures from southwestern Germany and the origins of figurative art. Nature 426, 830–832 (2003).
Google Scholar
Conard, N. J. A female figurine from the basal Aurignacian of Hohle Fels Cave in southwestern Germany. Nature 459, 248–252 (2009).
Google Scholar
Bourrillon, R. et al. A new Aurignacian engraving from Abri Blanchard, France: Implications for understanding Aurignacian graphic expression in Western and Central Europe. Quat. Int. 491, 46–64 (2018).
Google Scholar
Tejero, J. M. & Grimaldi, S. Assessing bone and antler exploitation at Riparo Mochi (Balzi Rossi, Italy): Implications for the characterization of the Aurignacian in South-western Europe. J. Archaeol. Sci. 61, 59–77 (2015).
Google Scholar
Tejero, J. M. Spanish aurignacian projectile points: An example of the First European Paleolithic hunting weapons in osseous materials. In Osseous Projectile Weaponry Towards an Understanding of Pleistocene Cultural Variability (ed. Langley, M. C.) 55–70 (Springer, 2017).
Kitagawa, K. & Conard, N. J. Split-based points from the Swabian Jura highlight Aurignacian regional signatures. PLoS ONE 15(11), e0239865 (2020).
Google Scholar
Floss, H., Hoyer, C. T., Heckel, C. & Tartar, É. The Aurignacian in Southern Burgundy. Palethnologie 7, 1–22 (2015).
Tartar, É. Origin and development of Aurignacian Osseous Technology in Western Europe: A review of current knowledge. Palethnologie 7, 1–20 (2015).
Bar-Yosef, O. Neanderthals and modern humans: A different interpretation. In When Neanderthals and Modern Humans Met (ed. Conard, N. J.) 467–482 (Kerns Verlag, 2006).
Flas, D. Les pointes foliacées et les changements techniques autour de la transitiondu Paléolithiquemoyen au supérieur dans leNord-Ouest de l’Europe. In (eds Toussaint, M. & Di Modica, K. S. P.) 261–276 (ERAUL 128, 2011).
Nigst, P. R. The Early Upper Palaeolithic of the Middle Danube Region—Human Evolution (Leiden University, 2012).
Tsanova, T. Les débuts du Paléolithique supérieur dans l’Est des Balkans. Réflexion à partir de l’étude taphonomique et techno-économique des ensembles lithiques des sites de Bacho Kiro (couche 11), Temnata (couches VI et 4) et Kozarnika (niveau VII) (2008).
Bosch, M. D. et al. New chronology for Ksâr ’Akil (Lebanon) supports Levantine route of modern human dispersal into Europe. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 112, 7683–7688 (2015).
Google Scholar
Chu, W. et al. Aurignacian dynamics in Southeastern Europe based on spatial analysis, sediment geochemistry, raw materials, lithic analysis, and use-wear from Românești-Dumbrăvița. Sci. Rep. 12, 14152 (2022).
Google Scholar
Conard, N. J. The timing of cultural innovations and the dispersal of modern humans in Europe. Terra Nostra 6, 82–94 (2002).
Davies, W. Re-evaluating the Aurignacian as an Expression of Modern Human Mobility and Dispersal. (eds. Mellars P, Boyle K, Bar-Yosef O, S. C.) (2001).
Mellars, P. A new radiocarbon revolution and the dispersal of modern humans in Eurasia. Nature 439, 931–935 (2006).
Google Scholar
Mellars, P. Archeology and the dispersal of modern humans in Europe: Deconstructing the ‘Aurignacian’. Evol. Anthropol. 15, 167–182 (2006).
Google Scholar
Szmidt, C. C., Normand, C., Burr, G. S., Hodgins, G. W. L. & LaMotta, S. AMS 14C dating the Protoaurignacian/Early Aurignacian of Isturitz, France. Implications for Neanderthal-modern human interaction and the timing of technical and cultural innovations in Europe. J. Archaeol. Sci. 37, 758–768 (2010).
Google Scholar
Conard, N. J. & Bolus, M. Radiocarbon dating the appearance of modern humans and timing of cultural innovations in Europe: New results and new challenges. J. Hum. Evol. 44, 331–371 (2003).
