Rose, C., Parker, A., Jefferson, B. & Cartmell, E. The characterization of feces and urine: a review of the literature to inform advanced treatment technology. Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol. 45, 1827–1879 (2015).
Berendes, D. M., Yang, P. J., Lai, A., Hu, D. & Brown, J. Estimation of global recoverable human and animal faecal biomass. Nat. Sustain. 1, 679–685 (2018).
Graham, J. P. & Polizzotto, M. L. Pit latrines and their impacts on groundwater quality: a systematic review. Environ. Health Perspect. 121, 521–530 (2013).
World Health Statistics 2018: Monitoring Health for the SDGs, Sustainable Development Goals (WHO, 2018).
The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2019 (United Nations, 2019); https://doi.org/10.18356/55eb9109-en
Zhenmin, L. & Espinosa, P. Tackling climate change to accelerate sustainable development. Nat. Clim. Change 9, 493–496 (2019).
Kulak, M., Shah, N., Sawant, N., Unger, N. & King, H. Technology choices in scaling up sanitation can significantly affect greenhouse gas emissions and the fertiliser gap in India. J. Water Sanit. Hyg. Dev. 7, 466–476 (2017).
Reid, M. C., Guan, K., Wagner, F. & Mauzerall, D. L. Global methane emissions from pit latrines. Environ. Sci. Technol. 48, 8727–8734 (2014).
Ryals, R., McNicol, G., Porder, S. & Kramer, S. Greenhouse gas fluxes from human waste management pathways in Haiti. J. Clean. Prod. 226, 106–113 (2019).
Haug, R. T. in The Practical Handbook of Compost Engineering Vol. 1 Ch. 1 (Routledge, 2018).
Saunois, M. et al. The global methane budget 2000–2012. Earth Syst. Sci. Data 8, 697–751 (2016).
van Eekert, M. H. A. et al. Anaerobic digestion is the dominant pathway for pit latrine decomposition and is limited by intrinsic factors. Water Sci. Technol. 79, 2242–2250 (2019).
Syakila, A. & Kroeze, C. The global nitrous oxide budget revisited. Greenh. Gas Meas. Manage. 1, 17–26 (2011).
Tian, H. et al. Global soil nitrous oxide emissions since the preindustrial era estimated by an ensemble of terrestrial biosphere models: magnitude, attribution, and uncertainty. Glob. Change Biol. 25, 640–659 (2019).
Höglund-Isaksson, L. Global anthropogenic methane emissions 2005–2030: technical mitigation potentials and costs. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 12, 9079–9096 (2012).
Brink, S. et al. Methane Mitigation Opportunities in China: The Woodrow Wilson School’s Graduate Policy Workshop (Princeton Univ., 2013).
IPCC 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (eds Eggleston, H. S. et al.) (IGES, 2006).
Preneta, N., Kramer, S., Magloire, B. & Noel, J. M. Thermophilic co-composting of human wastes in Haiti. J. Water Sanit. Hyg. Dev. 3, 649–654 (2013).
Heijnen, M., Rosa, G., Fuller, J., Eisenberg, J. N. S. & Clasen, T. The geographic and demographic scope of shared sanitation: an analysis of national survey data from low- and middle-income countries. Trop. Med. Int. Health 19, 1334–1345 (2014).
Berendes, D., Levy, K., Knee, J., Handzel, T. & Hill, V. R. Ascaris and Escherichia coli inactivation in an ecological sanitation system in Port-au-Prince, Haiti. PLoS ONE 10, 1–14 (2015).
Piceno, Y. M. et al. Bacterial community structure transformed after thermophilically composting human waste in Haiti. PLoS ONE 12, 1–30 (2017).
Moya, B., Parker, A., Sakrabani, R. & Mesa, B. Evaluating the efficacy of fertilisers derived from human excreta in agriculture and their perception in Antananarivo, Madagascar. Waste Biomass Valorization 10, 941–952 (2019).
