Greenfield, H. J. The secondary products revolution: The past, the present and the future. World Archaeol. 42, 29–54 (2010).
Marciniak, A. The secondary products revolution: Empirical evidence and its current zooarchaeological critique. J. World Prehist. 24, 117–130 (2011).
Sherratt, A. The secondary exploitation of animals in the Old World. World Archaeol. 15, 90–104 (1983).
Patel, A. K. & Meadow, R. H. South Asian contribution to animal domestication and pastoralism: Bones, genes and archaeology. In The Oxford Handbook of Zooarchaeology (eds Albarella, U. et al.) 1–27 (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2017). https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199686476.001.0001.
Meadow, R. H. & Patel, A. K. Prehistoric pastoralism in northwestern South Asia from the Neolithic through the Harappan period. In Indus Ethnobiology: New perspective from the field (eds Weber, S. A. & Belcher, W. R.) 65–94 (Lexingtion Books, Lanham, 2003).
Wright, R. P. The Ancient Indus: Urbanism, Economy, and Society (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2010).
Fuller, D. Q. Indus and non-Indus agricultural traditions: Local developments and crop adoptions on the Indian peninsula. In Indus Ethnobiology (eds Weber, S. & Belcher, W. R.) 243–396 (Lexington Books, Lanham, 2003).
Meadow, R. H. Pre- and Proto-Historic agriculture and pastoral transformations in northwestern and South Asia. Rev. Archaeol. 19, 12–21 (1998).
Pokharia, A. K. et al. Archaeobotany and archaeology at Kanmer, a Harappan site in Kachchh, Gujarat: Evidence for adaptation in response to climatic variability. Curr. Sci. 100, 1833–1846 (2011).
Rissman, P. C. Migratory Pastoralism in Western India in the Second Millennium B.C.: The Evidence from Oriyo Timbo (Chiroda). (University of Microfilms International, 1985).
Weber, S., Kashyap, A. & Harriman, D. Does size matter: The role and significance of cereal grains in the Indus Civilization. Archaeol. Anthropol. Sci. 2, 35–43 (2010).
Weber, S. A. Plants and Harappan subsistence: An example of stability and change from Rojdi (Oxford & IBH and American Institute of Indian Studies, Oxford, 1991).
Goyal, P. et al. Subsistence system, paleoecology, and 14C chronology at Kanmer, a Harappan site in Gujarat India. Radiocarbon 55, 141–150 (2013).
Pokharia, A. K., Kharakwal, J. S. & Srivastava, A. Archaeobotanical evidence of millets in the Indian subcontinent with some observations on their role in the Indus Civilization. J. Archaeol. Sci. 42, 442–455 (2014).
Pokharia, A. K. et al. Altered cropping pattern and cultural continuation with declined prosperity following abrupt and extreme arid event at ~4,200 yrs BP: Evidence from an Indus archaeological site Khirsara, Gujarat, western India. PLoS ONE 12, 1–17 (2017).
Chase, B. Social change at the Harappan settlement of Gola Dhoro: A reading from animal bones. Antiquity 84, 528–543 (2010).
Chase, B. On the pastoral economies of Harappan Gujarat: Faunal analyses at Shikarpur in context. Herit. J. Multidiscip. Stud. Archaeol. 2, 1–22 (2014).
Chase, B., Ajithprasad, P., Rajesh, S. V., Patel, A. & Sharma, B. Materializing Harappan identities: Unity and diversity in the borderlands of the Indus Civilization. J. Anthropol. Archaeol. 35, 63–78 (2014).
Belcher, W. R. Marine exploitation in the Third Millennium BC- The eastern coast of Pakistan. Paleorient 31, 79–85 (2005).
Belcher, W. R. Fish exploitation of the Indus Valley Tradition. In Indus Ethnobiology 95–174 (Lexington Books, Lanham, 2003).
