Philippa Kaur

AbstractMaize production by smallholder farmers in sub-Saharan Africa is constrained by declining soil fertility due to low input use and poor nutrient management. This study evaluated the individual and combined effects of biochar, compost, and chemical fertilizer on maize growth, yield, and soil chemical properties during the 2023 and 2024 cropping seasons in Northern Ghana. A randomized complete block design was used with six treatments: control, biochar alone (B), compost alone (C), chemical fertilizer (CF), biochar + compost (½ B + ½ C), and biochar + compost + chemical fertilizer (½ B + ½ C + ½ CF). Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA), and treatment means were separated using the least significant difference (LSD) test at a 5% probability level. The biochar + compost + chemical fertilizer (½ B + ½ C + ½ CF) treatment significantly increased maize grain yield by 105.7% in 2023 and 127.4% in 2024 compared to the control. Soil organic carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus improved by 115.8%, 685%, and 40.2%, respectively, under this integrated treatment. The SPAD chlorophyll index, cob number, seed weight, and harvest index also increased significantly. Grain yield correlated strongly with soil pH (r = 0.88***), electrical conductivity (r = 0.94***), organic carbon (r = 0.84***), and phosphorus (r = 0.86***). The results demonstrate that integrating biochar, compost, and mineral fertilizer enhances maize productivity and soil fertility, while biochar addition contributes to increased soil carbon storage in semi-arid, low-input systems of West Africa.

Data availability

The datasets generated and/or analysed during the current study are available upon request.
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Download referencesFundingNo funding was received for this study. Declarations Competing interests T he authors declare no competing interests.Author informationAuthors and AffiliationsCSIR-Savanna Agricultural Research Institute, P.O. Box TL 52, Tamale, GhanaAbdul-Latif Abdul-Aziz, Abdulai Haruna & Alhassan Yamyolya BaakoAuthorsAbdul-Latif Abdul-AzizView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarAbdulai HarunaView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarAlhassan Yamyolya BaakoView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarContributionsAll authors reviewed and approved the final manuscript. **ALAA** conceived and designed the study, conducted the investigation, and prepared the original manuscript draft. **ALAA, AH, and AYB** contributed to methodology refinement, supervised data collection and analysis, and participated in manuscript review and editing.Corresponding authorCorrespondence to
Abdul-Latif Abdul-Aziz.Ethics declarations

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Reprints and permissionsAbout this articleCite this articleAbdul-Aziz, AL., Haruna, A. & Baako, A.Y. Integrating biochar, compost, and chemical fertilizer improves maize yield and soil health in the guinea savannah: evidence from two cropping seasons in Northern Ghana.
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KeywordsBiocharCompostGuinea savannaIntegrated nutrient managementMaize productivitySoil chemical properties More

AbstractThe initial rate of pathogen invasion in crops is influenced by the spatial clustering of susceptible crops and the characteristics of pathogen dispersal. Previous studies have shown that various degrees of crop clustering can effectively reduce this invasion rate. However, the optimal degrees of clustering that minimize pathogen invasion have not previously been identified. This study aims to determine analytically the range of crop clustering that minimizes the initial rate of pathogen invasion. We studied artificial agricultural landscapes with crop areas arranged in identical square clusters on a regular square lattice. For pathogen dispersal, we used several common dispersal kernels, including Gaussian, negative exponential, and power-law. The optimal degree of clustering, defined by cluster size and separation distance, was calculated using a new analytical approximation for the pathogen invasion rate, which showed strong agreement with computer simulations. Additionally, we analysed a realistic cassava landscape at risk of invasion by cassava brown streak virus. We identified a range of optimal cluster sizes and corresponding separation distances that minimize pathogen invasion rates for various dispersal kernels and landscapes with clusters of crop fields arranged on a regular square lattice. The methods can be extended to other geometrical configurations, such as long narrow fields. Using a cassava landscape as an example, we show how optimal crop clustering strategies can be derived to mitigate the potential invasion of cassava brown streak virus. The methods provides analytical insights that can help farmers and agricultural planners to optimize the spatial structure of agricultural landscapes to minimize initial pathogen invasion rates.