Google Scholar
Douka, K., Grimaldi, S., Boschian, G., del Lucchese, A. & Higham, T. F. G. A new chronostratigraphic framework for the Upper Palaeolithic of Riparo Mochi (Italy). J. Hum. Evol. 62, 286–299 (2012).
Google Scholar
Davies, W. & Hedges, R. E. M. Dating a type site: Fitting Szeleta Cave into its regional chronometric context. Praehistoria 9–10, 35–45 (2009).
Davies, W., White, D., Lewis, M. & Stringer, C. Evaluating the transitional mosaic: Frameworks of change from Neanderthals to Homo sapiens in eastern Europe. Quat. Sci. Rev. 118, 211–242 (2015).
Google Scholar
Marín-Arroyo, A. B. et al. Chronological reassessment of the Middle to Upper Paleolithic transition and Early Upper Paleolithic cultures in Cantabrian Spain. PLoS ONE 13, 1–20 (2018).
Barshay-Szmidt, C., Normand, C., Flas, D. & Soulier, M. C. Radiocarbon dating the Aurignacian sequence at Isturitz (France): Implications for the timing and development of the Protoaurignacian and Early Aurignacian in western Europe. J. Archaeol. Sci. Rep. 17, 809–838 (2018).
Wood, R. et al. El Castillo (Cantabria, northern Iberia) and the Transitional Aurignacian: Using radiocarbon dating to assess site taphonomy. Quat. Int. 474, 56–70 (2018).
Google Scholar
Chu, W. The danube corridor hypothesis and the carpathian basin: Geological, environmental and archaeological approaches to characterizing aurignacian dynamics. J. World Prehist. 31, 117–178 (2018).
Google Scholar
Falcucci, A., Conard, N. J. & Peresani, M. Breaking through the aquitaine frame: A re-evaluation on the significance of regional variants during the Aurignacian as seen from a key record in southern Europe. J. Anthropol. Sci. 98, 99–140 (2020).
Google Scholar
Banks, W. E., d’Errico, F. & Zilhão, J. Human-climate interaction during the Early Upper Paleolithic: Testing the hypothesis of an adaptive shift between the Proto-Aurignacian and the Early Aurignacian. J. Hum. Evol. 64, 39–55 (2013).
Google Scholar
Badino, F. et al. An overview of Alpine and Mediterranean palaeogeography, terrestrial ecosystems and climate history during MIS 3 with focus on the Middle to Upper Palaeolithic transition. Quat. Int. 551, 7–28 (2020).
Google Scholar
Bataille, G. & Conard, N. J. Blade and bladelet production at Hohle Fels Cave, AH IV in the Swabian Jura and its importance for characterizing the technological variability of the Aurignacian in Central Europe. PLoS ONE 13, 1–47 (2018).
Google Scholar
Higham, T., Wood, R., Moreau, L., Conard, N. & Ramsey, C. B. Comments on ‘Human-climate interaction during the early Upper Paleolithic: Testing the hypothesis of an adaptive shift between the Proto-Aurignacian and the Early Aurignacian’ by Banks et al.. J. Hum. Evol. 65, 806–809 (2013).
Google Scholar
Teyssandier, N. & Zilhão, J. On the entity and antiquity of the Aurignacian at Willendorf (Austria): Implications for modern human emergence in Europe. J. Paleolit. Archaeol. 1, 107–138 (2018).
Google Scholar
Discamps, E., Jaubert, J. & Bachellerie, F. Human choices and environmental constraints: Deciphering the variability of large game procurement from Mousterian to Aurignacian times (MIS 5–3) in southwestern France. Quat. Sci. Rev. 30, 2755–2775 (2011).
Google Scholar
Kuhn, S. L. & Stiner, M. C. What’s a mother to do? The division of labor among Neandertals and modern humans in Eurasia. Curr. Anthropol. 47, 953–980 (2006).
Google Scholar
Starkovich, B. M. Intensification of small game resources at Klissoura Cave 1 (Peloponnese, Greece) from the Middle Paleolithic to Mesolithic. Quat. Int. 264, 17–31 (2012).
Google Scholar
Stiner, M. Prey choice, site occupation intensity & economic diversity in the Middle–early Upper Palaeolithic at the Üçağizli Caves. Turkey. Before Farm. 3, 1–20 (2009).
