Stearns, S. C. The evolution of life histories. (Oxford, 1992).
Ellison, P. T. Endocrinology, energetics, and human life history: a synthetic model. Horm. Behav. 91, 97–106 (2017).
Stoehr, A. M. & Kokko, H. Sexual dimorphism in immunocompetence: what does life-history theory predict?. Behav. Ecol. 17, 751–756 (2006).
Subramanian, S. V., Özaltin, E. & Finlay, J. E. Height of nations: a sioeconomic analysis of cohort differences and patterns among women in 54 low- to middle-income countries. PLoS ONE 6, e18962 (2011).
Stulp, G. & Barrett, L. Evolutionary perspectives on human height variation. Biol. Rev. 91, 206–234 (2016).
Georgiev, A. V., Kuzawa, C. W. & McDade, T. W. Early developmental exposures shape trade-offs between acquired and innate immunity in humans. Evol. Med. Public Health 2016, 256–269 (2016).
Krams, I. et al. Reproduction compromises adaptive immunity in a cyprinid fish. Ecol. Res. 32, 559–566 (2017).
Baumard, N. Psychological origins of the industrial revolution. Behav. Brain Sci. 1, 1–47 (2018).
Krams, I. et al. A head start for life history development? Family income mediates associations between height and immune response in men. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 168, 421–427 (2019).
Luoto, S. An updated theoretical framework for human sexual selection: from ecology, genetics, and life history to extended phenotypes. Adapt. Hum. Behav. Physiol. 5, 48–102 (2019).
Noble, K. G. et al. Family income, parental education and brain structure in children and adolescents. Nature Neurosci. 18, 773–778 (2015).
Zeki, A. et al. Sustained economic hardship and cognitive function: The coronary artery risk development in young adults study. Am. J. Prev. Med. 52, 1–9 (2017).
Stotz, K. Why developmental niche construction is not selective niche construction: and why it matters. Interface Focus 7, 20160157 (2017).
Said-Mohamed, R., Pettifor, J. M. & Norris, S. A. Life history theory hypotheses on child growth: potential implications for short and long-term child growth, development and health. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 165, 4–19 (2018).
Worthman, C. M. & Trang, K. Dynamics of body time, social time and life history at adolescence. Nature 554(7693), 451–457 (2018).
Cabeza de Baca, T., Wahl, R. A., Barnett, M. A., Figueredo, A. J. & Ellis, B. J. Adversity, adaptive calibration, and health: the case of disadvantaged families. Adapt. Hum. Behav. Physiol. 2(2), 93–115 (2016).
Bateson, P. & Gluckman, P. Plasticity, robustness, development and evolution (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2011).
Morisaki, N. et al. Ecological analysis of secular trends in low birth weight births and adult height in Japan. J. Epidemiol. Comm. Health 71, 1014–1018 (2017).
Puts, D. A. Beauty and the beast: mechanisms of sexual selection in humans. Evol. Hum. Behav. 31, 157–175 (2010).
Tarka, M., Guenther, A., Niemelä, P. T., Nakagawa, S. & Noble, D. W. Sex differences in life history, behavior, and physiology along a slow-fast continuum: a meta-analysis. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 72(8), 132 (2018).
Khramtsova, E. A., Davis, L. K. & Stranger, B. E. The role of sex in the genomics of human complex traits. Nature Rev. Genet. 20, 173–190 (2019).
Luoto, S., Krams, I. & Rantala, M. J. A life history approach to the female sexual orientation spectrum: evolution, development, causal mechanisms, and health. Arch. Sex. Behav. 48(5), 1273–1308. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-018-1261-0 (2019).
Wells, J. C. K. Sexual dimorphism in body composition across human populations: associations with climate and proxies for short- and long-term energy supply. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 24, 411–419 (2012).
García-Martínez, D., Torres-Tamayo, N., Torres-Sanchez, I., García-Río, F. & Bastir, M. Morphological and functional implications of sexual dimorphism in the human skeletal thorax. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 161(3), 467–477. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.23051 (2016).
Fischer, B. & Mitteroecker, P. Allometry and sexual dimorphism in the human pelvis. Anatomic. Record 300(4), 698–705 (2017).
Lassek, W. D. & Gaulin, S. J. Costs and benefits of fat-free muscle mass in men: relationship to mating success, dietary requirements, and native immunity. Evol. Hum. Behav. 30(5), 322–328 (2009).