Data availability

The datasets analysed during the current study were sourced from the previously published work by Suprunenko et al. (2024) [39] and are available in the Figshare repository, https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.25804702.
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Download referencesAcknowledgementsThe authors are grateful to Dr Stephen Cornell for useful discussions at early stages of this work, and to Dr Alison Scott-Brown for helpful comments on the manuscript.FundingC.A.G. acknowledges financial support from the Gates Foundation (INV-010472).Author informationAuthors and AffiliationsDepartment of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UKYevhen F. Suprunenko & Christopher A. GilliganAuthorsYevhen F. SuprunenkoView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarChristopher A. GilliganView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarContributionsBoth authors contributed to the study conception. YFS developed analytical approximations, performed analysis and calculations, and generated figures. YFS and CAG reviewed and discussed the results. The first draft of the manuscript was written by YFS. Both authors reviewed the manuscript and approved the final manuscript.Corresponding authorCorrespondence to
Yevhen F. Suprunenko.Ethics declarations

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Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
Reprints and permissionsAbout this articleCite this articleSuprunenko, Y.F., Gilligan, C.A. Optimizing crop clustering to minimize pathogen invasion in agriculture.
Sci Rep (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-30635-9Download citationReceived: 07 July 2025Accepted: 26 November 2025Published: 13 December 2025DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-30635-9Share this articleAnyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:Get shareable linkSorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.Copy shareable link to clipboard
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AbstractThere is a long tradition in using genetically based color polymorphisms in natural populations to study evolutionary processes. Despite growing evidence for continuous phenotypic variation within discrete morphs, we still know little about how this shapes selective dynamics. Here, using 43 years of plumage color data from a Finnish tawny owl population (Strix aluco), we show that gray and brown morphs exhibit substantial intra-morph variation, which has diverged over time. Plumage in the brown morph became increasingly pigmented, while the gray morph showed an abrupt shift toward lighter coloration. By examining both adult and offspring plumage, we identified morph-specific drivers of these trends: in gray owls, reduced pigmentation appears linked to extreme winters that eroded standing genetic variation, likely constraining their evolutionary response. In contrast, brown morph dynamics were shaped by an interaction between plumage coloration, reproductive success, and breeding timing, along with stronger temperature effects during the pre-fledging period. These findings suggest that intra-morph variation determines each morph’s response to selection pressures, potentially influencing their ability to track shifting phenotypic optima. Our work highlights the relevance of phenotypic variation within genetically discrete morphs for evolutionary processes, including how populations respond to environmental change.

Data availability

We have archived all data necessary to reproduce the results and figures in an online data repository: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1539270371.
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Passarotto, A., Lürig, M. D., Aaltonen, E. & Karell, P. Data supporting the paper “Morph-specific selection pressures drive phenotypic divergence in a color polymorphic bird”. Zenodo. Dataset and codes https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15392703 (2025).Download referencesAcknowledgementsThis paper is dedicated to the memory of Kari Ahola, who passed away during the writing of the manuscript. Without him, this and many other projects would not have been possible. We greatly thank Teuvo Karstinen and the other members of KBP for the many hours spent conducting fieldwork and data sharing. We also thank Glaucia Del-Rio, Arthur Porto, and Edward Iwimey-Cook for commenting on a draft of the manuscript and advice on animal models. The work was supported by the Swedish Cultural Foundation (grant numbers 168034 and 188919 to P.K.). A.P. was supported by a Margarita Salas fellowship from the University of Seville (MSALAS-2022-22312). M.D.L. was supported by a Marie Sklodowska Curie Individual fellowship awarded by the European Commission (PhenoDim; Grant No. 898932). This is paper number 25 from Kimpari Bird Projects (KBP).FundingOpen access funding provided by Lund University.Author informationAuthor notesThese authors contributed equally: Arianna Passarotto, Moritz David Lürig.Authors and AffiliationsEvolutionary Ecology Unit, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, SwedenArianna Passarotto, Moritz David Lürig & Patrik KarellUniversidad de Sevilla, Seville, SpainArianna PassarottoSchool of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UKArianna PassarottoFlorida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USAMoritz David LürigIndependent researcher, Lohja, FinlandEsa AaltonenAuthorsArianna PassarottoView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarMoritz David LürigView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarEsa AaltonenView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarPatrik KarellView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarContributionsA.P., M.D.L., and P.K. conceived the study. E.A. and P.K. collected the data in the field. A.P. and M.D.L. analyzed the data. A.P. and M.D.L. wrote the first draft with inputs from P.K. All authors (A.P., M.D.L., E.A., and P.K.) revised and commented on the manuscript and approved the final version.Corresponding authorCorrespondence to
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Reprints and permissionsAbout this articleCite this articlePassarotto, A., Lürig, M.D., Aaltonen, E. et al. Morph-specific selection drives phenotypic divergence in color polymorphic tawny owls (Strix aluco) in Northern Europe.
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AbstractThe effect of the habitat conditions on the pollen features of invasive species has not been studied so far, and may affect the quality of their generative reproduction and contribute to the development of more effective methods of their control. Three species invasive in Europe and Poland were selected for the study – Impatiens parviflora DC., Impatiens glandulifera Royle and Impatiens capensis Meerb. The morphology and intraspecific variability of pollen grains in three Impatiens species growing under different habitat conditions were examined. Specimens were sampled from 198 sites throughout Poland, covering 10 ecologically distinct habitat types. In total, 5940 pollen grains were analysed in respect to the length of the polar axis (P), equatorial diameter (E), exine thickness (Exp), P/E, Exp/P ratios, and exine ornamentation and ectocolpi arrangement. Our research showed that the three studied species can be distinguished based on their palynomorphology. The most important traits were: exine ornamentation and ectocolpi arrangement, pollen size (P, E) and exine thickness (Exp). A relationship between the habitat conditions prevailing in the analysed habitats and the pollen grain characteristics was found, especially in I. glandulifera. In this species pollen size (P, E) increases in the optimal habitat conditions such as edges of reservoirs and watercourses, and decreases in the suboptimal habitat conditions such as anthropogenic habitats. A similar pattern is observed in I. parviflora, where optimal habitats such as mesic mixed coniferous forest favour larger pollen grains, whereas suboptimal habitats like swamp forest are associated with reduced pollen size. In I. capensis, optimal conditions also correspond to edges of watercourses, while suboptimal conditions include swamp forest. Additionally, exine thickness (Exp) may represent an adaptive trait, reflecting plant response to growth and development in unfavorable environments.

