Bromalites from the Upper Triassic Polzberg section (Austria); insights into trophic interactions and food chains of the Polzberg palaeobiota

Hunt, A. P. Late Pennsylvanian coprolites fromthe Kinney Brick Quarry, central New Mexico with notes on the classification and utility of coprolites. Bull. New Mex. Bur. Min. Mineral Resour. 138, 221–229 (1992).

Google Scholar 

Hunt, A. P., Chin, K. & Lockley, M. In The palaeobiology of vertebrate coprolites (ed. Donovan, S.) 221–240 (Wiley, New York, 1994).

Google Scholar 

Northwood, C. Early Triassic coprolites from Australia and their palaeobiological significance. Palaeontology 48, 49–68 (2005).

Article  Google Scholar 

Zatoń, M. et al. Coprolites of Late Triassic carnivorous vertebrates from Poland: an integrative approach. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 430, 21–46 (2015).

Article  Google Scholar 

Salamon, M. A., Niedźwiedzki, R., Gorzelak, P., Lach, R. & Surmik, D. Bromalites from the Middle Triassic of Poland and the rise of the Mesozoic Marine Revolution. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 321–322, 142–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2012.01.029 (2012).

Article  Google Scholar 

Niedźwiedzki, G., Bajdek, P., Owocki, K. & Kear, B. P. An Early Triassic polar predator ecosystem revealed by vertebrate coprolites from the Bulgo Sandstone (Sydney Basin) of southeastern Australia. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 464, 5–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2016.04.003 (2016).

Article  Google Scholar 

Hansen, B. B. et al. Coprolites from the Late Triassic Kap Stewart Formation, Jameson Land, East Greenland: morphology, classification and prey inclusions. Geol. Soc. Lond. Spec. Publ. 434, 49–69. https://doi.org/10.1144/SP434.12 (2016).

ADS  Article  Google Scholar 

Brachaniec, T. et al. Coprolites of marine vertebrate predators from the Lower Triassic of southern Poland. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 435, 118–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.06.005 (2015).

Article  Google Scholar 

Umamaheswaran, R., Prasad, G. V. R., Rudra, A. & Dutta, S. Investigation of Biomarkers in Triassic Coprolites from India, 1–1 (2019).

Chrząstek, A. & Niedźwiedzki, R. Kręgowce retu i dolnego wapienia muszlowego na Śląsku. Prace geologiczno-mineralogiczne LXIV. Acta Universitatis Wratislaviensis, 69–81 (in Polish) (1998).

Glaessner, M. F. Eine Crustaceen fauna aus den Lunzer Schichten Niederösterreichs. Jahrbuch Geologische Bundesanstalt Wien 81, 467–486 (1931).

Google Scholar 

Stur, D. Neue Aufschlüsse im Lunzer Sandsteine bei Lunz und ein neuer Fundort von Wengerschiefer im Pölzberg zwischen Lunzersee und Gaming. Verhandlungen der kaiserlich königlichen Geologischen Reichsanstalt 1, 271–273 (1874).

Google Scholar 

Seilacher, A. Begriff und Bedeutung der Fossil-Lagerstätten (Concept and meaning of fossil lagerstätten). Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen 1970, 34–39 (1970).

Google Scholar 

Krystyn, L. Die Fossillagerstätten der alpinen Trias. (eds. D. Nagel & G. Rabeder) 23–78 (Österreichische Paläontologische Gesellschaft Wien, 1991).

Forchielli, A. & Pervesler, P. Phosphatic cuticle in thylacocephalans: a taphonomic case study of (Arthropoda, Thylacocephala) from the Fossil-Lagerstätte Polzberg (Reingraben shales, Carnian, Upper Triassic, Lower Austria). Aust. J. Earth Sci. 106, 46–61 (2013).

Google Scholar 

Teller, F. Über den Schädel eines fossilen Dipnoers, Ceratodus Sturii nov. spec aus den Schichten der oberen Trias der Nordalpen. Abhandlungen der kaiserlich königlichen Geologischen Reichsanstalt 15, 1–2 (1981).

Google Scholar 

Griffith, J. The Upper Triassic fishes from Polzberg bei Lunz. Zool. J. Linnaean Soc. 60, 1–93 (1977).

Article  Google Scholar 

Doguzhaeva, L. A., Mapes, R. H., Summesberger, H. & Mutvei, H. In The Preservation of Body Tissues, Shell, and Mandibles in the Ceratitid Ammonoid Austrotrachyceras (Late Triassic), Austria (eds Landman, H. N. et al.) 221–237 (Springer, New York, 2007).