Massy-Westropp, N. M., Gill, T. K., Taylor, A. W., Bohannon, R. W. & Hill, C. L. Hand grip strength: age and gender stratified normative data in a population-based study. BMC Res. Notes 4(1), 127 (2011).
Samal, A., Subramani, V. & Marx, D. B. An analysis of sexual dimorphism in the human face. J Vis. Comm Image Represent 18, 453–463 (2007).
McDade, T. W. Life history theory and the immune system: Steps toward a human ecological immunology. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 122, 100–125 (2003).
Rigby, N. & Kulathinal, R. J. Genetic architecture of sexual dimorphism in humans. J. Cell. Physiol. 230(10), 2304–2310 (2015).
Stringer, S., Polderman, T. & Posthuma, D. Majority of human traits do not show evidence for sex-specific genetic and environmental effects. Sci. Rep. 7(1), 8688 (2017).
Grasgruber, P., Sebera, M., Hrazdíra, E., Cacek, J. & Kalina, T. Major correlates of male height: a study of 105 countries. Econom. Hum. Biol. 21, 172–195 (2016).
Perkins, J. M., Subramanian, S. V., Davey Smith, G. & Özaltin, E. Adult height, nutrition, and population health. Nutr. Rev. 74, 149–165 (2016).
Hämäläinen, A., Immonen, E., Tarka, M. & Schuett, W. Evolution of sex-specific pace-of-life syndromes: causes and consequences. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 72(3), 50 (2018).
Immonen, E., Hämäläinen, A., Schuett, W. & Tarka, M. Evolution of sex-specific pace-of-life syndromes: genetic architecture and physiological mechanisms. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 72(3), 60. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-018-2462-1 (2018).
Phalane, K. G., Tribe, C., Steel, H. C., Cholo, M. C. & Coetzee, V. Facial appearance reveals immunity in African men. Sci. Rep. 7(1), 7443 (2017).
Luoto, S., Rantala, M. J. & Krams, I. England first, America second: the ecological predictors of life history and innovation [Commentary]. Behav. Brain Sci. 42, 1. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X19000165 (2019).
Lourenço, A. M., Levy, A. M., Caetano, L. C., Carraro Abrahão, A. A. & Prado, J. C. Influence sexual dimorphism on the persistence of blood parasites in infected Calomys callosus. Res. Vet. Sci. 85, 515–521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2008.01.008 (2008).
Klein, S. L. & Roberts, C. W. (Eds.) Sex Hormones and Immunity to Infection. (Springer Verlag, 2010).
Klein, S. L. Sex influences immune responses to viruses, and efficacy of prophylaxis and treatments for viral diseases. BioEssays 34, 1050–1059 (2012).
Giefing-Kröll, C., Berger, P., Lepperdinger, G. & Grubeck-Loebenstein, B. How sex and age affect immune responses, susceptibility to infections, and response to vaccination. Aging Cell 14(3), 309–321 (2015).
Xirocostas, Z. A., Everingham, S. E. & Moles, A. T. The sex with the reduced sex chromosome dies earlier: a comparison across the tree of life. Bio. Lett. 16, 20190867. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2019.0867 (2020).
Krams, I. A. et al. Body height affects the strength of immune response in young men, but not young women. Sci. Rep. 4, 6223 (2014).
Skrinda, I. et al. Body height, immunity, facial and vocal attractiveness in young men. Naturwissenschaften 101, 1017 (2014).
Rantala, M. J. et al. Adiposity, compared with masculinity, serves as a more valid cue to immunocompetence in human mate choice. Proc. R. Soc. B. 280, 20122495 (2013).
Pļaviņa, L. & Kārkliņa, H. Sieviešu galveno antropometrisko parametru izvērtējums dažādos postnatālās ontoģenēzes periodos. Rīgas Stradiņa universitāte 2014. gada zinātniskā konference: Tēzes, Rīgā, 2014. gada 10. un 11. aprīlī. Rīga: RSU. 31. lpp. (2014).
Rantala, M., J., Coetzee, V., Moore, F. R., Skrinda, I., Kecko, S., Krama, T., Kivleniece, I. & Krams, I. Facial attractiveness is related to women’s cortisol and body fat, but not with immune responsiveness. Biol. Lett. 9, 20130255 (2013).