Data availability

Data concerning pollen grain measurements will be made available by the corresponding author, whereas the remaining data are included in the manuscript and the supplementary materials.
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Download referencesFundingThe publication was financed by the Polish Minister of Science and Higher Education as part of the Strategy of the Poznań University of Life Sciences for 2024–2026 in the field of improving scientific research and development work in priority research areas and co-financed by the Minister of Science under the “Regional Excellence Initiative” Program for 2024–2027 (RID/SP/0045/2024/01) and statutory funds of the Institute of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Szczecin, Poland.Author informationAuthors and AffiliationsDepartment of Botany and Forest Habitats, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 71d, 60-625, Poznań, PolandDorota Wrońska-Pilarek, Kacper Lechowicz & Blanka WiatrowskaDepartment of Mathematical and Statistical Methods, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 28, 60-637, Poznań, PolandKonrad BanaśDepartment of Environmental Ecology, Institute of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Szczecin, Adama Mickiewicza 16, 70-383, Szczecin, PolandMonika MyśliwyInstitute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiellońska 28, 40-032, Katowice, PolandBarbara Tokarska-GuzikWigry National Park, Krzywe 82, 16-402, Suwałki, PolandLech KrzysztofiakAuthorsDorota Wrońska-PilarekView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarKacper LechowiczView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarKonrad BanaśView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarMonika MyśliwyView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarBarbara Tokarska-GuzikView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarLech KrzysztofiakView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarBlanka WiatrowskaView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarContributionsDWP: Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing, Methodology, Investigation, Formal analysis, Data curation. KL: Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing, Methodology, Investigation, Visualization, Data curation. KB: Writing – original draft, Methodology, Investigation, Software, Visualization, Formal analysis, Data curation. MM: Investigation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing, Data curation. BT-G: Investigation, Writing – original draft, Data curation. LK: Data curation. B.W: Conceptualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing, Methodology, Investigation, Formal analysis, Data curation.Corresponding authorCorrespondence to
Dorota Wrońska-Pilarek.Ethics declarations

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The authors declare no competing interests.

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Reprints and permissionsAbout this articleCite this articleWrońska-Pilarek, D., Lechowicz, K., Banaś, K. et al. Pollen morphology of three invasive Impatiens species in Europe under varying habitat conditions—a case study from Poland.
Sci Rep (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-32427-7Download citationReceived: 17 September 2025Accepted: 10 December 2025Published: 13 December 2025DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-32427-7Share this articleAnyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:Get shareable linkSorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.Copy shareable link to clipboard
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Keywords
Impatiens parviflora

