
Ohkuma M. Symbioses of flagellates and prokaryotes in the gut of lower termites. Trends Microbiol. 2008;16:345–52.
Hongoh Y, Sharma VK, Prakash T, Noda S, Taylor TD, Kudo T, et al. Complete genome of the uncultured Termite Group 1 bacteria in a single host protist cell. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2008;105:5555–60.
Hongoh Y, Sharma VK, Prakash T, Noda S, Toh H, Taylor TD, et al. Genome of an endosymbiont coupling N2 fixation to cellulolysis within protist cells in termite gut. Science. 2008;322:1108–9.
Ohkuma M, Noda S, Hattori S, Iida T, Yuki M, Starns D, et al. Acetogenesis from H2 plus CO2 and nitrogen fixation by an endosymbiotic spirochete of a termite-gut cellulolytic protist. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2015;112:10224–30.
Yuki M, Kuwahara H, Sintani M, Izawa K, Sato T, Starns D, et al. Dominant ectosymbiotic bacteria of cellulolytic protists in the termite gut also have the potential to digest lignocellulose. Environ Microbiol. 2015;17:4942–53.
Kuwahara H, Yuki M, Izawa K, Ohkuma M, Hongoh Y. Genome of “Ca. Desulfovibrio trichonymphae”, an H2-oxidizing bacterium in a tripartite symbiotic system within a protist cell in the termite gut. ISME J. 2017;11:766–76.
Brune A. Symbiotic digestion of lignocellulose in termite guts. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2014;12:168–80.
Ohkuma M, Iida T, Ohtoko K, Yuzawa H, Noda S, Visogliosi E, et al. Molecular phylogeny of parabasalids inferred from small subunit rRNA sequences, with empasis on Hypermastigea. Mol Phylogenet Evol. 2005;35:646–55.
Noda S, Mantini C, Meloni D, Inoue J, Kitade O, Viscogliosi E, et al. Molecular phylogeny and evolution of Parabasalia with improved taxono sampling and new protein markers of actin and elongation factor-1α. PLoS One. 2012;7:e29938.
Watanabe H, Nakashima K, Saito H, Slaytor M. New endo-beta-1,4-glucanases from the parabasalian symbionts, Pseudotrichonympha grassii and Holomastigotoides mirabile of Coptotermes termites. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2002;59:1183–92.
Inoue T, Moriya S, Ohkuma M, Kudo T. Molecular cloning and characterization of a cellulase gene from a symbiotic protist of the lower termite, Coptotermes formosanus. Gene. 2002;11:67–75.
Arakawa G, Watanabe H, Yamasaki H, Maekawa H, Tokuda G. Purification and molecular cloning of xylanases from the wood-feeding termites, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2009;73:710–18.
Duarte S, Nunes L, Borges PAV, Nobre T. A bridge too far? An integrative framewoork linking classical protist taxonomy and metabarcoding in lower termites. Front Microbiol. 2018;9:2620.
Treitli SC, Martin K, Husník F, Keeling PJ, Hampl V. Revealing the metabolic capacity of Streblomastix strix and its bacterial symbionts using single-cell metagenomics. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2019;116:19675–684.
Tartar A, Wheeler MM, Zhou X, Coy MR, Boucias DG, Scarf ME. Parallel metatransccriptome analyses of host and symbiont gene expression in the gut of the termite Reticulitermes flavipes. Biotechnol Biofuels. 2009;2:25.
Xie L, Zhang L, Zhong Y, Liu N, Long Y, Wang S, et al. Profiling the metatranscriptome of the protistan community in Coptotermes formosanus with emphasis on the lignocellulolytic system. Genomics. 2012;99:246–55.
Franco Cairo JPL, Carazzolle MF, Leonardo FC, Mofatto LS, Brenelli LB, Gonçalves TA, et al. Expanding the knowledge on lignocellulolytic and redox enzymes of worker and soldier castes from the lower termite Coptotermes gestroi. Front Microbiol. 2016;7:1518.