Pawłowski, B., Nowak, J., Borkowska, B., Augustyniak, D. & Drulis-Kawa, Z. Body height and immune efficacy: testing body stature as a signal of biological quality. Proc. R. Soc. B. 284, 20171372 (2017).
Petry, L. J., Weems, L. B. & Livingstone, J. N. Relationship of stress, distress, and the immunological response to a recombinant hepatitis-B vaccine. J Family Pract. 32, 481–486 (1991).
Jabaaij, L. et al. Influence of perceived psychological stress and distress on antibody response to low dose rDNA hepatitis B vaccine. J. Psychosomat. Res. 37(4), 361–369 (1993).
Jabaaij, L. et al. Modulation of immune response to rDNA hepatitis B vaccination by psychological stress. J. Psychosomat. Res. 41, 129–137 (1996).
Ellis, B. J. & Del Giudice, M. Developmental adaptation to stress: an evolutionary perspective. Ann. Rev. Psychol. 70(1), 111–139 (2019).
LaBeaud, A. D., Malhotra, I., King, M. J., King, C. L. & King, C. H. Do antenatal parasite infections devalue childhood vaccination?. PLoS Negl. Trop. Diseases 3(5), e442 (2009).
Cooper, P. J. et al. Human infection with Ascaris lumbricoides is associated with suppression of the interleukin-2 response to recombinant cholera toxin B subunit following vaccination with the live oral cholera vaccine CVD 103-HgR. Infect. Immun. 69, 1574–1580 (2001).
Elias, D., Britton, S., Aseffa, A., Engers, H. & Akuffo, H. Poor immunogenicity of BCG in helminth infected population is associated with increased in vitro TGF-beta production. Vaccine 26, 3897–3902 (2008).
Djuardi, Y., Wammes, L. J., Supali, T., Sartono, E. & Yazdanbakhsh, M. Immunological footprint: the development of a child’s immune system in environments rich in microorganisms and parasites. Parasitology 138(12), 1508–1518 (2011).
Blackwell, A. D., Snodgrass, J. J., Madimenos, F. C. & Sugiyama, L. S. Life history, immune function, and intestinal helminths: trade-offs among immunoglobulin E, C-reactive protein, and growth in an Amazonian population. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 22(6), 836–848 (2010).
Cao, J. et al. Early-life exposure to widespread environmental toxicants and health risk: a focus on the immune and respiratory systems. Ann. Glob. Health 82(1), 119–131 (2016).
Lander, R. L. et al. Factors influencing growth and intestinal parasitic infections in preschoolers attending philanthropic daycare centers in Salvador, Northeast Region of Brazil. Cadernos Saúde Pública, Rio de Janeiro 28(11), 2177–2188 (2012).
Anuar, T. S., Salleh, F. M. & Moktar, N. Soil-transmitted helminth infections and associated risk factors in three Orang Asli tribes in Peninsular Malaysia. Sci. Rep. 4, 4101 (2014).
Hotez, P. J. & Gurwith, M. Europe’s neglected infections of poverty. Int. J. Infect. Diseas. 15, e611–e619 (2011).
McDade, T. W. et al. Genome-wide analysis of DNA methylation in relation to socioeconomic status during development and early adulthood. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 1, 1–9 (2019).
Needham, B. L. et al. Life course socioeconomic status and DNA methylation in genes related to stress reactivity and inflammation: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Epigenetics 10(10), 958–969 (2015).
Kubzansky, L., Seeman, T. E. & Glymour, M. M. Biological pathways linking social conditions and health: plausible mechanisms and emerging puzzles. In Social epidemiology (eds Berkman, L. F. et al.) 512–561 (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2014).
Gaulin, S. J. & Boster, J. S. Human marriage systems and sexual dimorphism in stature. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 89(4), 467–475 (1992).
Polo, P., Fernandez, A., Muñoz-Reyes, J. A., Dufey, M. & Buunk, A. P. Intrasexual competition and height in adolescents and adults. Evol. Psychol. 16(1), 1474704917749172 (2018).
Cornwallis, C. K. & Uller, T. Towards an evolutionary ecology of sexual traits. Trends Ecol. Evol. 25(3), 145–152 (2010).
Jewell, S. L., Luecken, L. J., Gress-Smith, J., Crnic, K. A. & Gonzales, N. A. Economic stress and cortisol among postpartum low-income Mexican American women: buffering influence of family support. Behav. Med. 41(3), 138–144 (2015).