Chase, B., Meiggs, D., Ajithprasad, P. & Slater, P. A. What is left behind: Advancing interpretation of pastoral land-use in Harappan Gujarat using herbivore dung to examine bioshphere strontium isotope (87Sr/86Sr) variation. J. Archaeol. Sci. 92, 1–12 (2018).
Chase, B., Meiggs, D., Ajithprasad, P. & Slater, P. A. Pastoral land-use of the Indus Civilization in Gujarat: Faunal analyses and biogenic isotopes at Bagasra. J. Archaeol. Sci. 50, 1–15 (2014).
Miller, L. J. Secondary products and urbanism in South Asia: The evidence for traction at Harappa. In Indus Ethnobiology: New perspective from the field (eds Weber, S. A. & Belcher, W. R.) 251–326 (Lexington Books, Lanham, 2003).
Bourgeois, G. & Gouin, P. Résultats D ’ une analyse de traces organiques fossiles dans une ‘Faisselle’ Harappéenne. Paléorient 21, 125–128 (1995).
Evershed, R. P., Dudd, S. N., Copley, M. S. & Mukherjee, A. Identification of animal fats via compound specific δ13C values of individual fatty acids: Assessments of results for reference fats and lipid extracts of archaeological pottery vessels. Doc. Praehist. 29, 73–96 (2002).
Copley, M. S., Berstan, R., Straker, V., Payne, S. & Evershed, R. P. Dairying in antiquity. II. Evidence from absorbed lipid residues dating to the British Bronze Age. J. Archaeol. Sci. 32, 505–521 (2005).
Spangenberg, J. E., Jacomet, S. & Schibler, J. Chemical analyses of organic residues in archaeological pottery from Arbon Bleiche 3, Switzerland—evidence for dairying in the late Neolithic. J. Archaeol. Sci. 33, 1–13 (2006).
Craig, O. E. et al. Stable isotope analysis of Late Upper Palaeolithic human and faunal remains from Grotta del Romito (Cosenza) Italy. J. Archaeol. Sci. 37, 2504–2512 (2010).
Craig, O. E. et al. Earliest evidence for the use of pottery. Nature 496, 351–354 (2013).
Craig, O. E., Taylor, G., Mulville, J., Collins, M. J. & Parker, P. M. The identification of prehistoric dairying activities in the Western Isles of Scotland: an integrated biomolecular approach. J. Archaeol. Sci. 32, 91–103 (2005).
Evershed, R. P. Organic residue analysis in archaeology: The archaeological biomarker revolution. Archaeometry 50, 895–924 (2008).
Craig, O. E., Love, G. D., Isaksson, S., Taylor, G. & Snape, C. E. Stable carbon isotopic characterisation of free and bound lipid constituents of archaeological ceramic vessels released by solvent extraction, alkaline hydrolysis and catalytic hydropyrolysis. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 71, 613–634 (2004).
Dudd, S. N. & Evershed, R. P. Direct demonstration of milk as an element of archaeological economies. Science 282, 1478–1481 (1998).
Buonasera, T. Y., Tremayne, A. H., Darwent, C. M., Eerkens, J. W. & Mason, O. K. Lipid biomarkers and compound specific δ13C analysis indicate early development of a dual-economic system for the Arctic Small Tool tradition in northern Alaska. J. Archaeol. Sci. 61, 129–138 (2015).
Meier-Augenstein, W. Stable isotope analysis of fatty acids by gas chromatography–isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Anal. Chim. Acta 465, 63–79 (2002).
Mottram, H. R., Dudd, S. N., Lawrence, G. J., Stott, A. W. & Evershed, R. P. New chromatographic, mass spectrometric and stable isotope approaches to the classification of degraded animal fats preserved in archaeological pottery. J. Chromatogr. A 833, 209–221 (1999).
Gregg, M. W., Banning, E. B., Gibbs, K. & Slater, G. F. Subsistence practices and pottery use in Neolithic Jordan: Molecular and isotopic evidence. J. Archaeol. Sci. 36, 937–946 (2009).
Copley, M. S. et al. Direct chemical evidence for widespread dairying in prehistoric Britain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 100, 1524–1529 (2003).
