Schlenker, W. & Roberts, M. J. Nonlinear temperature effects indicate severe damages to U.S. crop yields under climate change. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 106, 15594–15598 (2009).
Vogel, E. et al. The effects of climate extremes on global agricultural yields. Environ. Res. Lett. 14, 054010 (2019).
Lesk, C., Rowhani, P. & Ramankutty, N. Influence of extreme weather disasters on global crop production. Nature 529, 84–87 (2016).
Troy, T. J., Kipgen, C. & Pal, I. The impact of climate extremes and irrigation on US crop yields. Environ. Res. Lett. 10, 054013 (2015).
Lobell, D. B. et al. The critical role of extreme heat for maize production in the United States. Nat. Clim. Change 3, 497–501 (2013).
van der Velde, M., Wriedt, G. & Bouraoui, F. Estimating irrigation use and effects on maize yield during the 2003 heatwave in France. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 135, 90–97 (2010).
Rosenzweig, C., Tubiello, F. N., Goldberg, R., Mills, E. & Bloomfield, J. Increased crop damage in the US from excess precipitation under climate change. Glob. Environ. Change 12, 197–202 (2002).
O’Gorman, P. & Schneider, T. The physical basis for increases in precipitation extremes in simulations of 21st-century climate change. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 106, 14773–14777 (2009).
Westra, S. et al. Future changes to the intensity and frequency of short-duration extreme rainfall. Rev. Geophys. 52, 522–555 (2014).
Zhu, X. & Troy, T. J. Agriculturally relevant climate extremes and their trends in the world’s major growing regions. Earth’s Future 6, 656–672 (2018).
Ray, D. K., Gerber, J. S., Macdonald, G. K. & West, P. C. Climate variation explains a third of global crop yield variability. Nat. Commun. 6, 5989 (2015).
Lobell, D. B. & Field, C. B. Global scale climate–crop yield relationships and the impacts of recent warming. Environ. Res. Lett. 2, 014002 (2007).
Urban, D. W., Roberts, M. J., Schlenker, W. & Lobell, D. B. The effects of extremely wet planting conditions on maize and soybean yields. Clim. Change 130, 247–260 (2015).
Li, Y., Guan, K., Schnitkey, G. D., Delucia, E. & Peng, B. Excessive rainfall leads to maize yield loss of a comparable magnitude to extreme drought in the United States. Glob. Change Biol. 25, 2325–2337 (2019).
Lobell, D. B. & Burke, M. B. Why are agricultural impacts of climate change so uncertain? The importance of temperature relative to precipitation. Environ. Res. Lett. 3, 034007 (2008).
Lobell, D. B. & Gourdji, S. M. The influence of climate change on global crop productivity. Plant Physiol. 160, 1686–1697 (2012).
Palecki, M. A., Angel, J. R. & Hollinger, S. E. Storm precipitation in the United States. Part I: meteorological characteristics. J. Appl. Meteorol. 44, 933–946 (2005).
Thorp, J. M. & Scott, B. C. Preliminary calculations of average storm duration and seasonal precipitation rates for the northeast sector of the United States. Atmos. Environ. 16, 1763–1774 (1982).
Zhang, W., Villarini, G., Scoccimarro, E. & Vecchi, G. A. Stronger influences of increased CO2 on subdaily precipitation extremes than at the daily scale. Geophys. Res. Lett. 44, 7454–7471 (2017).
Lepore, C., Allen, J. T. & Tippett, M. K. Relationships between hourly rainfall intensity and atmospheric variables over the contiguous United States. J. Clim. 29, 3181–3197 (2016).
Ashraf, M. & Habib-ur-Rehman. Interactive effects of nitrate and long-term waterlogging on growth, water relations, and gaseous exchange properties of maize (Zea mays L.). Plant Sci. 144, 35–43 (1999).
Martínez-Casasnovas, J. A., Ramos, M. C. & Ribes-Dasi, M. Soil erosion caused by extreme rainfall events: mapping and quantification in agricultural plots from very detailed digital elevation models. Geoderma 105, 125–140 (2002).
Meisinger, J. J. & Delgado, J. A. Principles for managing nitrogen leaching. J. Soil Water Conserv. 57, 485–498 (2002).
Zahran, H. H. Rhizobium–legume symbiosis and nitrogen fixation under severe conditions and in an arid climate. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 63, 968–989 (1999).
Dastane, N. G. Effective Rainfall in Irrigated Agriculture Irrigation and Drainage Paper No. 25 (FAO, 1978).
Van Elewijk, L. Stemflow on maize: a stemflow equation and the influence of rainfall intensity on stemflow amount. Soil Technol. 2, 41–48 (1989).
Munkvold, G. P. Epidemiology of Fusarium diseases and their mycotoxins in maize ears. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 109, 705–713 (2003).
Harvell, C. D. et al. Climate warming and disease risks for terrestrial and marine biota. Science 296, 2158–2162 (2002).
Lenderink, G. & Van Meijgaard, E. Increase in hourly precipitation extremes beyond expectations from temperature changes. Nat. Geosci. 1, 511–514 (2008).
Berg, P., Moseley, C. & Haerter, J. O. Strong increase in convective precipitation in response to higher temperatures. Nat. Geosci. 6, 181–185 (2013).
Prein, A. F. et al. The future intensification of hourly precipitation extremes. Nat. Clim. Change 7, 48–52 (2017).
Chou, C., Chen, C. A., Tan, P. H. & Chen, K. T. Mechanisms for global warming impacts on precipitation frequency and intensity. J. Clim. 25, 3291–3306 (2012).
Kendon, E. J. et al. Heavier summer downpours with climate change revealed by weather forecast resolution model. Nat. Clim. Change 4, 570–576 (2014).
Zhao, C. et al. Temperature increase reduces global yields of major crops in four independent estimates. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 114, 9326–9331 (2017).
de Bruyn, L. P. & de Jager, J. M. A meteorological approach to the identification of drought sensitive periods in field crops. Agric. Meteorol. 19, 35–40 (1978).
Lin, Y. GCIP/EOP Surface: Precipitation NCEP/EMC 4KM Gridded Data (GRIB) Stage IV Data (UCAR/NCAR—Earth Obs. Lab., 2011); https://doi.org/10.5065/D6PG1QDD
USDA Quickstats (USDA, 2018); http://quickstats.nass.usda.gov
Thornton, P. E. et al. Daymet: Daily Surface Weather Data on a 1-km Grid for North America Version 2 (ORNL DAAC, 2016).
Butler, E. E. & Huybers, P. Adaptation of US maize to temperature variations. Nat. Clim. Change 3, 68–72 (2013).
Krajewski, W. F. & Smith, J. A. Radar hydrology: rainfall estimation. Adv. Water Resour. 25, 1387–1394 (2002).
Karl, T., Nicholls, N. & Ghazi, A. Workshop on indices and indicators for climate extremes precipitation. Clim. Change 42, 3–7 (1999).
Lau, W. K., Wu, H. & Kim, K. A canonical response of precipitation characteristics to global warming from CMIP5 models. Geophys. Res. Lett. 40, 3163–3169 (2013).
Source: Ecology - nature.com