Pardo, G., Moral, R., Aguilera, E. & del Prado, A. Gaseous emissions from management of solid waste: a systematic review. Glob. Change Biol. 21, 1313–1327 (2015).
Powelson, D. K., Chanton, J., Abichou, T. & Morales, J. Methane oxidation in water-spreading and compost biofilters. Waste Manage. Res. 24, 528–536 (2006).
Vergara, S. E. & Silver, W. L. Greenhouse gas emissions from windrow composting of organic wastes: patterns and emissions factors. Environ. Res. Lett. 14, 124027 (2019).
Langergraber, G. & Muellegger, E. Ecological sanitation—a way to solve global sanitation problems? Environ. Int. 31, 433–444 (2005).
Trimmer, J. T., Miller, D. C. & Guest, J. S. Resource recovery from sanitation to enhance ecosystem services. Nat. Sustain. 2, 681–690 (2019).
Galatowitsch, S. M. Carbon offsets as ecological restorations. Restor. Ecol. 17, 563–570 (2009).
Schlesinger, W. & Bernhardt, E. S. Biogeochemistry: An Analysis of Global Change 419–444 (Academic, 2013).
Black, M. & Fawcett, B. The Last Taboo: Opening the Door on the Global Sanitation Crisis (Cromwell, 2008).
2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (eds Calvo Buendia, E. et al.) (IPCC, 2019).
Population Totale, de 18 Ans et Plus Menages et Densites Estimes en 2015 [Total Population, 18 Years and Older Households and Estimated Densities in 2015] (ISHI, 2015); http://www.ihsi.ht/pdf/projection/Estimat_PopTotal_18ans_Menag2015.pdf
Luquero, F. J. et al. Mortality rates during cholera epidemic, Haiti, 2010–2011. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 22, 410–416 (2016).
Pinheiro, J., Bates, D., DebRoy, S., Sarkar, D. & R Core Team nlme: linear and nonlinear mixed effects models. R package v.3.1-141 https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=nlme (2019).
R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing v.3.5.2 (R Core Team, 2018).
Dubber, D. & Gray, N. F. Replacement of chemical oxygen demand (COD) with total organic carbon (TOC) for monitoring wastewater treatment performance to minimize disposal of toxic analytical waste. J. Environ. Sci. Health A 45, 1595–1600 (2010).
Cao, Y. et al. Mitigation of ammonia, nitrous oxide and methane emissions during solid waste composting with different additives: a meta-analysis. J. Clean. Prod. 235, 626–635 (2019).
Mihelcic, J. R., Fry, L. M. & Shaw, R. Global potential of phosphorus recovery from human urine and feces. Chemosphere 84, 832–839 (2011).
Ryals, R., Kaiser, M., Torn, M. S., Berhe, A. A. & Silver, W. L. Impacts of organic matter amendments on carbon and nitrogen dynamics in grassland soils. Soil Biol. Biochem. 68, 52–61 (2014).
Ryals, R. & Silver, W. L. Effects of organic matter amendments on net primary productivity and greenhouse gas emissions in annual grasslands. Ecol. Appl. 23, 46–59 (2013).
Bargout, R. N. & Raizada, M. N. Soil nutrient management in Haiti, pre-Columbus to the present day: lessons for future agricultural interventions. Agric. Food Secur. 2, 1–20 (2013).
Myhre, G. et al. in Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis (eds. Stocker, T. F. et al.) Ch. 8 (IPCC, Cambridge Univ. Press, 2013).
Neubauer, S. C. & Megonigal, J. P. Moving beyond global warming potentials to quantify the climatic role of ecosystems. Ecosystems 18, 1000–1013 (2015).
FAOSTAT Statistical Database (FAO, 2019); http://faostat.fao.org/
Peal, A., Evans, B., Blackett, I., Hawkins, P. & Heymans, C. Fecal sludge management (FSM): analytical tools for assessing FSM in cities. J. Water Sanit. Hyg. De. 4, 371–383 (2014).
Source: Ecology - nature.com
