Measurements were made to the nearest 0.1 mm using digital calipers and a Leica M80 dissection microscope. In lists of material examined, the catalog number is followed by the number of specimens, size range in mm SL, locality, collector(s), and date.
The specimen’s operculum was carefully cut on the posterior margin with the permission of the FMNH collections staff, pinned back, and then photographed. The operculum was then sutured to preserve the integrity of the specimen.
Photographs were taken of preserved specimens using a Visionary Digital (Palmyra, Virginia) with Canon 40D and 5D DSLR cameras, and edited using Adobe Photoshop CS5.1. Geographic coordinates were determined using maps and Google Earth. Maps were constructed using Google search and Adobe Photoshop CS3. CT scanning of UF-Fish-120891 was carried out at the University of Florida’s Nanoscale Research Facility using a Phoenix V|tome|x M dual tube machine. The specimen was soaked in a 2.5% aqueous solution of Lugol’s iodone for 14 days, to make soft tissues x-ray opaque. X-ray, stage and detector settings were modified to optimize resolution, contrast and signal-to-noise ratio (voxelsize = 57.85877 µm, voltage = 100 kV, Current = 200 mA, detector time = 0.5 seconds), with a composite average of 3 images per rotation. Radiographs were converted into volumetric data using Phoenix datos|x, imported into VGStudioMax 3.2.3. and the pharyngeal teeth and eggs were segmented out to highlight placement and structure. The tomograms (16bit tiff) and scan metadata are available to download from Morphosource.org (doi:10.17602/M2/M101024).
Specimens were examined from the following institutions; abbreviations follow Fricke (2013): Australian Museum (AM), Sydney, A.U.; American Museum of Natural History (AMNH), New York, U.S.A.; Kochi University (BSKU), Japan; California Academy of Sciences (CAS), San Francisco, U.S.A.; The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) Canberra, A.U.; Field Museum of Natural History (FMNH), Chicago, U.S.A.; Museum of Comparative Zoology (MCZ), Harvard University, U.S.A; Florida Museum of Natural History (UF), University of Florida, U.S.A. Examined specimens were used for comparative analysis of morphological structures and for the potential presence of eggs and are organized by ocean basin.
Material examined for comparative morphology
Pacific Ocean: AM I.23686-002, 6, 58.2–80.2 mm SL; AM I.26240-003, 1, 96.0 mm SL; CAS 32255, 1, 120.8 mm SL; UF 237826, 3, 73.1–126.8 mm SL; UF 237827, 2, 88.6–108.4 mm SL; USNM 118007, 1, 130.8 mm SL; CSIRO H1119-07, 1, 109.2 mm SL. Atlantic Ocean: CAS 55167, 2, 77.1–88.5 mm SL; UF 109568, 1, 88.3 mm SL; UF 125489, 1, 138.9 mm SL; UF 125493, 3, 80.5–87.3 mm SL; UF 125494, 1, 120.4 mm SL; UF 230528, 1, 86.6 mm SL; MCZ 39370, 1, 123.6 mm SL; MCZ 41117, 1, 130.9 mm SL; MCZ 40028, 1, 101.9 mm SL; MCZ 40246, 1, 104.9 mm SL; MCZ 172347, 1, 72.0 mm SL; FMNH 65404, 2, 91.3–130.8 mm SL; USNM 327769, 1, 163.7 mm SL. Indian Ocean: CSIRO 6413-08, 4, 101.6–105.2 mm SL; CSIRO H2001-1, 1, 89.3 mm SL; CSIRO H2556-06, 4, 96.2–126.7 mm SL; CSIRO H4664-11, 1, 69.2 mm SL
Material examined for presence of eggs
Pacific Ocean: AM I.22821-017,1, 76.3 mm SL; AM I.20437-001, 2, 69.5–99.1 mm SL; AM I.20440-004, 1, 102.2 mm SL; AM I.20919-006, 1, 86.5 mm SL; AM I.21793-001, 9, 73.6–90.0 mm SL; AM I.22821-017, 4, 62.6–72.9 mm SL; AM I.23689-006, 1, 92.8 mm SL; AM I.25808-003, 6, 72.1–80.0 mm SL; AM I.26393-003,1, 102.2 mm SL; AM I.31155-006, 8, 72.8–98.4 mm SL; AM I.17854-005, 1, 109.6 mm SL; AMNH_2424873, 1, 79.3 mm SL; CAS 32255, 1, 120.8 mm SL; CSIRO 2001-1, 1, 89.3 mm SL; CSIRO 1119-07, 1, 109.2 mm SL; CSIRO 2556-06, 4, 78.5–105.0 mm SL; CSIRO_4664-11, 1, 69.2 mm SL; FMNH 120892, 1, 125.0 mm SL; UF 237826, 3, 73.1–126.8 mm SL; UF_237827, 2, 88.6–108.4 mm SL; USNM 118007, 1, 130.8 mm SL.
Atlantic Ocean: FMNH 64400, 2, 84.3–94.5 mm SL; FMNH 64401, 2, 75.0–94.4 mm SL; FMNH 65402, 2 97.4–109.2 mm SL; FMNH 65403, 1, 99.0 mm SL; FMNH 65404, 1, 91.3–130.8 mm SL; FMNH 65405, 2, 85.3–96.7 mm SL; FMNH 67158, 1, 89.4 mm SL; FMNH 67159, 2, 92.0–99.5 mm SL; FMNH 67161, 1, 76.9 mm SL; MCZ 40029, 1, 75.8 mm SL; MCZ 85101, 1, 28.6 mm SL; UF 172431, 1, 123.9 mm SL; UF 229257, 2, 70.7–88.9; USNM 157874, 1, 84.3 mm SL; USNM 187077, 2, 87.4–88.9 mm SL; USNM 187807, 1, 90.6 mm SL; USNM 187892, 1, 119.1 mm SL; USNM 187893, 1, 86.6 mm SL; USNM 327769, 1, 163.7 mm SL; USNM 371545, 2, 77.8–83.0 mm SL; USNM 407006, 1, 78.5 mm SL; USNM 407007, 1, 65.8 mm SL; USNM 407020, 1, 80.0 mm SL; USNM 407023, 1, 83.7 mm SL; USNM 407203, 2, 77.8–83.0 mm SL; USNM 407204, 1, 106.5 mm SL.
Source: Ecology - nature.com
