Naeem, S., Duffy, J. E. & Zavaleta, E. The functions of biological diversity in an age of extinction. Science 336, 1401–1406 (2012).
Curtis, P. G., Slay, C. M., Harris, N. L., Tyukavina, A. & Hansen, M. C. Classifying drivers of global forest loss. Science 361, 1108–1111 (2018).
Ewers, R. M. & Didham, R. K. Confounding factors in the detection of species responses to habitat fragmentation. Biol. Rev. 81, 117–142 (2006).
Jones, G., Jacobs, D. S., Kunz, T. H., Willig, M. R. & Racey, P. A. Carpe noctem: the importance of bats as bioindicators. Endanger. Species Res. 8, 93–115 (2009).
Rocha, R. et al. Design matters: an evaluation of the impact of small man-made forest clearings on tropical bats using a before-after-control-impact design. For. Ecol. Manag. 401, 8–16 (2017).
Wood, J. R. et al. No single driver of biodiversity: divergent responses of multiple taxa across land use types. Ecosphere 8, e01997 (2017).
Coutinho Cunto, G. C. & Bernard, E. Neotropical bats as indicators of environmental disturbance: what is the emerging message?. Acta Chiropterologica 14, 143–151 (2012).
Medellín, R. A., Equihua, M. & Amin, M. A. Bat diversity and abundance as indicators of disturbance in neotropical rainforest. Conserv. Biol. 14, 1666–1675 (2000).
Russo, D., Bosso, L. & Ancillotto, L. Novel perspectives on bat insectivory highlight the value of this ecosystem service in farmland: research frontiers and management implications. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 266, 31–38 (2018).
Avila-Cabadilla, L. D., Stoner, K. E., Henry, M. & Alvarez Añorve, M. Y. Composition, structure and diversity of phyllostomid bat assemblages in different successional stages of a tropical dry forest. For. Ecol. Manag. 258, 986–996 (2009).
Castro-Luna, A. A., Sosa, V. J. & Castillo-Campos, G. Quantifying phyllostomid bats at different taxonomic levels as ecological indicators in a disturbed tropical forest. Acta Chiropterologica 9, 219–228 (2007).
García-Morales, R., Badano, E. I. & Moreno, C. E. Response of neotropical bat assemblages to human land use. Conserv. Biol. 27, 1096–1106 (2013).
Meyer, C. F. J. & Kalko, E. K. V. Bat assemblages on neotropical land-bridge islands: nested subsets and null model analyses of species co-occurrence patterns. Divers. Distrib. 14, 644–654 (2008).
Farneda, F. Z. et al. Predicting biodiversity loss in island and countryside ecosystems through the lens of taxonomic and functional biogeography. Ecography 43, 97–106 (2020).
Cisneros, L. M., Fagan, M. E. & Willig, M. R. Season-specific and guild-specific effects of anthropogenic landscape modification on metacommunity structure of tropical bats. J. Anim. Ecol. 84, 373–385 (2015).
Peña-Cuellar, E., Stoner, K. E., Avila-Cabadilla, L. D., Martínez-Ramos, M. & Estrada, A. Phyllostomid bat assemblages in different successional stages of tropical rain forest in Chiapas, Mexico. Biodivers. Conserv. 21, 1381–1397 (2012).
Fenton, A. M. B. et al. Phyllostomid bats (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) as indicators of habitat disruption in the Neotropics. Biotropica 24, 440–446 (1992).
Avila-Cabadilla, L. D. et al. Local and landscape factors determining occurrence of phyllostomid bats in tropical secondary forests. PLoS ONE 7, e35228 (2012).
Falcão, L. A. D., do Espírito-Santo, M. M., Fernandes, G. W. & Paglia, A. P. Effects of habitat structure, plant cover, and successional stage on the bat assemblage of a tropical dry forest at different spatial scales. Diversity 10, 1–11 (2018).
Avila-Cabadilla, L. D. et al. Phyllostomid bat occurrence in successional stages of neotropical dry forests. PLoS ONE 9, e84572 (2014).
Falcão, L. A. D., do Espírito-Santo, M. M., Leite, L. O., Garro, R. N. S. L., Avila-Cabadilla, L. D. & Stoner, K. E. Spatiotemporal variation in phyllostomid bat assemblages over a successional gradient in a tropical dry forest in southeastern Brazil. J. Trop. Ecol. 30, 123–132 (2014).
Zarazúa-Carbajal, M., Avila-Cabadilla, L. D., Alvarez-Añorve, M. Y., Benítez-Malvido, J. & Stoner, K. E. Importance of riparian habitat for frugivorous bats in a tropical dry forest in western Mexico. J. Trop. Ecol. 33, 74–82 (2017).
