Gregory, R. D. et al. Developing indicators for European birds. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 360, 269–288 (2005).
McRae, L., Deinet, S. & Freeman, R. The diversity-weighted living planet index: controlling for taxonomic bias in a global biodiversity indicator. PLoS ONE 12, e0169156 (2017).
Brereton, T., Roy, D. B., Middlebrook, I., Botham, M. & Warren, M. The development of butterfly indicators in the United Kingdom and assessments in 2010. J. Insect Conserv. 15, 139–151 (2010).
Van Swaay, C. A. M. et al. The EU Butterfly Indicator for Grassland species: 1990-2017: Technical Report (Butterfly Conservation Europe & ABLE/eBMS, 2015).
Tittensor, D. P. et al. A mid-term analysis of progress toward international biodiversity targets. Science 346, 241–244 (2014).
Westgate, M. J., Barton, P. S., Lane, P. W. & Lindenmayer, D. B. Global meta-analysis reveals low consistency of biodiversity congruence relationships. Nat. Commun. 5, 3899 (2014).
Rodrigues, A. S. L. & Brooks, T. M. Shortcuts for biodiversity conservation planning: the effectiveness of surrogates. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 38, 713–737 (2007).
Hambler, C. & Speight, M. R. Extinction rates and butterflies. Science 305, 1563–1565 (2004).
van Strien, A. J. et al. Modest recovery of biodiversity in a western European country: the living planet index for the Netherlands. Biol. Conserv. 200, 44–50 (2016).
Hallmann, C. A. et al. More than 75 percent decline over 27 years in total flying insect biomass in protected areas. PLoS ONE 12, e0185809 (2017).
Sánchez-Bayo, F. & Wyckhuys, K. A. G. Worldwide decline of the entomofauna: a review of its drivers. Biol. Conserv. 232, 8–27 (2019).
Powney, G. D. et al. Widespread losses of pollinating insects in Britain. Nat. Commun. 10, 1018 (2019).
Simmons, B. I. et al. Worldwide insect declines: an important message, but interpret with caution. Ecol. Evol. 9, 3678–3680 (2019).
Thomas, C. D. & Jones, T. H. & Hartley, S. E. ‘Insectageddon’: a call for more robust data and rigorous analyses. Glob. Change Biol. 25, 1891–1892 (2019).
Burns, F. et al. Agricultural management and climatic change are the major drivers of biodiversity change in the UK. PLoS ONE 11, e0151595 (2016).
Burns, F. et al. An assessment of the state of nature in the United Kingdom: a review of findings, methods and impact. Ecol. Indic. 94, 226–236 (2018).
Hayhow, D. et al. The State of the UK’s Birds 2017 (RSPB, BTO, WWT, DAERA, JNCC, NE and NRW, 2017).
Fox, R. et al. The State of the UK’s Butterflies 2015 (Butterfly Conservation and the Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, 2015).
Maskell, L. C., Smart, S. M., Bullock, J. M., Thompson, K. & Stevens, C. J. Nitrogen deposition causes widespread loss of species richness in British habitats. Glob. Change Biol. 16, 671–679 (2010).
Barlow, K. E. et al. Citizen science reveals trends in bat populations: the National Bat Monitoring Programme in Great Britain. Biol. Conserv. 182, 14–26 (2015).
Pocock, M. J. O., Roy, H. E., Preston, C. D. & Roy, D. B. The Biological Records Centre: a pioneer of citizen science. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 115, 475–493 (2015).
Isaac, N. J. B. & Pocock, M. J. O. Bias and information in biological records. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 115, 522–531 (2015).
Boakes, E. H. et al. Distorted views of biodiversity: spatial and temporal bias in species occurrence data. PLoS Biol. 8, e1000385 (2010).
Maldonado, C. et al. Estimating species diversity and distribution in the era of Big Data: to what extent can we trust public databases? Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 24, 973–984 (2015).
Outhwaite, C. L. et al. Prior specification in Bayesian occupancy modelling improves analysis of species occurrence data. Ecol. Indic. 93, 333–343 (2018).
Isaac, N. J. B., van Strien, A. J., August, T. A., de Zeeuw, M. P. & Roy, D. B. Statistics for citizen science: extracting signals of change from noisy ecological data. Methods Ecol. Evol. 5, 1052–1060 (2014).
van Strien, A. J., van Swaay, C. A. M. & Termaat, T. Opportunistic citizen science data of animal species produce reliable estimates of distribution trends if analysed with occupancy models. J. Appl. Ecol. 50, 1450–1458 (2013).
Termaat, T. et al. Distribution trends of European dragonflies under climate change. Divers. Distrib. 25, 936–950 (2019).
Outhwaite, C. L. et al. Annual Estimates of Occupancy for Bryophytes, Lichens and Invertebrates in the UK (1970–2015) (NERC Environmental Information Data Centre, 2019); https://doi.org/10.5285/0ec7e549-57d4-4e2d-b2d3-2199e1578d84
Dornelas, M. et al. A balance of winners and losers in the Anthropocene. Ecol. Lett. 22, 847–854 (2019).