Yravedra Saínz de los Terreros, J., Gómez-Castanedo, A., Aramendi-Picado, J., Montes-Barquín, R. & Sanguino-González, J. Neanderthal and Homo sapiens subsistence strategies in the Cantabrian region of northern Spain. Archaeol. Anthropol. Sci. 8, 779–803 (2016).
Google Scholar
Bertacchi, A., Starkovich, B. M. & Conard, N. J. The Zooarchaeology of Sirgenstein Cave: A Middle and Upper Paleolithic site in the Swabian Jura, SW Germany. J. Paleolit. Archaeol. 4, 7 (2021).
Google Scholar
Boscato, P. & Crezzini, J. Middle-Upper Palaeolithic transition in Southern Italy: Uluzzian macromammals from Grotta del Cavallo (Apulia). Quat. Int. 252, 90–98 (2012).
Google Scholar
Grayson, D. K. & Delpech, F. The large mammals of Roc de Combe (Lot, France): The Châtelperronian and Aurignacian assemblages. J. Anthropol. Archaeol. 27, 338–362 (2008).
Google Scholar
Morin, E. et al. New evidence of broader diets for archaic Homo populations in the northwestern Mediterranean. Sci. Adv. 5, 1–12 (2019).
Google Scholar
Münzel, S. & Conard, N. J. Change and continuity in subsistence during the Middle and Upper Palaeolithic in the Ach Valley of Swabia (South-west Germany). Int. J. Osteoarchaeol. 14, 225–243 (2004).
Google Scholar
Rendu, W. et al. Subsistence strategy changes during the Middle to Upper Paleolithic transition reveals specific adaptations of Human Populations to their environment. Sci. Rep. 9, 1–11 (2019).
Google Scholar
Romandini, M. et al. Macromammal and bird assemblages across the late Middle to Upper Palaeolithic transition in Italy: An extended zooarchaeological review. Quat. Int. 551, 188–223 (2020).
Google Scholar
Starkovich, B. M. Paleolithic subsistence strategies and changes in site use at Klissoura Cave 1 (Peloponnese, Greece). J. Hum. Evol. 111, 63–84 (2017).
Google Scholar
Peresani, M. Inspecting human evolution from a cave Late Neanderthals and early sapiens at Grotta di Fumane: Present state and outlook. J. Anthropol. Sci. 100, 71–107 (2022).
Google Scholar
Jarvis, A. et al. Hole-Filled Seamless SRTM Data V4. https://srtm.csi.cgiar.org (International Centre for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), 2008).
Delpiano, D., Heasley, K. & Peresani, M. Assessing Neanderthal land use and lithic raw material management in discoid technology. J. Anthropol. Sci. 96, 89–110 (2018).
Google Scholar
Marcazzan, D., Ligouis, B., Duches, R. & Conard, N. J. Middle and Upper Paleolithic occupations of Fumane Cave (Italy): A geoarchaeological investigation of the anthropogenic features. J. Antropol. Sci. 100, 1–26 (2022).
Douka, K. et al. On the chronology of the Uluzzian. J. Hum. Evol. 68, 1–13 (2014).
Google Scholar
Peresani, M., Cristiani, E. & Romandini, M. The Uluzzian technology of Grotta di Fumane and its implication for reconstructing cultural dynamics in the Middle-Upper Palaeolithic transition of Western Eurasia. J. Hum. Evol. 91, 36–56 (2016).
Google Scholar
Peresani, M., Bertola, S., Delpiano, D., Benazzi, S. & Romandini, M. The Uluzzian in the north of Italy: Insights around the new evidence at Riparo Broion. Archaeol. Anthropol. Sci. 11, 3503–3536 (2019).
Google Scholar
Aleo, A., Duches, R., Falcucci, A., Rots, V. & Peresani, M. Scraping hide in the early Upper Paleolithic: Insights into the life and function of the Protoaurignacian endscrapers at Fumane Cave. Archaeol. Anthropol. Sci. 13, 1 (2021).
Google Scholar
Falcucci, A., Conard, N. J. & Peresani, M. A critical assessment of the Protoaurignacian lithic technology at Fumane Cave and its implications for the definition of the earliest Aurignacian. PLoS ONE 12, 1–43 (2017).