Su NY. Overview of the global distribution and control of the Formosan subterranean termites. Sociobiology. 2003;41:7–16.
Koidzumi M. Studies on the intestinal protozoa found found in the termites of Japan. Parasitology. 1921;13:235–309.
Jasso-Selles D, Martini F, Freeman K, Garcia M, Merrell T, Scheffrahn R, et al. The parabasalid symbiont community of Heterotermes aureus: molecular and morphological characterization of four new species and reestablishment of the genus Cononympha. Eur J Protistol. 2017;61:48–63.
Yoshimura T. Distribution of the symbiotic protozoa in the hindgut of Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki (Isoptera; Rhinotermitidae). Jpn J Environ Entomol Zool. 1992;4:115–20.
Yoshimura T, Watanabe T, Tsunoda K, Takahashi M. Distribution of the cellulolytic activities in the lower termite. Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Mater Organismen. 1992;27:273–84.
Yoshimura T, Azuma J, Tsunoda K, Takahashi M. Cellulose metabolism of the symbiotic protozoa in termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae): I. Effect of degree of polymerization of cellulose. Mokuzai Gakkaishi. 1993;39:221–6.
Terrett OM, Dupree P. Covalent interactions between ligning and hemicelluloses in plant secondary cell walls. Curr Opin Biotechnol. 2019;56:97–104.
Sasagawa Y, Nikaido I, Hayashi T, Danno H, Uno KD, Imai T, et al. Quartz-Seq: a highly reproducible and sensitive single-cell RNA-Seq reveals non-genetic gene expression heterogeneity. Genome Biol. 2013;14:R31.
Xie L, Liu N, Haung Y, Wang O. Flagellate community structure in Coptotermes formosanus (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) and a comparison of three study methods. Acta Entomol Sin. 2011;54:1140–6.
Bolger AM, Lohse M, Usadel B. Trimmomatic: a flexible trimmer for Illumina sequence data. Bioinformatics. 2014;30:2114–20.
Grabherr MG, Haas BJ, Yasssour M, Levin JZ, Thompson DA, Ido A, et al. Full-length transcriptome assembly from RNA-Seq data without a reference genome. Nat Biotechnol. 2011;29:644–52.
Li W, Godzik A. Cd-hit: a fast program for clustering and comparing large sets of protein or nucleotide sequences. Bioinformatics. 2006;22:1658–9.
Langmead B, Salzberg SL. Fast gapped-read alignment with Bowtie 2. Nat Methods. 2012;9:357–9.
Li B, Dewey CN. RSEM: accurate transcript quantification from RNA-Seq data with or without a reference genome. BMC Bioinforma. 2011;12:323.
Altschul SF, Gish W, Miller W, Myers EW, Lipman DJ. Basic local alignment search tool. J Mol Biol. 1990;215:403–10.
Noda S, Ohkuma M, Yamada A, Hongoh Y, Kudo T. Phylogenetic position and in situ identification of ectosymbiotic spirochetes on protists in the termite gut. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2003;69:625–33.
Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW. NIH image to ImageJ: 25 years of image analysis. Nat Methods. 2012;9:671–5.
Moriya Y, Itoh M, Okuda S, Yoshizawa AC, Kanehisa M. KAAS: an automatic genome annotation and pathway reconstruction server. Nucleic Acids Res. 2007;35:182–5.
Zhang H, Yohe T, Huang L, Entwistle S, Wu P, Yang Z, et al. dbCAN2: a meta server for automated carbohydrate-active enzyme annotation. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018;46:W95–101.
Todaka N, Inoue T, Saita K, Ohkuma M, Nalepa CA, Lenz M, et al. Phylogenetic analysis of cellulolytic enzyme genes from representative lingeages of termites and a related cockroach. PLoS One. 2010;5:e8636.