Serwinski, B., Salavecz, G., Kirschbaum, C. & Steptoe, A. Associations between hair cortisol concentration, income, income dynamics and status incongruity in healthy middle-aged women. Psychoneuroendocrinol. 67, 182–188 (2016).
Ursache, A., Merz, E. C., Melvin, S., Meyer, J. & Noble, K. G. Socioeconomic status, hair cortisol and internalizing symptoms in parents and children. Psychoneuroendocrinol. 78, 142–150 (2017).
Pepper, G. V. & Nettle, D. The behavioural constellation of deprivation: causes and consequences. Behav. Brain Sci. 40, e314 (2017).
Burns, V. E., Carroll, D., Ring, C., Harrison, L. K. & Drayson, M. Stress, coping, and hepatitis B antibody status. Psychosom. Med. 64(2), 287–293 (2002).
Glaser, R. & Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K. Stress-induced immune dysfunction: Implications for health. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 5(3), 243–251 (2005).
O’Connor, T. G. et al. Prenatal maternal anxiety predicts reduced adaptive immunity in infants. Brain Behav. Immun. 32, 21–28 (2013).
Hayward, S. E. et al. A systematic review of the impact of psychosocial factors on immunity: implications for enhancing BCG response against tuberculosis. Soc. Sci. Med. Popul. Health. 10, 100522 (2020).
Cohen, B. E., Edmondson, D. & Kronish, I. M. State of the art review: depression, stress, anxiety, and cardiovascular disease. Am. J. Hypertens. 28(11), 1295–1302 (2015).
Golbidi, S., Frisbee, J. C. & Laher, I. Chronic stress impacts the cardiovascular system: animal models and clinical outcomes. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 308(12), 1476–1498 (2015).
Cozma, S. et al. Salivary cortisol and α-amylase: subclinical indicators of stress as cardiometabolic risk. Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res. 50(2), e5577 (2017).
Steptoe, A. & Kiwimäki, M. Stress and cardiovascular disease. Nature Rev. Cardiol. 9, 360–370 (2012).
Kivimäki, M. & Kawachi, I. Work stress as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Curr. Cardiol. Rep. 17(9), 630 (2015).
Sephton, S. E. et al. Diurnal cortisol rhythm as a predictor of lung cancer survival. Brain Behav. Immun. 30(Suppl), S163-170 (2012).
Spiegel, D. Minding the body: psychotherapy and cancer survival. Br. J. Health Psychol. 19(3), 465–485 (2014).
Garland, E. L., Beck, A. C., Lipschitz, D. L. & Nakamura, Y. Dispositional mindfulness predicts attenuated waking salivary cortisol levels in cancer survivors: a latent growth curve analysis. J. Cancer Survivorship 9, 215 (2015).
McEwen, B. S. & Gianaros, P. J. Central role of the brain in stress and adaptation: links to socioeconomic status, health, and disease. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1186, 190–222 (2010).
Del Giudice, M., Ellis, B. J. & Shirtcliff, E. A. The adaptive calibration model of stress responsivity. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 35(7), 1562–1592 (2011).
Rantala, M. J., Luoto, S., Krams, I. & Karlsson, H. Depression subtyping based on evolutionary psychiatry: proximate mechanisms and ultimate functions. Brain Behav. Immun. 69, 603–617 (2018).
Rantala, M. J., Luoto, S., Krama, T. & Krams, I. Eating disorders: an evolutionary psychoneuroimmunological approach. Front. Psychol. 10, 2200. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02200 (2019).
Greff, M. J. et al. Hair cortisol analysis: an update on methodological considerations and clinical applications. Clin. Biochem. 63, 1–9 (2018).
Khoury, J. E., Enlow, M. B., Plamondon, A. & Lyons-Ruth, K. The Association between adversity and hair cortisol levels in humans: a meta-analysis. Psychoneuroendocrinol. 103, 104–117 (2019).
Doyle, H. H. & Murphy, A. Z. Sex differences in innate immunity and its impact on opioid pharmacology. J. Neurosci. Res. 95(1–2), 487–489 (2017).
Fish, E. N. The X-files in immunity: sex-based differences predispose immune responses. Nature Rev. Immunol. 8, 737–744 (2008).
Hao, S. et al. Modulation of 17b-estradiol on the number and cytotoxicity of NK cells in vivo related to MCM and activating receptors. Int. Immunopharmacol. 7, 1765–1775 (2007).