Dunne, J., di Lernia, S., Chłodnicki, M., Kherbouche, F. & Evershed, R. P. Timing and pace of dairying inception and animal husbandry practices across Holocene North Africa. Quat. Int. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2017.06.062 (2017).
Dunne, J. et al. First dairying in green Saharan Africa in the fifth millennium BC. Nature 486, 390–394 (2012).
Copley, M. S., Clark, K. & Evershed, R. P. Organic-residue analysis of pottery vessels and clay balls. In Changing Materialities at Çatalhoyuk: Reports from the 1995–99 Seasons 169–174 (McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, Cambridge, 2005).
Roffet-Salque, M., Lee, M. R. F., Timpson, A. & Evershed, R. P. Impact of modern cattle feeding practices on milk fatty acid stable carbon isotope compositions emphasise the need for caution in selecting reference animal tissues and products for archaeological investigations. Archaeol. Anthropol. Sci. 9, 1343–1348 (2017).
Craig, O. E. et al. Ancient lipids reveal continuity in culinary practices across the transition to agriculture in Northern Europe. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 108, 17910–17915 (2011).
Salque, M. et al. Earliest evidence for cheese making in the sixth millennium BC in northern Europe. Nature 493, 522–525 (2013).
Correa-Ascencio, M., Robertson, I. G., Cabrera-Cortés, O., Cabrera-Castro, R. & Evershed, R. P. Pulque production from fermented agave sap as a dietary supplement in Prehispanic Mesoamerica. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 111, 14223–14228 (2014).
Kimpe, K., Jacobs, P. A. & Waelkens, M. Analysis of oil used in late Roman oil lamps with different mass spectrometric techniques revealed the presence of predominantly olive oil together with traces of animal fat. J. Chromatogr. A 937, 87–95 (2001).
Eerkens, J. The preservation and identification of Piñon resins by GC-MS in pottery from the western Great Basin. Archaeometry 44, 95–105 (2002).
Gregg, M. W., Brettell, R. & Stern, B. Bitumen in Neolithic Iran: Biomolecular and isotopic evidence. In Archaeological Chemistry 137–151 (American Chemical Society, Washington, 2007).
Lucquin, A., March, R. J. & Cassen, S. Analysis of adhering organic residues of two “coupes-à-socles” from the Neolithic funerary site “La Hougue Bie” in Jersey: evidences of birch bark tar utilisation. J. Archaeol. Sci. 34, 704–710 (2007).
Stacey, R., Cartwright, C., Tanimoto, S. & Villing, A. Coatings and contents: Investigations of residues on four fragmentary sixth-century B.C. vessels from Naukratis (Egypt). Br. Museum Tech. Res. Bull. 4, 19–26 (2010).
Brecoulaki, H., Andreotti, A., Bonaduce, I., Colombini, M. P. & Lluveras, A. Characterization of organic media in the wall-paintings of the “Palace of Nestor” at Pylos, Greece: Evidence for a secco painting techniques in the Bronze Age. J. Archaeol. Sci. 39, 2866–2876 (2012).
Spades, S. & Russ, J. GC–MS analysis of lipids in prehistoric rock paints and associated oxalate coatings from the Lower Pecos Region, Texas. Archaeometry 47, 115–126 (2005).
Eckmeier, E. & Wiesenberg, G. L. B. Short-chain n-alkanes (C16–20) in ancient soil are useful molecular markers for prehistoric biomass burning. J. Archaeol. Sci. 36, 1590–1596 (2009).
Chakraborty, K. S. et al. Enamel isotopic data from the domesticated animals at Kotada Bhadli, Gujarat, reveals specialized animal husbandry during the Indus Civilization. J. Archaeol. Sci. Rep. 21, 2 (2018).
Chakraborty, K. S. Subsistence-Based Economy and the Regional Interaction Processes of the Indus Civilization Borderland in Kachchh, Gujarat: A Bio-Molecular Perspective (University of Toronto, Toronto, 2019).