Meyer, C. F. J., Struebig, M. J. & Willig, M. R. Responses of tropical bats to habitat fragmentation, logging, and deforestation. In Bats in the Anthropocene: conservation of bats in a changing world (eds. Voigt, C. C. & Kingston, T.) 63–103 (Springer International Publishing) doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25220-9 (2016).
Estrada, A. & Coates-Estrada, R. Bats in continuous forest, forest fragments and in an agricultural mosaic habitat-island at Los Tuxtlas, Mexico. Biol. Conserv. 103, 237–245 (2002).
Galindo-González, J. Clasificación de los murciélagos de la región de Los Tuxtlas, Veracruz, respecto a su respuesta a la fragmentación del hábitat. Acta Zoológica Mex. 20, 239–243 (2004).
Gorrensen, M. & Willing, M. R. Landscape responses of bats to habitat fragmentation in Atlantic forest of Paraguay. J. Mammal. 85, 688–697 (2004).
de Oliveira, H. F. M., de Camargo, N. F., Gager, Y. & Aguiar, L. M. S. The response of bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) to habitat modification in a neotropical savannah. Trop. Conserv. Sci. 10, 1–14 (2017).
de la Peña-Cuéllar, E., Benítez-Malvido, J., Avila-Cabadilla, L. D., Martínez-Ramos, M. & Estrada, A. Structure and diversity of phyllostomid bat assemblages on riparian corridors in a human-dominated tropical landscape. Ecol. Evol. 5, 903–913 (2015).
García-Morales, R. et al. Deforestation impacts on bat functional diversity in tropical landscapes. PLoS ONE 11, 1–16 (2016).
Daniel, S., Korine, C. & Pinshow, B. Central-place foraging in nursing, arthropod-gleaning bats. Can. J. Zool. 86, 623–626 (2008).
Galindo-González, J. & Sosa, V. J. Frugivorous bats in isolated trees and riparian vegetation associated with human-made pastures in a fragmented tropical landscape. Southwest. Nat. 48, 579–589 (2003).
Chazdon, R. L. et al. Rates of change in tree communities of secondary neotropical forests following major disturbances. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 362, 273–289 (2007).
Brito, J., Camacho, M. A., Romero, V. & Vallejo, A. F. Mamíferos del Ecuador. Versión 2019.0. Museo de Zoología, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador. https://bioweb.bio/faunaweb/mammaliaweb (2019).
Tirira, D. A field guide to the mammals of Ecuador. Asociación Ecuatoriana de Mastozoología and Murciélago Blanco Publishing House (2017).
Jara-Guerrero, A., Maldonado Riofrío, D., Espinosa, C. I. & Duncan, D. H. Beyond the blame game: a restoration pathway reconciles ecologists’ and local leaders’ divergent models of seasonally dry tropical forest degradation. Ecol. Soc. 24, 22 (2019).
Cueva Ortiz, J. et al. Influence of anthropogenic factors on the diversity and structure of a dry forest in the central part of the Tumbesian region (Ecuador-Perú). Forests 10, 1–22 (2019).
Medina, A., Harvey, C. A., Sánchez Merlo, D., Vílchez, S. & Hernández, B. Bat diversity and movement in an agricultural landscape in Matiguás, Nicaragua. Biotropica 39, 120–128 (2007).
Davies, K. F., Margules, C. R. & Lawrence, J. F. Which traits of species predict population declines in experimental forest fragments?. Ecology 81, 1450–1461 (2000).
Henle, K., Davies, K. F., Kleyer, M., Margules, C. & Settele, J. Predictors of species sensitivity to fragmentation. Biodivers. Conserv. 13, 207–251 (2004).
Medellin, R. A. Chrotopterus auritus. Mamm. Species 343, 1–5 (1989).
Aguirre, L. F., Lens, L., Van Damme, R. & Matthysen, E. Consistency and variation in the bat assemblages inhabiting two forest islands within a neotropical savanna in Bolivia. J. Trop. Ecol. 19, 367–374 (2003).
Stoner, K. E. Phyllostomid bat community structure and abundance in two contrasting tropical dry forests. Biotropica 37, 591–599 (2005).
Gotelli, N. J. & Colwell, R. K. Estimating species richness. In Biological diversity: frontiers in measurement and assessment (eds. Magurran, A. & McGill, B. J.) 39–54 (Oxford University Press, 2011).
Moreno, C. E. & Halffter, G. Assessing the completeness of bat biodiversity inventories using species accumulation curves. J. Appl. Ecol. 37, 149–158 (2000).
Colwell, R. K. & Coddington, J. A. Estimating terrestrial biodiversity through extrapolation. Philos. Trans. Biol. Sci. 345, 101–118 (1994).
Baselga, A. Partitioning the turnover and nestedness components of beta diversity. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 19, 134–143 (2010).
Baselga, A. Separating the two components of abundance-based dissimilarity: balanced changes in abundance vs. abundance gradients. Methods Ecol. Evol. 4, 552–557 (2013).