Google Scholar 

Doguzhaeva, L. A., Summesberger, H., Mutvei, H. & Brandstaetter, F. The mantle, ink sac, ink, arm hooks and soft body debris associated with the shells in Late Triassic coleoid cephalopod Phragmoteuthis from the Austrian Alps. Palaeoworld 16, 272–284 (2007).

Article  Google Scholar 

Doguzhaeva, L. A. & Summesberger, H. Pro-ostraca of Triassic belemnoids (Cephalopoda) from Northern Calcareous Alps, with observations on their mode of preservation in an environment of northern Tethys which allowed for carbonization of non-biomineralized structures. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie Abhandlungen 266, 31–38 (2012).

Article  Google Scholar 

Austromap Online 2020. Bundesamt für Eich- und Vermessungswesen, Wien. https://www.austrianmap.at/amap/index.php?SKN=1andXPX=637andYPX=492 (accessed 5 Feb 2020).

Wagreich, M., Pervesler, P., Khatun, M., Wimmer-Frey, I. & Scholger, R. Probing the underground at the Badenian type locality: geology and sedimentology of the Baden-Sooss section (Middle Miocene, Vienna Basin, Austria). Geol. Carpath. 59, 375–394 (2008).

CAS  Google Scholar 

Lukeneder, A. & Zverkov, N. First evidence of a conical-toothed pliosaurid (Reptilia, Sauropterygia) in the Hauterivian of the Northern Calcareous Alps, Austria. Cretac. Res. 106, 104248 (2020).

Article  Google Scholar 

Geologische Karte der Republik Österreich, Sheet Ybbsitz 71 1:50.000. Geologische Bundesanstalt Wien (1988).

Geologische Karte der Republik Österreich, Sheet Mariazell 72, 1:50.000. Geologische Bundesanstalt Wien (1997).

Tollmann, A. Analyse des klassischen nordalpinen Mesozoikums 580 (Franz Deuticke Wien, 1976).

von Hauer, F. R. Ueber die Gliederung der Trias-, Lias- und Juragebilde in den nördlichsten Alpen. Kaiserlich Königliche reichsanstalt 4, 715–783 (1853).

Google Scholar 

Piller, W. E. et al. M. Die Stratigraphische Tabelle von Österreich 2004 (sedimentäre Schichtfolgen). Kommission für die Paläontologische und stratigraphische Erforschung Österreichs. Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften und Österreichische Stratigraphische Kommission, Wien (2004).

Glaessner, M. F. Eine Crustacenfauna aus den Lunzer Schichten Niederӧsterreichs. Jahrbuch der geologischen Bundes-Anstalt 81, 467–489 (1931).

Google Scholar 

Bronn, H. G. Nachtrag über die Trias-Fauna von Raibl. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Geognosie, Geologie und Petrefaktenkunde 1859, 39–45 (1859).

Google Scholar 

Abel, O. Fossile Flugfische. Abhandlungen der kaiserlich königlichen Geologischen Reichsanstalt 56, 1–88 (1906).

Google Scholar 

Trauth, F. Geologie des Kalkalpenbereiches der zweiten Wiener Hochquellenleitung. Abhandlungen der Geologisches Bundesanstalt 26, 1–99 (1948).

Google Scholar 

Mostler, H. & Scheuring, B. W. Mikrofloren aus dem Langobard und Cordevol der Nördlichen Kalkalpen und das Problem des beginns der Keupersedimentation im Germanischen Raum. Geol. Paläontol. Mitteilungen Innsbruck 4, 1–35 (1974).

Google Scholar 

Hornung, T. & Brandner, R. Biochronostratigraphy of the Reingraben Turnover (Hallstatt facies belt): Local black shale events controlled by regional tectonism, climatic change and plate tectonics. Facies 51, 460–479 (2005).

Article  Google Scholar 

Hornung, T., Brandner, R., Krystyn, L., Joachimski, M. M. & Keim, L. Multistratigraphic constraints on the NW Tethyan ’Carnin Crisis. New Mexico Museum Nat. Hist. Bull. 41, 59–67 (2007).

Google Scholar 

Hasiotis, S. T., Platt, B. F., Hembree, D. I. & Everhart, M. J. In The Trace−Fossil Record of Vertebrates (ed. Miller, W.) 196–218 (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2007).

Google Scholar 

Gordon, C. M., Roach, B. T., Parker, W. G. & Briggs, D. E. G. Distinguishing regurgitalites and coprolites: a case study using a Triassic bromalite with soft tissue of the pseudosuchian archosaur Revueltosaurus. Palaios 35, 111–121 (2020).