Google Scholar
Falcucci, A. & Peresani, M. A pre-Heinrich Event 3 assemblage at Fumane Cave and its contribution for understanding the beginning of the Gravettian in Italy. Quartär 66, 135–154 (2019).
Higham, T. European Middle and Upper Palaeolithic radiocarbon dates are often older than they look. Antiquity 85, 235–249 (2011).
Google Scholar
Higham, T. et al. Problems with radiocarbon dating the Middle to Upper Palaeolithic transition in Italy. Quat. Sci. Rev. 28, 1257–1267 (2009).
Google Scholar
Cassoli, P. F. & Tagliacozzo, A. Considerazioni paleontologiche, paleoecologiche e archeologiche sui micromammiferi e gli uccelli dei livelli del Pleistocene Superiore del Riparo di Fumane (Vr) (Scavi 1988–91). Bollettino del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Verona 18, 349–445 (1994).
Broglio, A., De Stefani, M., Tagliacozzo, A., Gurioli, F. & Facciolo, A. Aurignacian dwelling structures, hunting strategies and seasonality in the Fumane Cave (Lessini Mountains). In Kostenki and the Early Upper Paleolithic of Eurasia: General Trends, Local Developments (eds Vasilev, S. A. et al.) 263–268 (Nestor-Historia, 2006).
Bertola, S. et al. Le territoire des chasseurs aurignaciens dans les Préalpes de la Vénétie: l’exemple de la Grotte de Fumane. In Le Concept de Territoires dans le Paléolithique Supérieur Européen (eds Djindjian, F. et al.) (BAR Intemational Series, 2009).
Jéquier, C., Livraghi, A., Romandini, M. & Peresani, M. Same but different: 20,000 years of bone retouchers from northern Italy. A diachronologic approach from neanderthals to anatomically modern humans. In The Origins of Bone Tool Technologies (eds Hutson, J. M. et al.) 269–285 (Verlag des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums, 2018).
Marín-Arroyo, A. B. A comparative study of analytic techniques for skeletal part profile interpretation at El Mirón Cave (Cantabria, Spain). Archaeofauna 18, 79–98 (2009).
Romandini, M. Analisi archeozoologica, tafonomica, paleontologica e spaziale dei livelli Uluzziani e tardo-Musteriani della Grotta di Fumane (VR). Variazioni e continuità strategico-comportamentali umane in Italia Nord Occidentale: i casi di Grotta del Col della Stria. Dip. di Biol. ed Evol. PhD thesis 505 (2012).
Marean, C. W., Abe, Y., Nilssen, P. J. & Stone, E. C. Estimating the minimum number of skeletal elements (MNE) in zooarchaeology: A review and a new image-analysis GIS approach. Am. Antiq. 66, 333–348 (2001).
Google Scholar
Stiner, M. C. The use of mortality patterns in archaeological studies of hominid predatory adaptations. J. Anthropol. Archaeol. 9, 305–351 (1990).
Google Scholar
Marín-Arroyo, A. B. & Morales, M. R. G. Comportamiento económico de los últimos cazadores-recolectores y primeras evidencias de domesticación en el occidente de asturias. La cueva de mazaculos II. Trab. Prehist. 66, 47–74 (2009).
Google Scholar
Simpson, E. H. Measurement of diversity. Nature 163, 688 (1949).
Google Scholar
Magurran, A. E. Ecological Diversity and Its Measurement (Princeton University Press, 1988).
Google Scholar
Marín-Arroyo, A. B. The use of optimal foraging theory to estimate Late Glacial site catchment areas from a central place: The case of eastern Cantabria, Spain. J. Anthropol. Archaeol. 28, 27–36 (2009).
Google Scholar
Azorit, C. Guía para la determinación de la edad del ciervo ibérico (Cervus elaphus hispanicus) a través de su dentición: Revisión metodológica y técnicas de elección. An. la Real Acad. Ciencias Vet. Andalucía Orient. 24, 235–264 (2011).
Mariezkurrena, K. Contribución al conocimiento del desarrollo de la dentición y el esqueleto poscraneal de Cervus elaphus. Munibe 35, 149–202 (1983).
Tomé, C. & Vigne, J. D. Roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) age at death estimates: New methods and modern reference data for tooth eruption and wear, and for epiphyseal fusion. Archaeofauna 12, 157–173 (2003).