I. glandulifera

I. capensis
Invasive alien speciesPollen morphologyPollen sizeP/EHabitat conditions More

AbstractEpisodic memory involves remembering the what, when, and where components of an event. It has been observed in humans, other vertebrates, and the invertebrate cuttlefish. In clever behavioral experiments, cuttlefish have been shown to have episodic-like memory, where they demonstrate the ability to remember when and where a preferred food source will appear. The present work replicates this behavior with a parsimonious model of episodic memory. To further test this model and explore episodic-like memory, we introduce a predator-prey scenario in which the agent must remember what creatures (e.g. predator, desirable prey, or less desirable prey) appear at a given time and region of the model environment. This simulates similar situations that cuttlefish face in the wild. They will typically hide when predators are in the area, and hunt for prey when available. When the memory model is queried for an action (e.g., hunt or hide), the cuttlefish agent hunts for preferred food, like shrimp, when available, and hides at other times when a predator appears. When the memory model is queried for a place, the cuttlefish agent acts opportunistically, seeking less-preferred food (e.g., crabs) if it is located farther from a predator. These differences show how behavior can be altered depending on how memory is accessed. Querying the model over time might mimic mental time travel, a hallmark of episodic memory. Although developed with cuttlefish in mind, the model shares similarities with the hippocampal indexing theory and captures aspects of vertebrate episodic memory. This suggests that the underlying mechanisms supporting episodic-like behavior in the present model may be an example of convergent cognitive evolution.

Data availability

The source code for these simulations is written in Python and publicly available at: https://github.com/jkrichma/EpisodicLikeMemoryModel.git
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Download referencesAcknowledgementsThe authors would like to thank members of the CuttleBot team for many valuable discussions. The authors would also like to thank Professor Nicola Clayton for valuable comments on an earlier version of the manuscript.FundingThe CuttleBot team was supported by the UC Irvine California Institute for Telecommunications and Information Technology (CALIT2) in collaboration with the UC Irvine Undergraduate Research Opportunities Program (UROP). J.K. was supported in part by National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke award R01 NS135850-02.Author informationAuthors and AffiliationsDepartment of Cognitive Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697-5100, USASriskandha Kandimalla, Qian Ying Wong & Jeffrey L. KrichmarDepartment of Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697-7085, USAKary Zheng & Jeffrey L. KrichmarAuthorsSriskandha KandimallaView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarQian Ying WongView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarKary ZhengView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarJeffrey L. KrichmarView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarContributionsS.K., Q.W., and J.K. designed the experiment. Q.W., K.Z. and J.K. implemented the model. All authors analyzed the results. All authors wrote the manuscript. All authors reviewed the manuscript.Corresponding authorCorrespondence to
Jeffrey L. Krichmar.Ethics declarations

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Reprints and permissionsAbout this articleCite this articleKandimalla, S., Wong, Q.Y., Zheng, K. et al. Episodic-like memory in a simulation of cuttlefish behavior.
Sci Rep (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-31950-xDownload citationReceived: 30 October 2025Accepted: 05 December 2025Published: 13 December 2025DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-31950-xShare this articleAnyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:Get shareable linkSorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.Copy shareable link to clipboard
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AbstractThe complex interplay between host and commensal gut microbiota affects the major biological functions such as metabolism and stress adaptation, and displays pronounced seasonality in mammals. However, the seasonal dynamic patterns of immune responses and microbiota, and their interactions remain uncertain in animals inhabiting extreme environments. We analyzed monthly hormones, immunoglobulins and fecal microbiota from yaks grazing on the Tibetan plateau. Clear seasonal patterns were observed: glucocorticoid levels peaked in the cold season, while concentrations of IgA, IgG, IgM, and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) increased during the warm season. Yak fecal microbiota also fluctuated seasonally, with lowest diversity in the warm season but accompanied by an enrichment of Firmicutes and Actinobacteria. Taxa such as Alistipes, Bacteroides, Romboutsia and Arthrobacter contributed to seasonal shifts in the levels of SCFAs and immunoglobulins. These results indicate that yaks synchronize peak immune activation and energy production with the nutrient-rich warm season, suggesting a role for microbiome plasticity in driving immune flexibility for high-altitude animals.

Data availability

Raw data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article (and its supplementary information files). 16S rRNA gene sequencing raw data are deposited in the dryad database at http://datadryad.org/stash/share/lwsE1wTCwixFVpOgtytCDENrx3hgvxJmOTKSkpzqslo.
Code availability

The R code used to generate the main results of this study is available publicly on Zenodo (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17622103)75.
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A. Allan Degen or Zhanhuan Shang.Ethics declarations