Shirvalkar, P. & Rawat, Y. S. Excavation at Kotada Bhadli, District Kachchh, Gujarat: A perliminary report. Puratattva 42, 182–201 (2012).
Goyal, P. Observations on faunal remains recovered from Kotada Bhadli. In Excavation at Kotada Bhadli (eds Shirvalkar, P. & Prasad, E.) 136–149 (Archaeological Survey of India, New Delhi, 2020).
Joglekar, P. P. & Goyal, P. Faunal remains from Shikarpur, a Harappan site in Gujarat India. Iran. J. Archaeol. Stud. 1, 15–25 (2011).
Goyal, P. & Joglekar, P. P. Archaeozoological remains from the site of Kanmer. In Excavation at Kanmer (2005–2006 to 2008–2009): Kanmer archaeological research project an Indo-Japanese collaboration (eds Kharakwal, J. S. et al.) 767–794 (Indus Project Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, Kyoto, 2012).
Meadow, R. H. & Patel, A. K. Prehistoric pastoralism in northwestern South Asia from the Neolithic through the Harappan Period. In Indus Ethnobiology: New perspective from the field (eds Weber, S. & Belcher, W. R.) 65–94 (Lexington Books, Lanham, 2003).
Patel, A. The Primary Pastoral economy of Dholavira: A first look at animals and urban life in third millennium Kutch. In South Asian Archaeology 1995 (ed. Allchin, B.) 101–113 (The Ancient India and Iran Trust, Cambridge, 1997).
Miller, L. J. Urban Economies in Early States: The Secondary Products Revolution in the Indus Civilization (New York University, New York, 2004).
Halstead, P. Mortality models and milking: Problems of uniformitarianism, optimality and equifinality reconsidered. Anthropozoologica https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2013.58.2.0489 (1998).
Gillis, R. E. et al. The evolution of dual meat and milk cattle husbandry in Linearbandkeramik societies. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 284, 2 (2017).
Sternberg, L. O., Deniro, M. J. & Johnson, H. B. Isotope ratios of cellulose from plants having different photosynthetic pathways. Plant Physiol. 74, 557–561 (1984).
Zhang, C. et al. Diets and environments of late Cenozoic mammals in the Qaidam Basin, Tibetan Plateau: Evidence from stable isotopes. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 333–334, 70–82 (2012).
Cerling, T. E. et al. Global vegetation change through the Miocene/Pliocene boundary. Nature 389, 153–158 (1997).
Sternberg, L. O., Deniro, M. J. & Ting, I. P. Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen isotope ratios of cellulose from plants having intermediary photosynthetic modes. Plant Physiol. 74, 104–107 (1984).
Smith, B. N. & Epstein, S. Two categories of 13C/12C ratios for higher plants. Plant Physiol. 47, 380–384 (1971).
Correa-Ascencio, M. & Evershed, P. R. High throughput screening of organic residues in archaeological potsherds using direct acidified methanol extraction. Anal. Methods 6, 1330–1340 (2014).
Evershed, R. P., Heron, C. & Goad, L. J. Analysis of organic residues of archaeological origin by high-temperature gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Analyst 115, 1339–1342 (1990).
Papakosta, V., Smittenberg, R. H., Gibbs, K., Jordan, P. & Isaksson, S. Extraction and derivatization of absorbed lipid residues from very small and very old samples of ceramic potsherds for molecular analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and single compound stable carbon isotope analysis by gas chromatogra. Microchem. J. 123, 196–200 (2015).
Demirci, Ö, Lucquin, A., Craig, O. E. & Raemaekers, D. C. M. First lipid residue analysis of Early Neolithic pottery from Swifterbant ( the Netherlands, ca 4300–4000 BC ). Archaeol. Anthropol. Sci. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-020-01062-w (2020).
Carrer, F. et al. Chemical analysis of pottery demonstrates prehistoric origin for high-altitude alpine dairying. PLoS ONE 11, e0151442 (2016).
