Poulton, E.B. The Colors of Animals: Their Meaning and Use Especially Considered in the Case of Insects. London: Trübner & Co Ltd (1890).
Rowe, C. & Halpin, C. G. Why are warning displays multimodal? Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 67, 1425–1439 (2013).
Mappes, J., Marples, N. M. & Endler, J. A. The complex business of survival by aposematism. Trends Evol. Ecol. 20, 598–603 (2005).
Brodie, E. D. III Differential avoidance of coral snake banded patterns by free-ranging avian redators in Costa Rica. Evolution 47, 227–235 (1993).
Skelhorn, J., Halpin, C. G. & Rowe, C. Learning about aposematic prey. Behav. Ecol. 27, 955–964 (2016).
Smith, S. M. Innate recognition of coral snake pattern by a possible avian predator. Science 187, 759–760 (1975).
Gittleman, J. L. & Harvey, P. H. Why are distasteful prey not cryptic? Nature 286, 149–150 (1980).
Roper, T. J. & Cook, S. E. Responses of chicks to brightly coloured insect prey. Behaviour 110, 276–293 (1989).
Roper, T. J. Responses of domestic chicks to artificially coloured insect prey: effects of previous experience and background colour. Anim. Behav. 39, 466–473 (1990).
Alatalo, R. V. & Mappes, J. Tracking the evolution of warning signals. Nature 382, 708–710 (1996).
Roper, T. J. & Marples, N. M. Colour preferences of domestic chicks in relation to food and water presentation. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 54, 207–213 (1996).
Rowe, C. & Guilford, T. Hidden colour aversions in domestic chicks triggered by pyrazine odours of insect warning displays. Nature 383, 520–522 (1996).
Exnerová, A. et al. Importance of colour in the reaction of passerine predators to aposematic prey: experiments with mutants of Pyrrhocoris apterus (Heteroptera). Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 88, 143–153 (2006).
Hauglund, K., Hagen, S. B. & Lampe, H. M. Responses of domestic chicks (Gallus gallus domesticus) to multimodal aposematic signals. Behav. Ecol. 17, 392–398 (2006).
Halpin, C. G., Skelhorn, J. & Rowe, C. Being conspicuous and defended: selective benefits for the individual. Behav. Ecol. 19, 1012–1017 (2008a).
Halpin, C. G., Skelhorn, J. & Rowe, C. Naïve predators and selection for rare conspicuous defended prey: the initial evolution of aposematism revisited. Anim. Behav. 75, 771–781 (2008b).
Stevens, M., Mappes, J. & Sandre, S. L. The effect of predator appetite, prey warning coloration and luminance on predator foraging decisions. Behaviour 147, 1121–1143 (2010).
Stevens, M. & Ruxton, G. D. Linking the evolution and form of warning coloration in nature. Proc. R. Soc. B. 279, 417–426 (2012).
Aronsson, M. & Gamberale-Stille, G. Domestic chicks primarily attend to colour, not pattern, when learning an aposematic coloration. Anim. Behav. 75, 417–423 (2008).
Osorio, D., Miklósi, Á. & Gonda, Z. Visual ecology and perception of coloration patterns by domestic chicks. Evol. Ecol. 13, 673–689 (1999).
Jones, C. D. & Osorio, D. Discrimination of oriented visual textures by poultry chicks. Vis. Res. 44, 83–89 (2004).
Cook, R. G. & Wixted, J. T. Same–different texture discrimination in pigeons: Testing competing models of discrimination and stimulus integration. J. Exp. Psychol.: Anim. Behav. Proc. 23, 401–416 (1997).
Troje, N. F., Huber, L., Loidolt, M., Aust, U. & Fieder, M. Categorical learning in pigeons: the role of texture and shape in complex static stimuli. Vis. Res. 39, 353–366 (1999).
Guilford, T. The evolution of aposematism. In: Evans, D. L. & Schmidt J. O. (eds). Insect defences: adaptive mechanisms and strategies of prey and predators. Albany, NY: State of New York Press (1990).
Rowe, C. & Guilford, T. The evolution of multimodal warning displays. Evol. Ecol. 13, 655–671 (1999).
Osorio, D., Jones, C. D. & Vorobyev, M. Accurate memory for colour but not pattern contrast in chicks. Curr. Biol. 9, 199–202 (1999).
Zylinksi, S. & Osorio, D. Visual contrast and color in rapid learning of novel patterns by chicks. J. Exp. Biol. 216, 4184–4189 (2013).
Prudic, K. L., Skemp, A. K. & Papaj, D. R. Aposematic coloration, luminance contrast, and the benefits of conspicuousness. Behav. Ecol. 18, 41–46 (2007).
Kauppinen, J. & Mappes, J. Why are wasps so intimidating: field experiments on hunting dragonflies (Odonata: Aeshna grandis). Anim. Behav. 66, 505–511 (2003).
Preißler, K. & Pröhl, H. The effects of background coloration and dark spots on the risk of predation in poison frog models. Evol. Ecol. 31, 683–694 (2017).
Schuler, W. & Hesse, E. On the function of warning coloration: a black and yellow pattern inhibits prey-attack by naive domestic chicks. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 16, 249–255 (1985).