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Reprints and permissionsAbout this articleCite this articleGuo, N., Gou, N., Shi, F. et al. Short-chain fatty acids mediate interactions between immune responses and commensal bacteria in high altitude yaks.
Commun Biol (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-025-09351-7Download citationReceived: 09 April 2025Accepted: 01 December 2025Published: 13 December 2025DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-025-09351-7Share this articleAnyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:Get shareable linkSorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.Copy shareable link to clipboard
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AbstractBite force is a simple trait indicating an animal’s performance related to foraging, social dominance, and defence, all of which influence individual reproductive success. We examine the effect of breeding status on bite force in four social species of Fukomys, a genus of subterranean African rodents (Bathyergidae). These species are cooperative breeders, where reproduction is limited typically to a breeding pair. We collected in vivo bite force data, head width, and upper incisors width from 404 individuals from 75 families and tested whether breeders exhibit stronger bite force. We reveal that breeding males of all four species outperform non-breeders, with bite force in non-breeding males and females being 12% and 22% lower, respectively. In contrast, breeding females underperform relative to other categories, with bite force approximately 31% lower than in breeding males, and many are reluctant to bite. Head width and upper incisors width corroborate these findings. We propose that breeding males require a stronger bite force because of repeated competition with non-related males that may try to enter the family. In contrast, there is much less competition for the breeding position among females, as females rarely intrude into established families.

Data availability

The raw data (Supplementary Data 1 and Supplementary Data 2) used to calculate the results and generate the figures presented in this study are available in the Figshare repository, as part of this record: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.2942328898.
Code availability

The R code (Supplementary Data 3) used to calculate the results and generate the figures presented in this study is available in the Figshare repository, as part of this record: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.2942328898.
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Reprints and permissionsAbout this articleCite this articleŠumbera, R., Kraus, A., Mikula, O. et al. Breeding male mole-rats (Fukomys) use strong bites to defend reproductive monopoly.
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AbstractGreen manures are widely used to enhance soil health and suppress plant-parasitic nematodes, and their effects on the broader soil food web have been studied. Beyond direct suppression, the role of green manures in supporting and sustaining soil food webs has attracted increasing attention. In this study, we evaluated the use of DNA sequencing to identify various nematode genera and their microbial associates in a field trial using oat (Avena sativa) and hairy vetch (Vicia villosa) as green manures. Nematode index analysis revealed that the oat treatment promoted a structured nematode community. Furthermore, the nematode community structure observed in the oat treatment was linked to specific bacterial and fungal genera. Several beneficial fungi were identified, indicating that oats, used as a green manure, actively enhanced the microbiome. Our results showed that enriching the micro-food web through organic fertilizers can help in the detection of beneficial microorganisms, with the nematode index serving as a potential indicator.

Data availability

Sequence data that support the findings of this study have been deposited in the National Center for Biotechnology Information with the BioSample IDs: SAMN48745011, SAMN48745012, and SAMN48745013.
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Not applicable.
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Download referencesAcknowledgementsWe thank the former students in our laboratory (Tanioka K., Sawada H., Senoo Y., Nezu Y., Ueda K., Hayashi D., Matsumoto R., Iwamoto N., Tanaka T., Hashimoto T., Hashimoto M., Onishi F., Sato A., Watanabe R. and Yoshimoto T.) for their dedicated efforts in both fieldwork and laboratory work, particularly in handling soil samples. We are grateful to Dr. Wang, KH. at the University of Hawaii for critical reading of this manuscript. This research was supported by a grant (2021-2022) from the Research Institute for Food and Agriculture, Ryukoku University.FundingThis research was supported by a grant (2021–2022) from the Research Institute for Food and Agriculture, Ryukoku University.Author informationAuthors and AffiliationsDepartment of Life Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Ryukoku University, 1-5 Yokotani Seta Oe-cho, Otsu, 520-2194, Shiga, JapanAtsuya Sudo & Erika AsamizuDepartment of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Ryukoku University, 1-5 Yokotani Seta Oe-cho, Otsu, 520-2194, Shiga, JapanDaisuke Yoshimura & Hiroyuki DaimonGraduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-857, Miyagi, JapanShusei SatoAuthorsAtsuya SudoView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarDaisuke YoshimuraView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarHiroyuki DaimonView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarShusei SatoView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarErika AsamizuView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarContributionsE.A. conceived the conception of this study, performed analyses, wrote the manuscript. A.S. and D.Y. performed field practices, acquired data. H.D. and S.S. designed the methodology and interpreted the results. All authors read and approved the manuscript.Corresponding authorCorrespondence to
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Reprints and permissionsAbout this articleCite this articleSudo, A., Yoshimura, D., Daimon, H. et al. Green manure-induced shifts in nematode communities associated with soil bacterial and fungal biomes.
Sci Rep (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-31442-yDownload citationReceived: 23 May 2025Accepted: 02 December 2025Published: 13 December 2025DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-31442-yShare this articleAnyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:Get shareable linkSorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.Copy shareable link to clipboard
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KeywordsGreen manureNematode indexOat (Avena sativa)rRNA amplicon sequenceSoil bacteriaSoil fungi More