Heron, C. et al. First molecular and isotopic evidence of millet processing in prehistoric pottery vessels. Sci. Rep. 6, 1–9 (2016).
Pecci, A. & Cau Ontiveros, M. A. Report on the Analyses of the Organic Residues in Archaeological Samples from the Project ‘Excavating the Roman Peasant’. University of Barcelona (2010).
Gregg, M. W. & Slater, G. F. A new method for extraction, isolation and transesterification of free fatty acids from archaeological pottery. Archaeometry 52, 833–854 (2010).
Copley, M. S. et al. Detection of palm fruit lipids in archaeological pottery from Qasr Ibrim, Egyptian Nubia. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 268, 593–597 (2001).
Evershed, R. P., Copley, M. S., Dickson, L. & Hansel, F. A. Experimental evidence for the processing of marine animal products and other commodities containing polyunsaturated fatty acids in pottery vessels. Archaeometry 50, 101–113 (2008).
Hansel, F. A., Copley, M. S., Madureira, L. A. S. & Evershed, R. P. Thermally produced ω-(o-alkylphenyl)alkanoic acids provide evidence for the processing of marine products in archaeological pottery vessels. Tetrahedron Lett. 45, 2999–3002 (2004).
Meadow, R. H. Prehistoric wild sheep and sheep domestication on the eastern margin of the Middle East. in Animal Domestication and Its Cultural Context (eds. Crabtree, P. J., Campana, D. V. & Ryan, K.) 24–36 (University Museum, Univerity of Pennsylvania, 1989).
Craig, O. E. et al. Distinguishing wild ruminant lipids by gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 26, 2359–2364 (2012).
Pokharia, A. K. Floral Remains. in Excavation at Kanmer (2005–06 to 2008–09): Kanmer archaeological research project an Indo-Japanese collaboration (eds. Kharakwal, J. S., Rawat, Y. S. & Osada, T.) 795–812 (Indus project, research institute for humanity and Nature, 2012).
Steele, V. J., Stern, B. & Stott, A. W. Olive oil or lard?: distinguishing plant oils from animal fats in the archeological record of the eastern Mediterranean using gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 24, 3478–3484 (2010).
Spangenberg, J. E. & Ogrinc, N. Authentication of vegetable oils by bulk and molecular carbon isotope analyses with emphasis on olive oil and pumpkin seed oil. J. Agric. Food Chem. 49, 1534–1540 (2001).
Hammann, S. & Cramp, L. J. E. Towards the detection of dietary cereal processing through absorbed lipid biomarkers in archaeological pottery. J. Archaeol. Sci. 93, 74–81 (2018).
Colonese, A. C. et al. New criteria for the molecular identification of cereal grains associated with archaeological artefacts. Sci. Rep. 7, 1–7 (2017).
Courel, B. et al. Organic residue analysis shows sub-regional patterns in the use of pottery by Northern European hunter-gatherers. R. Soc. Open Sci. 7, 2 (2020).
Hendy, J. et al. Ancient proteins from ceramic vessels at Çatalhöyük West reveal the hidden cuisine of early farmers. Nat. Commun. 9, 2 (2018).
Chase, B., Meiggs, D. & Ajithprasad, P. Pastoralism, climate change, and the transformation of the Indus Civilization in Gujarat: Faunal analyses and biogenic isotopes. J. Anthropol. Archaeol. 59, 101173 (2020).
Margabandhu, C. Technology of trasport vehicles in early India. In Radiocarbon and Indian Archaeology (eds Agarwal, D. P. & Ghosh, A.) 182–189 (Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers, New Delhi, 1973).
Fairservis, W. J. Cattle. Exped. Mag. 28, 43–50 (1986).
Chase, B. Family matters in Gujarat. In Walking with the Unicorn: Social Organization and Material Culture in Ancient South Asia (eds Frenez, D. et al.) 90–103 (Archaeopress Publishing LTD, Oxford, 2018).
Source: Ecology - nature.com