ADS  Article  Google Scholar 

Salamon, M. A., Gorzelak, P., Niedźwiedzki, R., Trzęsiok, D. & Baumiller, T. K. Trends in shell fragmentation as evidence of mid-Paleozoic changes in marine predation. Paleobiology 40, 14–23 (2014).

Article  Google Scholar 

Salamon, M. A., Leśko, K. & Gorzelak, P. Experimental tumbling of Dreissena polymorpha: implications for recognizing durophagous predation in the fossil record. Facies 64, 4 (2018).

Article  Google Scholar 

Salamon, M. A., Brachaniec, T. & Gorzelak, P. Durophagous fish predation traces versus tumbling-induced shell damage: a paleobiological perspective. Palaios 35, 37–47 (2020).

ADS  Article  Google Scholar 

Reboulet, S. & Rard, A. Double alignments of ammonoid aptychi from the Lower Cretaceous of Southeast France: result of a post−mortem transport or bromalites?. Acta Palaeontol. Pol. 53, 261–274 (2008).

Article  Google Scholar 

Mapes, R. H. & Chaffin, D. T. In Predation on Cephalopods: A General Overview with a Case Study from the Upper Carboniferous of Texas (eds Kelley, H. P. et al.) 177–213 (Kluwer/Plenum, New York, 2003).

Google Scholar 

Hoffmann, R., Stevens, K., Keupp, H., Simonsen, S. & Schweigert, G. Regurgitalites: a winodw into the trophic ecology of fossil cephalopods. J. Geol. Soc. 177, 82–102 (2020).

ADS  Article  Google Scholar 

Keupp, H. Ammoniten: Paläobiologische Erfolgsspiralen (Thorbecke, Stuttgart, 2000).

Google Scholar 

Vullo, R. Direct evidence of hybodont shark predation on Late Jurassic ammonites. Naturwissenschaften 98, 545–549 (2011).

ADS  CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Ward, P., Dooley, F. & Barord, G. J. Nautilus: biology, systematics, and paleobiology as viewed from 2015. Swiss J. Palaeont. 135, 169–185 (2016).

Article  Google Scholar 

Palmer, A. R. Fish predation and the evolution of gastropod shell sculpture: experimental and geographic evidence. Evolution 33, 697–713 (1979).

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Reis, O. M. Coelacanthus lunzensis Teller. Jahrbuch der kaiserlich königlichen Geologischen Reichsanstalt 50, 187–192 (1900).

Google Scholar 

Skrzycki, P., Niedźwiedzki, G. & Tałanda, M. Dipnoan remains from the Lower-Middle Triassic of the Holy Cross Mountains and northeastern Poland, with remarks on dipnoan palaeobiogeography. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 496, 332–345 (2018).

Article  Google Scholar 

Mutter, R. J. Tooth variability and reconstruction of dentition in Acrodus sp (Chondrichthyes, Selachii, Hybodontoidea) from the Grenzbitumenzone (Middle Triassic) of Monte San Giorgio (Ticino, Switzerland). Geologisch 3, 25–31 (1998).

Google Scholar 

Griffith, J. The Triassic fish Saurichthys krambergeri Schlosser. Palaeontology 5, 344–354 (1962).

Google Scholar 

Romano, C., Kogan, I., Jenks, J., Jerjen, I. & Brinkmann, W. Saurichthys and other fossil fishes from the late Smithian (Early Triassic) of Bear Lake County (Idaho, USA), with a discussion of saurichthyid palaeogeography and evolution. Bull. Geosci. 87, 543–570 (2012).

Article  Google Scholar 

Cavin, L., Furrer, H. & Obrist, Ch. New coelacanth material from the Middle Triassic of eastern Switzerland, and comments on the taxic diversity of actinistans. Swiss J. Geosci. 106, 161–177 (2013).

Article  Google Scholar 

Hauser, L. M. & Martill, D. M. Evidence for coelacanths in the Late Triassic (Rhaetian) of England. Proc. Geol. Assoc. 124, 982–987 (2013).

Article  Google Scholar 

Tintori, A. Fish biodiversity in the marine Norian (Late Triassic) of northern Italy: the first neopterygian radiation. Italian J. Zool. 65, 193–198 (1998).

Article  Google Scholar 

Wilga, C. D. & Motta, P. J. Durophagy in sharks: feeding mechanics of hammerhead sharks Sphyrna tiburo. J. Exp. Biol. 203, 2781–2796 (2000).

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Huber, D. R., Eason, T. G., Hueter, R. E. & Motta, P. J. Analysis of the bite force and mechanical design of the feeding mechanism of the durophagous horn shark Heterodontus francisci. J. Exp. Biol. 208, 3553–3571 (2005).