Inoue J, Saita K, Kudo T, Ui S, Ohkuma M. Hydrogen production by termite gut protists: characterization of iron hydrogenases of parabasalian symbionts of the termite Coptotermes formosanus. Eukaryot Cell. 2007;6:1925–32.
Marinov GK, Williams BA, McCue K, Schroth GP, Gertz J, Myers RM, et al. From single-cell to cell-pool transcriptomes: stochasticity in gene expression and RNA splicing. Genome Res. 2014;24:496–510.
Liu Z, Hu SK, Cambell V, Tatters AO, Heidelberg KB, Caron DA. Single-cell transcriptomics of small microbial eukaryotes: limitations and potential. ISME J. 2017;11:1282–5.
Waterhouse RM, Seppey M, Simão FA, Manni M, Ioannidis P, Klioutchnikov G, et al. BUSCO applications from quality assessments to gene prediction and phylogenomics. Mol Biol Evol. 2017;35:543–8.
Shiroguchi K, Jia TZ, Peter AS, Xie XS. Digital RNA sequencing minimizes sequence-dependent bias and amplification noise with optimized single-molecule barcodes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2012;09:1347–52.
Yoshimura T, Azuma J, Tsunoda K, Takahashi M. Cellulose metabolism of the symbiotic protozoa in termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae): II. Selective defaunation of protozoa and its effect on cellulose metabolism. Mokuzai Gakkaishi. 1993;39:227–30.
Benoit I, Coutinho PM, Schols HA, Gerlach JP, Herissat B, De Vries RP. Degradation of different pections by fungi: correlations and contrasts between pectinolytic enzyme sets identified in genomes oand growth on pectins of different origin. BMC Genom. 2012;13:321.
Collins T, Gerday C, Feller G. Xylanases, xylanase families and extremophilic xylanases. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2005;29:3–23.
Yagi H, Takehara R, Tamaki A, Teramoto K, Tsutsui S, Kaneko S. Functional characterization of the GH10 and GH11 xylanases from Streptomyces olivaceoviridis E-86 provide insights into the advantage of GH11 xylanase in catalyzing biomass degradation. J Appl Glycosci. 2018;66:29–35.
Joshi MB, Roger ME, Shakarian AM, Yamage M, AI-Harthi SA, Bates PA, et al. Molecular characterization, expression, and in vivo analysis of LmexCht1. J Biol Chem. 2005;280:3847–61.
Gutiérrez Sánchez PA, Alzate JF, Montoya MM. Analysis of carbohydrate metabolisms genes of Spongospora subterranea using 454 pyrosequencing. Rev Fac Nac Agron Medellín. 2013;67:7247–60.
Taira T, Gushiken C, Sugata K, Ohnuma T, Fukamizo T. Unique GH18 chitinase from Euglena gracilis: full-length cDNA cloning and characterization of its catalytic domain. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2018;82:1090–100.
Cenci U, Sibbald SJ, Curtis BA, Kamikawa R, Eme L, Moog D, et al. Nuclear genome sequence of plastid-lacking cryptomonad Goniomonas avonlea provides insights into the evolution of secondary plastids. BMC Biol. 2018;16:137.
Leger MM, Kolisko M, Kamikawa R, Stairs CW, Kume K, Čepička I, et al. Organelles that illuminate the origins of Trichomonas hydrogenosomes and Giardia mitosomes. Nat Ecol Evol. 2017;1:0092.
Graber JR, Leadbetter JR, Breznak JA. Description of Treponema azotonutricium sp. nov. and Treponema primitia sp. nov., the first spirochetes isolated from termite guts. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2004;70:1315–20.
Yanagawa A, Shimizu S. Resistance of the termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki to Metarhizium anisopliae due to grooming. BioControl. 2007;52:75–85.
Rosengaus RB, Schultheis KF, Yalonetskaya A, Bulmer MS, DuComb WS, Benson RW, et al. Symbiont-derived β-1,3-glucanases in a social insect: mutualism beyond nutrition. Front Microbiol. 2014;5:607.
Source: Ecology - nature.com