Bowdish, T. I. & Bultman, T. L. Visual cues used by mantids in learning aversion to aposematically colored prey. Am. Midl. Nat 129, 215–222 (1993).
Rashed, A., Beatty, C. D., Forbes, M. R. & Sherratt, T. N. Prey selection by dragonflies in relation to prey size and wasp-like colours and patterns. Anim. Behav. 70, 1195–1202 (2005).
Aronsson, M. & Gamberale-Stille, G. Importance of internal pattern contrast and contrast against the background in aposematic signals. Behav. Ecol. 20, 1356–1362 (2009).
Halpin, C. G., Skelhorn, J., Rowe, C., Ruxton, G. D. & Higginson, A. D. The impact of detoxification costs and predation risk on foraging: implications for mimicry dynamics. PLoS One 12, e0169043 (2017).
Barrio, R. A., Varea, C., Aragon, J. L. & Maini, P. K. A two-dimensional numerical study of spatial pattern formation in interacting Turing systems. Bull. Math. Biol. 61, 483–505 (1999).
Turing, A. M. The chemical basis of morphogenesis. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 237, 37–72 (1952).
Kondo, S. & Miura, T. Reaction-diffusion Model as a framework for understanding biological pattern formation. Science 329, 1616–1620 (2010).
Beldade, P. & Brakefield, P. M. The genetics and evo–devo of butterfly wing patterns. Nat. Rev. Gen. 3, 442–452 (2002).
Marples, N. M., Brakefield, P. M. & Cowie, R. J. Differences between the 7-spot and 2-spot ladybird beetles (Coccinellidae) in their toxic effects on a bird predator. Ecol. Ent. 14, 79–84 (1989).
Sherratt, T. N. The optimal sampling strategy for unfamiliar prey. Evolution 65, 2014–2025 (2011).
Skelhorn, J. Bitter tastes can influence birds’ dietary expansion strategies. Behav. Ecol. 27, 725–730 (2016).
Lindström, L., Rowe, C. & Guiford, T. Pyrazine odour makes visually conspicuous prey aversive. Proc. R. Soc. B. 268, 159–162 (2001).
Sillén-Tullberg, B. The significance of coloration per se, independent of background, for predator avoidance of aposematic prey. Anim. Behav. 33, 1382–1384 (1985).
Mastrota, N. F. & Mench, J. A. Colour avoidance in northern bobwhites: effects of age, sex and previous experience. Anim. Behav. 50, 519–526 (1995).
Rowe, C. & Skelhorn, J. Colour biases are a question of taste. Anim. Behav. 69, 587–594 (2005).
Skelhorn, J., Griksaitis, D. & Rowe, C. Colour biases are more than a question of taste. Anim. Behav. 75, 827–835 (2008).
Stevens, M. et al. Field experiments on the effectiveness of ‘eyespots’ as predator deterrents. Anim. Behav. 74, 1215–1227 (2007).
Marples, N. M. & Kelly, D. J. Neophobia and dietary conservatism: two distinct processes. Evol. Ecol. 13, 641–653 (1999).
Marples, N. M., Roper, T. J. & Harper, D. G. C. Responses of wild birds to novel prey: evidence of dietary conservatism. Oikos 83, 161–165 (1998).
Speed, M. P. Can receiver psychology explain the evolution of aposematism? Anim. Behav. 61, 205–216 (2001).
Thomas, R. J., Marples, N. M., Cuthill, I. C., Takahashi, M. & Gibson, E. A. Dietary conservatism may facilitate the initial evolution of aposematism. Oikos 101, 458–466 (2003).
Lee, T. J., Marples, N. M. & Speed, M. P. Can dietary conservatism explain the primary evolution of aposematism? Anim. Behav. 79, 63–74 (2010).
Cuthill, I. C., Stevens, M., Sheppard, J., Maddocks, T., Párraga, C. A. & Troscianko, T. S. Disruptive coloration and background pattern matching. Nature 434, 72–74 (2005).
Stevens, M. & Cuthill, I. C. Disruptive coloration, crypsis and edge detection in early visual processing. Proc. R. Soc. B. 273, 2141–2147 (2006).
Fraser, S., Callahan, A., Klassen, D. & Sherratt, T. N. Empirical tests of the role of disruptive coloration in reducing detectability. Proc. R. Soc. B 274, 1325–1331 (2007).
Aronsson, M. & Gamberale-Stille, G. Evidence of signaling benefits to contrasting internal color boundaries in warning coloration. Behav. Ecol. 24, 349–354 (2012).
Green, N. F., Urquhart, H. H., van den Berg, C. P., Marshall, N. J. & Cheney, K. L. Pattern edges improve predator learning of aposematic signals. Behav. Ecol. 29, 1481–1486 (2018).
Gambaralle-Stille, G. & Tullberg, B. S. Fruit or aposematic insect? Context-dependent colour preferences in domestic chicks. Proc. R. Soc. B. 268, 2525–2529 (2001).
Switkes, E. & Crognale, M. A. Comparison of color and luminance contrast: apples versus oranges? Vis. Res. 39, 1823–1831 (1999).
Source: Ecology - nature.com