Ashcroft, G. S., Greenwell-Wild, T., Horan, M. A., Wahl, S. M. & Ferguson, M. W. Topical estrogen accelerates cutaneous wound healing in aged humans associated with an altered inflammatory response. Am. J. Pathol. 155, 1137–1146 (1999).
Krams, I. et al. Heterophil/lymphocyte ratios predict the magnitude of humoral immune response to a novel antigen in great tits (Parus major). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A: Mol. Integrat. Physiol. 161, 422–428 (2012).
Stoll, M. L. Interactions of the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system in the pathogenesis of spondyloarthritis. Clin. Exp. Rheumatol. 29, 322–330 (2011).
Klasing, K. C. & Leshchinsky, T. V. Functions, costs, and bene- fits of the immune system during development and growth. Ostrich 69, 2817–2832 (1999).
McDade, T. W., Georgiev, A. V. & Kuzawa, C. V. Trade-offs between acquired and innate immune defenses in humans. Evol. Med. Publ. Health 2016(1), 1–16 (2016).
Elia, M. Organ and tissue contribution to metabolic rate. in Energy Metabolism: Tissue Determinants and Cellular Corollaries (eds. McKinney, J. M. & Tucker, H. N.) 61–80. (Raven, 1992).
Muehlenbein, M. P., Hirschtick, J. L. & Bonner, J. Z. Toward quantifying the usage costs of human immunity: altered metabolic rates and hormone levels during acute immune activation in men. Am. J. Human Biol. 22, 546–556 (2010).
Taylor, S. E., Lehman, B. J., Kiefe, C. I. & Seeman, T. E. Relationship of early life stress and psychological functioning to adult C-reactive protein in the coronary artery risk development in young adults study. Biol. Psych. 60, 819–824 (2006).
Danese, A. et al. Adverse childhood experiences and adult risk factors for age-related disease: depression, inflammation, and clustering of metabolic risk markers. Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med. 163, 1135–1143 (2009).
Miller, G. E. et al. Low early-life social class leaves a biological residue manifested by decreased glucocorticoid and increased proinflammatory signaling. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 106, 14716–14721 (2009).
Miller, G. E. & Chen, E. Harsh family climate in early life presages the emergence of a proinflammatory phenotype in adolescence. Psychol. Sci. 21, 848–856 (2010).
Archer, J. The reality and evolutionary significance of human psychological sex differences. Biol. Rev. 94(4), 1381–1415 (2019).
Hartling, C. et al. Interaction of HPA axis genetics and early life stress shapes emotion recognition in healthy adults. Psychoneuroendocrinol. 99, 28–37 (2019).
Frankenhuis, W. E., Nettle, D. & Dall, S. R. A case for environmental statistics of early-life effects. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 374(1770), 20180110 (2019).
Foo, Y. Z. et al. Immune function during early adolescence positively predicts adult facial sexual dimorphism in both men and women. Evol. Hum. Behav. 1, 1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2020.02.002 (2020).
Cohen, S., Miller, G. E. & Rabin, B. S. Psychological stress and antibody response to immunization: a critical review of the human literature. Psychosom. Med. 63, 7–18 (2001).
Rantala, M. J. et al. Evidence for the stress-linked immunocompetence handicap hypothesis in humans. Nature Comm. 3, 694 (2012).
Tyrrell, J. et al. Height, body mass index, and socioeconomic status: mendelian randomisation study in UK Biobank. Br. Med. J. 352, 582 (2016).
Lavrinoviča, I., Lavriņenko, O., & Teivāns-Treinovskis, J. Population income differentiation and its influence on the crime. in Proceedings of the XIII International Scientific Conference Sustainable Business under Changing Economic Conditions (Dotkus, W., Holger, B., Žilys, J., Rozīte, M., Rumpīte, D., & Vīksne, I., Eds.) Rīga, Latvia: School of Business Administration Turība, pp. 242–251. Retrieved from: https://aurora.turiba.lv/bti/Editor/Manuscript/Proceeding/ (2012).
R Core Team. R. A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna. https://www.R-project.org/ (2018).
Wood, S. N. Fast stable restricted maximum likelihood and marginal likelihood estimation of semiparametric generalized linear models. J. R. Stat. Soc. B 73, 3–36 (2011).
Source: Ecology - nature.com