Couturier, M. A. J. Le bouquetin des Alpes: Capra aegagrus ibex ibex L. (Impr. Allier, 1962).
Habermehl, K.-H. Die Altersbeurteilung beim weiblichen Steinwild (Capra ibex ibex L.) anhand der Skelettentwicklung. Anat. Histol. Embryol. J. Vet. Med. Ser. C 21, 193–198 (1992).
Google Scholar
Pflieger, R. H. P. Le chamois, son identification et sa vie (Grand Gibier, 1982).
Binford, L. R. Nunamiut Etnoarchaeology (Academic Press, 1978).
Metcalfe, D. & Jones, K. T. A reconsideration of animal body-part utility indices. Am. Antiq. 53, 486–504 (1988).
Google Scholar
Morin, E. & Ready, E. Foraging goals and transport decisions in western Europe during the Paleolithic and Early Holocene. In Zooarchaeology and Modern Human Origins. Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology (eds Clark, J. L. & Speth, J. D.) 227–269 (Springer, 2013).
Lam, Y. M., Chen, X. & Pearson, O. M. Intertaxonomic variability in patterns of bone density and the differential representation of bovid, cervid, and equid elements in the archaeological record. Am. Antiq. 64, 343–362 (1999).
Google Scholar
Morin, E. Fat composition and Nunamiut decision-making: A new look at the marrow and bone grease indices. J. Archaeol. Sci. 34, 69–82 (2007).
Google Scholar
Marín-Arroyo, A. B. & Ocio, D. Disentangling faunal skeletal profiles. A new probabilistic framework. Hist. Biol. 30, 720–729 (2018).
Google Scholar
Rogers, A. R. On the value of soft bones in faunal analysis. J. Archaeol. Sci. 27, 635–639 (2000).
Google Scholar
Rogers, A. R. Analysis of bone counts by maximum likelihood. J. Archaeol. Sci. 27, 111–125 (2000).
Google Scholar
Marín-Arroyo, A. B., Ocio, D., Vidal-Cordasco, M. & Vettese, D. BaSkePro: Bayesian Model to Archaeological Faunal Skeletal Profiles. R package version 0.1.0. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=BaSkePro (2022).
Binford, L. R. Bones Ancient Men and Modern Myths (Bones (Elsevier, 1981).
Galán, A. B. & Domínguez-Rodrigo, M. An experimental study of the anatomical distribution of cut marks created by filleting and disarticulation on long bone ends. Archaeometry 55, 1132–1149 (2013).
Google Scholar
Nilssen, P. J. An Actualistic Butchery Study in South Africa and Its Implications for Reconstructing Hominid Strategies of Carcass Acquisition and Butchery in the Upper Pleistocene and Plio-Pleistocene (University of Cape Town, 2000).
Capaldo, S. D. & Blumenschine, R. J. A quantitative diagnosis of notches made by hammerstone percussion and carnivore gnawing on bovid long bones. Am. Antiq. 59, 724–748 (1994).
Google Scholar
Pickering, T. R. & Egeland, C. P. Experimental patterns of hammerstone percussion damage on bones: Implications for inferences of carcass processing by humans. J. Archaeol. Sci. 33, 459–469 (2006).
Google Scholar
Bunn, H. T. Archaeological evidence for meat-eating by Plio-Pleistocene hominids from Koobi Fora and Olduvai Gorge. Nature 291, 574–577 (1981).
Google Scholar
Villa, P. & Mahieu, E. Breakage patterns of human long bones. J. Hum. Evol. 21, 27–48 (1991).
Google Scholar
Blumenschine, R. J. & Selvaggio, M. M. Percussion marks on bone surfaces as a new diagnostic of hominid behaviour. Nature 333, 763–765 (1988).
Google Scholar
Galán, A. B., Rodríguez, M., de Juana, S. & Domínguez-Rodrigo, M. A new experimental study on percussion marks and notches and their bearing on the interpretation of hammerstone-broken faunal assemblages. J. Archaeol. Sci. 36, 776–784 (2009).
Google Scholar
Pickering, T. R. et al. Taphonomy of ungulate ribs and the consumption of meat and bone by 1.2-million-year-old hominins at Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. J. Archaeol. Sci. 40, 1295–1309 (2013).
Google Scholar
Vettese, D. et al. Towards an understanding of hominin marrow extraction strategies: A proposal for a percussion mark terminology. Archaeol. Anthropol. Sci. 12, 8 (2020).
Google Scholar
Vettese, D. et al. A way to break bones? The weight of intuitiveness. PLoS ONE 16, 0259136 (2021).
Google Scholar
Coil, R., Yezzi-Woodley, K. & Tappen, M. Comparisons of impact flakes derived from hyena and hammerstone long bone breakage. J. Archaeol. Sci. 120, 105167 (2020).
Google Scholar
Stiner, M. C., Kuhn, S. L., Weiner, S. & Bar-Yosef, O. Differential burning, recrystallization, and fragmentation of archaeological bone. J. Archaeol. Sci. 22, 223–237 (1995).
Google Scholar
Mallye, J. B. et al. The Mousterian bone retouchers of Noisetier Cave: Experimentation and identification of marks. J. Archaeol. Sci. 39, 1131–1142 (2012).
Google Scholar
Blumenschine, R. J. Percussion marks, tooth marks, and experimental determinations of the timing of hominid and carnivore access to long bones at FLK Zinjanthropus, Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. J. Hum. Evol. 29, 21–51 (1995).
Google Scholar
Domínguez-Rodrigo, M. & Piqueras, A. The use of tooth pits to identify carnivore taxa in tooth-marked archaeofaunas and their relevance to reconstruct hominid carcass processing behaviours. J. Archaeol. Sci. 30, 1385–1391 (2003).
Google Scholar
Domínguez-Rodrigo, M. & Barba, R. New estimates of tooth mark and percussion mark frequencies at the FLK Zinj site: The carnivore-hominid-carnivore hypothesis falsified. J. Hum. Evol. 50, 170–194 (2006).
Google Scholar
Behrensmeyer, A. K. Taphonomic and écologie information from bone weathering. Paleobiology 4, 150–162 (1978).
Google Scholar
Fisher, J. W. Bone surface modifications in zooarchaeology. J. Archaeol. Method Theory 2, 7–68 (1995).
Google Scholar
Lyman, R. L. Vertebrate Taphonomy (Cambridge University Press, 1994).
Google Scholar
Shipman, P. Life History of a Fossil: An Introduction to Taphonomy and Paleoecology (Harvard University Press, 1981).
Marín-Arroyo, A. B. et al. Archaeological implications of human-derived manganese coatings: A study of blackened bones in El Mirón Cave, Cantabrian Spain. J. Archaeol. Sci. 35, 801–813 (2008).
Google Scholar
Marín-Arroyo, A. B., Landete-Ruiz, M. D., Seva-Román, R. & Lewis, M. D. Manganese coating of the Tabun faunal assemblage: Implications for modern human behaviour in the Levantine Middle Palaeolithic. Quat. Int. 330, 10–18 (2014).
Google Scholar
Blasco, R., Rosell, J., Fernández Peris, J., Cáceres, I. & Vergès, J. M. A new element of trampling: An experimental application on the Level XII faunal record of Bolomor Cave (Valencia, Spain). J. Archaeol. Sci. 35, 1605–1618 (2008).
Google Scholar
Domínguez-Rodrigo, M., de Juana, S., Galán, A. B. & Rodríguez, M. A new protocol to differentiate trampling marks from butchery cut marks. J. Archaeol. Sci. 36, 2643–2654 (2009).
Google Scholar
Hickler, T., Prentice, I. C., Smith, B., Sykes, M. T. & Zaehle, S. Implementing plant hydraulic architecture within the LPJ dynamic global vegetation model. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 15, 567–577 (2006).
Google Scholar
Zampieri, D. Segmentation and linkage of the Lessini Mountains normal faults, Southern Alps, Italy. Tectonophysics 319, 19–31 (2000).
Google Scholar
Castiglioni, G. B. et al. The loess deposits in the Lessini plateau. In The Loess in Northern and Central Italy: A Loess Basin Between the Alps and the Mediterranean Region (ed. Cremaschi, M.) 41–59 (Centro di Studio per la Stratigrafia e Petrografia delle Alpi Centrali, 1990).
Sauro, U. Il paesaggio degli alti Lessini. Studio Geomofologico (Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, 1973).
Castiglioni, G. B. et al. Geomorphological Map of Po Plain, Scale 1:250,000 (1997).
Fontana, A., Mozzi, P. & Marchetti, M. Alluvial fans and megafans along the southern side of the Alps. Sediment. Geol. 301, 150–171 (2014).
Google Scholar
Holechek, J. L., Pieper, R. D. & Herbel, C. H. Range Management Principles and Practices 3rd edn. (Prentice-Hall, 1998).
Imhoff, M. L. et al. Global patterns in human consumption of net primary production. Nature 429, 870–873 (2004).
Google Scholar
Sitch, S. et al. Evaluation of ecosystem dynamics, plant geography and terrestrial carbon cycling in the LPJ dynamic global vegetation model. Glob. Change Biol. 9, 161–185 (2003).
Google Scholar
Smith, B. et al. Implications of incorporating N cycling and N limitations on primary production in an individual-based dynamic vegetation model. Biogeosciences 11, 2027–2054 (2014).
Google Scholar
Githumbi, E. N. et al. Pollen, people and place: Multidisciplinary perspectives on ecosystem change at Amboseli, Kenya. Front. Earth Sci. 5, 113 (2018).
Google Scholar
Allen, J. R. M. et al. Global vegetation patterns of the past 140,000 years. J. Biogeogr. 47, 2073–2090 (2020).
Google Scholar
Armstrong, E., Hopcroft, P. O. & Valdes, P. J. A simulated Northern Hemisphere terrestrial climate dataset for the past 60,000 years. Sci. Data 6, 1–16 (2019).
Google Scholar
Harris, I., Osborn, T. J., Jones, P. & Lister, D. Version 4 of the CRU TS monthly high-resolution gridded multivariate climate dataset. Sci. Data 7, 1–18 (2020).
Google Scholar
Adam, M., Weitzel, N. & Rehfeld, K. Identifying global-scale patterns of vegetation change during the last deglaciation from paleoclimate networks. Paleoceanogr. Paleoclimatol. 36, 1 (2021).
Google Scholar
Beyer, R., Krapp, M. & Manica, A. An empirical evaluation of bias correction methods for palaeoclimate simulations. Clim. Past 16, 1493–1508 (2020).
Google Scholar
Lüthi, D. et al. High-resolution carbon dioxide concentration record 650,000–800,000 years before present. Nature 453, 379–382 (2008).
Google Scholar
Zobler, L. A World Soil File for Global Climate Modelling. NASA Technical Memorandum 87802 (1986).
Bronk Ramsey, C. Bayesian analysis of radiocarbon dates. Radiocarbon 51, 337–360 (2009).
Google Scholar
Reimer, P. J. et al. The IntCal20 northern hemisphere radiocarbon age calibration curve (0–55 cal kBP). Radiocarbon 62, 725–757 (2020).
Google Scholar
Andersen, K. K. et al. The Greenland ice core chronology 2005, 15–42 ka. Part 1: Constructing the time scale. Quat. Sci. Rev. 25, 3246–3257 (2006).
Google Scholar
Svensson, A. et al. A 60,000 year Greenland stratigraphic ice core chronology. Clim. Past 4, 47–57 (2008).
Google Scholar
Rasmussen, S. O. et al. A stratigraphic framework for abrupt climatic changes during the Last Glacial period based on three synchronized Greenland ice-core records: Refining and extending the INTIMATE event stratigraphy. Quat. Sci. Rev. 106, 14–28 (2014).
Google Scholar
Higham, T. et al. The timing and spatiotemporal patterning of Neanderthal disappearance. Nature 512, 306–309 (2014).
Google Scholar
Romandini, M., Nannini, N., Tagliacozzo, A. & Peresani, M. The ungulate assemblage from layer A9 at Grotta di Fumane, Italy: A zooarchaeological contribution to the reconstruction of Neanderthal ecology. Quat. Int. 337, 11–27 (2014).
Google Scholar
Tagliacozzo, A., Romandini, M., Fiore, I., Gala, M. & Peresani, M. 2013. Animal exploitation strategies during the Uluzzian at Grotta di Fumane (Verona, Italy). In Zooarchaeology and Modern Human Origins. Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology (eds Clark, J. & Speth, J.) 129–150 (Springer, 2013).