Mena, J. L. & Williams de Castro, M. Diversidad y patrones reproductivos de quirópteros en un área urbana de Lima, Perú. Ecol. Apl. 1, 1–8 (2002).
Pacheco, V., Cadenillas, R., Salas, E., Tello, C. & Zeballos, H. Diversidad y endemismo de los mamíferos del Perú. Rev. Peru. Biol. 16, 5–32 (2009).
Pinto, C. M., Marchán-Rivadeneira, M. R., Tapia, E. E., Carrera, J. P. & Baker, R. J. Distribution, abundance and roosts of the fruit bat Artibeus fraterculus (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae). Acta Chiropterologica 15, 85–94 (2013).
Homyack, J. A. Evaluating habitat quality of vertebrates using conservation physiology tools. Wildl. Res. 37, 332–342 (2010).
Carrasco-Rueda, F. & Loiselle, B. A. Do riparian forest strips in modified forest landscapes aid in conserving bat diversity?. Ecol. Evol. 9, 4192–4209 (2019).
Lewis, S. E. Roost fidelity of bats: a review. Am. Soc. Mammal. Roost 76, 481–496 (1995).
Voss, R. S., Fleck, D. W., Strauss, R. E., Velazco, P. M. & Simmons, N. B. Roosting ecology of Amazonian bats: evidence for guild structure in hyperdiverse mammalian communities. Am. Museum Novit. 3870, 1–43 (2016).
Hylander, K. & Ehrle, J. The mechanisms causing extinction debts. Trends Ecol. Evol. 28, 341–346 (2013).
Willig, M. R. et al. Guild-level responses of bats to habitat conversion in a lowland Amazonian rainforest: species composition and biodiversity. J. Mammal. 100, 223–238 (2019).
Meyer, C. F. J. Methodological challenges in monitoring bat population- and assemblage-level changes for anthropogenic impact assessment. Mamm. Biol. 80, 159–169 (2015).
Gibb, R., Browning, E., Glover-Kapfer, P. & Jones, K. E. Emerging opportunities and challenges for passive acoustics in ecological assessment and monitoring. Methods Ecol. Evol. 10, 169–185 (2019).
Sikes, R. S. & the Animal Care and Use Committee of the American Society of Mammalogists. 2016 Guidelines of the American Society of Mammalogists for the use of wild mammals in research and education. J. Mammal. 97, 663–688 (2016).
Espinosa, C. I. et al. Bosques tropicales secos de la región Pacífico Ecuatorial: diversidad, estructura, funcionamiento e implicaciones para la conservación. Ecosistemas 21, 167–179 (2012).
García-Cervigón, A. I., Camarero, J. J. & Espinosa, C. I. Intra-annual stem increment patterns and climatic responses in five tree species from an Ecuadorian tropical dry forest. Trees 31, 1057–1067 (2017).
Jara-Guerrero, A., De la Cruz, M. & Méndez, M. Seed dispersal spectrum of woody species in South Ecuadorian dry forests: environmental correlates and the effect of considering species abundance. Biotropica 43, 722–730 (2011).
Vázquez, M., Larrea, M. & Ojeda, P. Biodiversidad en los bosques secos del suroccidente de la provincia de Loja (EcoCiencia, 2001).
Tapia-Armijos, M. F., Homeier, J., Espinosa, C. I., Leuschner, C. & De La Cruz, M. Deforestation and forest fragmentation in south Ecuador since the 1970s-losing a hotspot of biodiversity. PLoS ONE 10, e133701 (2015).
Cueva Ortiz, J. & Chalán, L. A. Cobertura vegetal y uso actual del suelo de la provincia de Loja. Informe Técnico (2010).
Kalka, M. & Kalko, E. K. V. Gleaning bats as underestimated predators of herbivorous insects: diet of Micronycteris microtis (Phyllostomidae) in Panama. J. Trop. Ecol. 22, 1–10 (2006).
Espinosa, C. I., Valle, D., Armijos, D., Jara-Guerrero, A. & Griffith, D. M. Bat abundance data from Zapotillo, Ecuador 2013–2017. Knowl. Netw. Biocomplexity https://doi.org/10.5063/F1765CQJ (2020).
Barwell, L. J., Isaac, N. J. B. & Kunin, W. E. Measuring β-diversity with species abundance data. J. Anim. Ecol. 84, 1112–1122 (2015).
Jakob, E. M., Marshall, S. D. & Uetz, G. W. Estimating fitness: a comparison of body condition indices. Oikos 77, 61–67 (1996).
Reist, J. D. An empirical evaluation of several univariate methods that adjust for size variation in morphometric data. Can. J. Zool. 63, 1429–1439 (1985).
Oksanen, J. et al. vegan: Community Ecology Package. R package version 2.5-6. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=vegan (2019).
R Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna. https://www.R-project.org/ (2018).
Source: Ecology - nature.com