Gregory, R. & van Strien, A. Wild bird indicators: using composite population trends of birds as measures of environmental health. Ornithol. Sci. 9, 3–22 (2010).
Newbold, T. et al. Global effects of land use on local terrestrial biodiversity. Nature 520, 45–50 (2015).
Pescott, O. L. et al. Air pollution and its effects on lichens, bryophytes, and lichen-feeding Lepidoptera: review and evidence from biological records. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 115, 611–635 (2015).
Saal, D. S. & Parker, D. The impact of privatization and regulation on the water and sewerage industry in England and Wales: a translog cost function model. Manage. Decis. Econ. 21, 253–268 (2000).
Vaughan, I. P. & Ormerod, S. J. Large-scale, long-term trends in British river macroinvertebrates. Glob. Change Biol. 18, 2184–2194 (2012).
Vaughan, I. P. & Gotelli, N. J. Water quality improvements offset the climatic debt for stream macroinvertebrates over twenty years. Nat. Commun. 10, 1956 (2019).
Langford, T. E. L., Shaw, P. J., Ferguson, A. J. D. & Howard, S. R. Long-term recovery of macroinvertebrate biota in grossly polluted streams: re-colonisation as a constraint to ecological quality. Ecol. Indic. 9, 1064–1077 (2009).
Balmford, A. & Knowlton, N. Why Earth Optimism? Science 356, 225 (2017).
Antrop, M. Why landscapes of the past are important for the future. Landsc. Urban Plan. 70, 21–34 (2005).
Robinson, R. A. & Sutherland, W. J. Post-war changes in arable farming and biodiversity in Great Britain. J. Appl. Ecol. 39, 157–176 (2002).
Mihoub, J. B. et al. Setting temporal baselines for biodiversity: the limits of available monitoring data for capturing the full impact of anthropogenic pressures. Sci. Rep. 7, 41591 (2017).
Soga, M. & Gaston, K. J. Shifting baseline syndrome: causes, consequences, and implications. Front. Ecol. Environ. 16, 222–230 (2018).
Thomas, C. D. Inheritors of the Earth: How Nature Is Thriving in an Age of Extinction (Hachette UK, 2017).
Dornelas, M. et al. Assemblage time series reveal biodiversity change but not systematic loss. Science 344, 296–299 (2014).
Lister, B. C. & Garcia, A. Climate-driven declines in arthropod abundance restructure a rainforest food web. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 115, 201722477 (2018).
Mace, G. M., Collen, B., Fuller, R. A. & Boakes, E. H. Population and geographic range dynamics: implications for conservation planning. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 365, 3743–3751 (2010).
Gaston, K. J. & Fuller, R. A. The sizes of species’ geographic ranges. J. Appl. Ecol. 46, 1–9 (2009).
Seibold, S. et al. Arthropod decline in grasslands and forests is associated with landscape-level drivers. Nature 574, 671–674 (2019).
Bart, J. & Klosiewski, S. P. Use of presence-absence to measure changes in avian density. J. Wildl. Manage. 53, 847–852 (1989).
Webb, T. J., Freckleton, R. P. & Gaston, K. J. Characterizing abundance–occupancy relationships: there is no artefact. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 21, 952–957 (2012).
Buckley, H. L. & Freckleton, R. P. Understanding the role of species dynamics in abundance–occupancy relationships. J. Ecol. 98, 645–658 (2010).
van Strien, A. J., van Swaay, C. A. M., van Strien-van Liempt, W. T. F. H., Poot, M. J. M. & WallisDeVries, M. F. Over a century of data reveal more than 80% decline in butterflies in the Netherlands. Biol. Conserv. 234, 116–122 (2019).
Jetz, W. et al. Essential biodiversity variables for mapping and monitoring species populations. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 3, 539–551 (2019).
Schmeller, D. S. et al. An operational definition of essential biodiversity variables. Biodivers. Conserv. 26, 2967–2972 (2017).
McGill, B. J. & Dornelas, M. & Gotelli, N. J. & Magurran, A. E. Fifteen forms of biodiversity trend in the Anthropocene. Trends Ecol. Evol. 30, 104–113 (2014).
Buckland, S. T., Magurran, A. E., Green, R. E. & Fewster, R. M. Monitoring change in biodiversity through composite indices. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 360, 243–254 (2005).
Faraway, J. J. Linear Models with R (Chapman & Hall, CRC, 2009).
Outhwaite, C. L. et al. Annual estimates of occupancy for bryophytes, lichens and invertebrates in the UK, 1970–2015. Sci. Data 6, 259 (2019).
Gelman, A. et al. Bayesian Data Analysis (CRC, 2014).
Source: Ecology - nature.com