Terlato, G., Livraghi, A., Romandini, M. & Peresani, M. Large bovids on the Neanderthal menu: Exploitation of Bison priscus and Bos primigenius in northeastern Italy. J. Archaeol. Sci. Rep. 25, 129–143 (2019).
Peresani, M., Fiore, I., Gala, M., Romandini, M. & Tagliacozzo, A. Late Neandertals and the intentional removal of feathers as evidenced from bird bone taphonomy at Fumane Cave 44 ky B.P., Italy. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 108, 3888–3893 (2011).
Google Scholar
Fiore, I. et al. From feathers to food: Reconstructing the complete exploitation of avifaunal resources by Neanderthals at Fumane cave, unit A9. Quat. Int. 421, 134–153 (2016).
Google Scholar
Romandini, M. et al. Neanderthal scraping and manual handling of raptors wing bones: Evidence from Fumane Cave. Experimental activities and comparison. Quat. Int. 421, 154–172 (2016).
Google Scholar
López-García, J. M., dalla Valle, C., Cremaschi, M. & Peresani, M. Reconstruction of the Neanderthal and Modern Human landscape and climate from the Fumane cave sequence (Verona, Italy) using small-mammal assemblages. Quat. Sci. Rev. 128, 1–13 (2015).
Google Scholar
Maspero, A. Ricostruzione del paesaggio vegetale attorno alla grotta di Fumane durante il Paleolitico. Annu. Stor. della Valpolicella 18, 19–26 (1998).
Malerba, G. & Giacobini, G. Analisi delle tracce di macellazione in un sito Paleolitico. L’esempio del Riparo di Fumane (Valpolicella, Verona). In Atti del: “I° Convegno Nazionale di Archeozoologia”, Rovigo 5–7 marzo 1993 97–108 (1995).
Fritz, S. A. et al. Twenty-million-year relationship between mammalian diversity and primary productivity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 113, 10908–10913 (2016).
Google Scholar
Morris, R. J. Community ecology: How green is the arctic Tundra? Curr. Biol. 18, R256–R258 (2008).
Google Scholar
Holt, B. et al. The Middle-Upper Paleolithic transition in Northwest Italy: New evidence from Riparo Bombrini (Balzi Rossi, Liguria, Italy). Quat. Int. 508, 142–152 (2019).
Google Scholar
Pothier Bouchard, G., Riel-Salvatore, J., Negrino, F. & Buckley, M. Archaeozoological, taphonomic and ZooMS insights into the Protoaurignacian faunal record from Riparo Bombrini. Quat. Int. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2020.01.007 (2020).
Google Scholar
Riel-Salvatore, J. & Negrino, F. Proto-Aurignacian Lithic technology, mobility, and human niche construction: A case study from Riparo Bombrini, Italy. In Lithic Technological Organization and Paleoenvironmental Change, Studies in Human Ecology and Adaptation (eds Robinson, E. & Sellet, F.) (Springer, 2018).
Riel-Salvatore, J. & Negrino, F. Human adaptations to climatic change in Liguria across the Middle-Upper Paleolithic transition. J. Quat. Sci. 33, 313–322 (2018).
Google Scholar
Grimaldi, S., Porraz, G. & Santaniello, F. Raw material procurement and land use in the northern Mediterranean Arc: Insight from the first Proto-Aurignacian of Riparo Mochi (Balzi Rossi, Italy). Quartar 61, 113–127 (2014).
Alaique, F. Risultati preliminari dell’analisi dei resti faunistici rinvenuti nei livelli del Paleolitico superiore di Riparo Mochi (Balzi Rossi): Scavi 1995–1996. In Atti Del 2°Convegno Nazionale Di Archeozoologia (Asti, 1997) (eds Malerba, G. et al.) 125–130 (Abaco Edizioni, 2000).
Staubwasser, M. et al. Impact of climate change on the transition of Neanderthals to modern humans in Europe. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 115, 9116–9121 (2018).
Google Scholar
Columbu, A. et al. Speleothem record attests to stable environmental conditions during Neanderthal–modern human turnover in southern Italy. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 4, 1188–1195 (2020).
Google Scholar
Müller, U. C. et al. The role of climate in the spread of modern humans into Europe. Quat. Sci. Rev. 30, 273–279 (2011).
Google Scholar
Source: Ecology - nature.com
