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The experiments were approved by the French Ethics Committee in charge of Animal Experimentation (no.2019072411491441) and were in accordance with institutional and ARRIVE guidelines.Animal collection and husbandryIn May 2019, juvenile European sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax (Linnaeus 1758) (6 months old, mass 5 g), were transferred from a fish farm (Turbot Ichtus, Trédarzec, France) to the Ifremer rearing facility (Plouzané, France). Fish were kept in a common tank for 5 months, maintained under a 12 L: 12 D photoperiod, and fed at satiety three times a week using commercial pellets (Neo Start, Le Gouessant, Lamballe, France).In October 2019, fish (n = 40) were anaesthetized (Tricaïne; 125 mg L−1), weighed (41.5 ± 1.8 g, MCE11201S-2S00-0, Sartorius, Göttingen, Germany), and implanted subcutaneously with an identification tag (RFID; Biolog-id, Bernay, France). The fish were then randomly allocated to ten replicate 400 L tanks supplied with open-flow, fully aerated seawater (oxygen saturation  > 95%, salinity 32 ppt), thermo-regulated during winter to avoid falling below 13 °C, and fed at satiety three times a week. Temperature was recorded weekly. To account for the potential effect of temperature variation over the duration of the trial (15.5 ± 0.5 °C, range: 13.1–17.9 °C) on growth, a correlations analysis was performed between temperature and specific growth rate (SGR). No statistical relationship was found between SGR and temperature (Spearman R2 = 0.060, P = 0.596). Additional fish (n = 40) were present in the tanks (final density: n = 8 per tank) for the need of another project.Growth measurementsBody mass (BM) was measured about every four weeks from October 2019 to June 2020. The fish were fasted for 48 h and anesthetized before each BM measurement (± 0.1 g). The specific growth rate (% day-1) was estimated as follows:$${text{Specific~Growth~Rate}} = ~frac{{ln left( {final~BM} right) – ln left( {initial~BM} right)}}{{{text{days~elapsed}}}} times 100$$In March 2020, a red muscle biopsy sample was collected from fish to measure the mitochondrial metabolic traits. Past growth was defined as specific growth rates before the analysis of mitochondrial metabolic traits (past specific growth rate, SGRpast). SGRpast were calculated using the BM at the muscle biopsy as the final BM and the BM at 7, 11, 16, and 20 weeks before the muscle biopsy as the initial BM (Fig. 1). Future growth was defined as specific growth rates after analysis of mitochondrial metabolic traits (future specific growth rates, SGRfuture). SGRfuture were calculated using the BM at 4, 8, and 12 weeks after the muscle biopsy as the final BM and the BM at the muscle biopsy as the initial BM. In European sea bass, most of the somatic growth occur within the first 3 to 5 years of life, so several months of growth measurement at the juvenile stage might be representative of the overall growth of the animal.Figure 1Experimental design. Juvenile European sea bass (n = 40) were weighted about every four weeks over a 32-week period. At week 20, a biopsy of red muscle was used for mitochondrial assay. Specific growth rates (SGR) were calculated relative to the time of the biopsy. Past growth rate corresponds to SGR calculated before the biopsy, and future growth rate corresponds to SGR calculated after the biopsy.Full size imageMuscle biopsy procedureMuscle biopsy was performed as a non-lethal means of sampling tissue for the mitochondrial assay while allowing us to determine future growth rate. Fish were anaesthetized with tricaine (as above), weighed (76.7 ± 3.6 g), and biopsied. A skin incision ( More

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Gigantic trees occur in only a few regions on Earth. Some of the world’s largest eucalypts, for example, are on the island of Tasmania, off southeastern Australia. As wildfires increase in severity and frequency as a result of climate change, we urge the authorities to protect these trees by adopting measures similar to those applied to safeguard California’s redwood forests.
Competing Interests
The authors declare no competing interests. More

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