Article  Google Scholar 

Cappetta, H. Chondrichthyes II: Mesozoic and Cenozoic Elasmobranchii Handbook of Paleoichthyology 1–193 (Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, 1987).

Google Scholar 

Rees, J. Interrelationships of Mesozoic hybodont sharks as indicated by dental morphology: preliminary results. Acta Geol. Pol. 58, 217–221 (2008).

Google Scholar 

Massare, J. A. Tooth morphology and prey preference of Mesozoic marine reptiles. J. Vertebr. Paleontol. 7, 121–137 (1987).

Article  Google Scholar 

Schmidt, M. Die Lebewelt Unserer Trias 461 (Ferdinand Rau, Öhringen, 1928).

Google Scholar 

Griffith, J. On the anatomy of two saurichthyid fishes, Saurichthys striolatus (Bronn) and S. curioni (Belotti). Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 132, 587–606 (1959).

Article  Google Scholar 

Wen, W. et al. Coelacanths from the Middle Triassic Luoping Biota, Yunnan, South China, with the earliest evidence of ovoviviparity. Acta Palaeontol. Pol. 58, 175–193 (2013).

Google Scholar 

Bernardi, M., Avanzini, M. & Bizzarini, F. Vertebrate fauna from the San Cassiano Formation (early Carnian) of the Dolomites region. Geo. Alp. 8, 122–127 (2011).

Google Scholar 

Dalla Vecchia, F. M. Reptile remains from the Middle-Upper Triassic of Carnic and Julian Alps (Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Northeastern Italy), Gortania. Atti del Museo Friulano di Storia Naturale 15, 49–66 (1994).

Google Scholar 

Buffetaut, E. & Novak, M. A cyamodontid placodont (Reptilia: Sauropterygia) from the Triassic of Slovenia. Palaeontology 51, 1301–1306 (2008).

Article  Google Scholar 

Sirna, G., Dalla Vecchia, F. M., Muscio, G. & Piccoli, G. Catalogue of paleozoic and mesozoic vertebrates and vertebrate localities of the Tre Venezie area (North Eastern Italy). Mem. Istit. Geol. Mineral. Univ. Padova 46, 255–281 (1994).

Google Scholar 

Qvarnström, M., Niedźwiedzki, G., Tafforeau, P., Žigaitė, Ž & Ahlberg, P. E. Synchrotron phase-contrast microtomography of coprolites generates novel palaeobiological data. Sci. Rep. 7, 2723 (2017).

ADS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Vermeij, G. J. The Mesozoic marine revolution: evidence from snails, predators and grazers. Paleobiology 3, 245–258 (1977).

Article  Google Scholar 

Baumiller, T. K. et al. Post-Paleozoic crinoid radiation to benthic predation preceded the Mesozoic marine revolution. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 107, 5893–5896 (2010).

ADS  CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

McRoberts, C. A. Triassic bivalves and the initial marine Mesozoic revolution; a role of predators?. Geology 29, 359–362 (2001).

ADS  Article  Google Scholar 

Huang, J. et al. Repeated evolution of durophagy during ichthyosaur radiation after mass extinction indicated by hidden dentition. Sci. Rep. 10, 7798 (2020).

ADS  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Walker, S. E. & Brett, C. E. Post-Paleozoic patterns in marine predations: was there a Mesozoic and Cenozoic Marine Predatory Revolution?. Palentol. Soc. Pap. 8, 119–193 (2002).

Article  Google Scholar 

Underwood, C. J. Diversification of the Neoselachii (Chondrichthyes) during the Jurassic and Cretaceous. Paleobiology 32, 215–235 (2006).

Article  Google Scholar 

Kriwet, J., Kiessling, W. & Klug, S. Diversification trajectories and evolutionary lifehistory traits in early sharks and batoids. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 276, 945–951 (2009).

Google Scholar 

Gorzelak, P., Salamon, M. A. & Baumiller, T. K. Predator induced macroevolutionary trends in Mesozoic crinoids. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 109, 7004–7007 (2012).

ADS  CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Scheyer, T. M., Romano, C., Jenks, J. & Bucher, H. Early triassic marine biotic recovery: the predators’ perspective. PLoS ONE 9, e88987 (2014).

ADS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Gorzelak, P. Microstructural evidence for stalk autotomy in Holocrinus: the oldest stem-group isocrinid. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 506, 202–207 (2018).

Article  Google Scholar 

Gorzelak, P. et al. Experimental neoichnology of post-autotomy arm movements of sea lilies and possible evidence of thrashing behaviour in Triassic holocrinids. Sci. Rep. 10, 15147 (2020).

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar