More stories

  • in

    Humans pressure wetland multifunctionality

    Daskalova, G. N. et al. Science 368, 1341–1347 (2020).CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Cardinale, B. J. et al. Nature 486, 59–67 (2012).CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Hector, A. & Bagchi, R. Nature 448, 188–190 (2007).CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Fanin, N. et al. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 2, 269–278 (2018).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Duffy, J. E. Front. Ecol. Environ. 7, 437–444 (2009).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Manning, P. et al. Adv. Ecol. Res. 61, 323–356 (2019).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Lefcheck, J. S. et al. Nat. Commun. 6, 6936 (2015).CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Soliveres, S. et al. Nature 536, 456–459 (2016).CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Moi, D. A. et al. Nat. Ecol. Evol. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-022-01827-7 (2022).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Venter, O. et al. Sci. Data 3, 160067 (2016).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Allan, E. et al. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 111, 308–313 (2014).CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Manning, P. et al. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 2, 427–436 (2018).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Gamfeldt, L. et al. Nat. Commun. 4, 1340 (2013).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Schuldt, A. et al. Nat. Commun. 9, 2989 (2018).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Jochum, M. et al. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 4, 1485–1494 (2020).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Dudgeon, D. et al. Biol. Rev. 81, 163–182 (2005).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Blois, J. L. et al. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 110, 9374–9379 (2013).CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    França, F. et al. J. Appl. Ecol. 53, 1098–1105 (2016).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Ewers, R. M. et al. Nat. Commun. 6, 6836 (2015).CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Reich, P. B. et al. Science 336, 589–592 (2012).CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar  More

  • in

    Phenotypic plasticity promotes species coexistence

    Pigliucci, M. Phenotypic plasticity: Beyond Nature and Nurture (Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, 2001).Chesson, P. Mechanisms of maintenance of species diversity. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 31, 343–366 (2000).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Aerts, R., Boot, R. G. A. & Van Der Aart, P. J. M. The relation between above- and belowground biomass allocation patterns and competitive ability. Oecologia 87, 551–559 (1991).CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Ashton, I. W., Miller, A. E., Bowman, W. D. & Suding, K. N. Niche complementarity due to plasticity in resource use: plant partitioning of chemical N forms. Ecology 91, 3252–3260 (2010).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Pfennig, D. W., Rice, A. M. & Martin, R. A. Ecological opportunity and phenotypic plasticity interact to promote character displacement and species coexistence. Ecology 87, 769–779 (2006).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    van Kleunen, M. & Fischer, M. Adaptive evolution of plastic foraging responses in a clonal plant. Ecology 82, 3309–3319 (2001).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Relyea, R. A. Competitor-induced plasticity in tadpoles: consequences, cues, and connections to predator-induced plasticity. Ecol. Monogr. 72, 523–540 (2002).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Broekman, M. J. E. et al. Signs of stabilisation and stable coexistence. Ecol. Lett. 22, 1957–1975 (2019).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Callaway, R. M., Pennings, S. C. & Richards, C. L. Phenotypic plasticity and interactions among plants. Ecology 84, 1115–1128 (2003).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Turcotte, M. M. & Levine, J. M. Phenotypic plasticity and species coexistence. Trends Ecol. Evol. 31, 803–813 (2016).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Chesson, P. in Unity in Diversity: Reflections on Ecology after the Legacy of Ramon Margalef (eds F. Valladares et al.) 119–164 (Fundación Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria, 2008).Ellner, S. P., Snyder, R. E. & Adler, P. B. How to quantify the temporal storage effect using simulations instead of math. Ecol. Lett. 19, 1333–1342 (2016).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Vasseur, D. A., Amarasekare, P., Rudolf, V. H. W. & Levine, J. M. Eco-evolutionary dynamics enable coexistence via neighbor-dependent selection. Am. Nat. 178, E96–E109 (2011).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Hendry, A. P. Key questions on the role of phenotypic plasticity in eco-evolutionary dynamics. J. Hered. 107, 25–41 (2016).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Hart, S. P., Turcotte, M. M. & Levine, J. M. Effects of rapid evolution on species coexistence. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 116, 2112–2117 (2019).CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Hart, S. P., Freckleton, R. P. & Levine, J. M. How to quantify competitive ability. J. Ecol. 106, 1902–1909 (2018).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Grainger, T. N., Levine, J. M. & Gilbert, B. The invasion criterion: a common currency for ecological research. Trends Ecol. Evol. 34, 925–935 (2019).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Letten, A. D., Ke, P.-J. & Fukami, T. Linking modern coexistence theory and contemporary niche theory. Ecol. Monogr. 87, 161–177 (2017).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Kraft, N. J. B., Godoy, O. & Levine, J. M. Plant functional traits and the multidimensional nature of species coexistence. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 112, 797–802 (2015).CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Pfennig, D. W. & Murphy, P. J. How fluctuating competition and phenotypic plasticity mediate species divergence. Evolution 56, 1217–1228 (2002).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Adler, P., HilleRisLambers, J. & Levine, J. A niche for neutrality. Ecol. Lett. 10, 95–104 (2007).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Barabás, G., D’Andrea, R. & Stump Simon, M. Chesson’s coexistence theory. Ecol. Monogr. 88, 277–303 (2018).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Pfennig, D. W. & Pfennig, K. S. Evolution’s Wedge: Competition and the Origins of Diversity (Univ. California Press, 2012).Ayala, F. J. Reversal of dominance in competing species of Drosophila. Am. Nat. 100, 81–83 (1966).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Pease, C. M. On the evolutionary reversal of competitive dominance. Evolution 38, 1099–1115 (1984).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Pimentel, D., Feinberg, E. H., Wood, P. W. & Hayes, J. T. Selection, spatial distribution, and the coexistence of competing fly species. Am. Nat. 99, 97–109 (1965).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Lankau, R. A. & Strauss, S. Y. Mutual feedbacks maintain both genetic and species diversity in a plant community. Science 317, 1561–1563 (2007).CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Kunstler, G. et al. Plant functional traits have globally consistent effects on competition. Nature 529, 204–207 (2016).CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Stuart, Y. E. & Losos, J. B. Ecological character displacement: glass half full or half empty? Trends Ecol. Evol. 28, 402–408 (2013).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Abrams, P. A. Alternative models of character displacement and niche shift. 2. Displacement when there is competition for a single resource. Am. Nat. 130, 271–282 (1987).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Chevin, L. M., Lande, R. & Mace, G. M. Adaptation, plasticity, and extinction in a changing environment: towards a predictive theory. PLoS Biol. 8, e1000357 (2010).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Harmon, E. A. & Pfennig, D. W. Evolutionary rescue via transgenerational plasticity: evidence and implications for conservation. Evol. Dev. 23, 292–307 (2021).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Forsman, A. Rethinking phenotypic plasticity and its consequences for individuals, populations and species. Heredity 115, 276–284 (2015).CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Brass, D. P. et al. Phenotypic plasticity as a cause and consequence of population dynamics. Ecol. Lett. 24, 2406–2417 (2021).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Macarthur, R. H. & Levins, R. The limiting similarity, convergence, and divergence of coexisting species. Am. Nat. 101, 377–385 (1967).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Beverton, R. J. H. & Holt, S. J. On the Dynamics of Exploited Fish Populations (UK Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, 1957).Landolt, E. Biosystematic Investigations in the Family of Duckweeds (Lemnaceae), Vol. 2: The Family of Lemnaceae—A Monographic Study, Vol.1 (Geobotanischen Institute, ETH Zürich, 1986).Wang, W. et al. The Spirodela polyrhiza genome reveals insights into its neotenous reduction fast growth and aquatic lifestyle. Nat. Commun. 5, 3311 (2014).CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Hoagland, D. R. & Arnon, D. I. The Water-Culture Method for Growing Plants without Soil (College of Agriculture, Agricultural Experiment Station, Univ. California, 1950).Inouye, B. D. Response surface experimental designs for investigating interspecific competition. Ecology 82, 2696–2706 (2001).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Law, R. & Watkinson, A. R. Response-surface analysis of two-species competition: an experiment on Phleum arenarium and Vulpia fasciculata. J. Ecol. 75, 871–886 (1987).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    MATLAB v.9.0 (MathWorks, 2016).Stan Modeling Language Users Guide and Reference Manual, v.2.27 (Stan Development Team, 2021); https://mc-stan.orgVehtari, A., Gelman, A. & Gabry, J. Practical Bayesian model evaluation using leave-one-out cross-validation and WAIC. Stat. Comput. 27, 1413–1432 (2017).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Bürkner, P.C. brms: an R package for Bayesian multilevel models using Stan. J. Stat. Softw. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v080.i01 (2017).Vehtari, A. et al. loo: efficient leave-one-out cross-validation and WAIC for Bayesian models, v.2.4.1 (2020).ImageJ (US NIH, 1997–2016). More

  • in

    Consistent trait-temperature interactions drive butterfly phenology in both incidental and survey data

    Parmesan, C. Ecological and evolutionary responses to recent climate change. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 37, 637–669 (2006).
    Google Scholar 
    Forrest, J. & Miller-Rushing, A. J. Toward a synthetic understanding of the role of phenology in ecology and evolution. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 365, 3101–3112 (2010).
    Google Scholar 
    Cohen, J. M., Lajeunesse, M. J. & Rohr, J. R. A global synthesis of animal phenological responses to climate change/631/158/2165/2457/631/158/2039/129/141/139 letter. Nat. Clim. Chang. 8 (2018).Thackeray, S. J. et al. Phenological sensitivity to climate across taxa and trophic levels. Nature 535, 241–245 (2016).ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 
    Mushegian, A. A. et al. Ecological mechanism of climate-mediated selection in a rapidly evolving invasive species. Ecol. Lett. 24, 698–707 (2021).PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 
    Visser, M. E. & Both, C. Shifts in phenology due to global climate change: the need for a yardstick. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 272, 2561–2569 (2005).
    Google Scholar 
    Mayor, S. J. et al. Increasing phenological asynchrony between spring green-up and arrival of migratory birds. Sci. Rep. 7, 1–10 (2017).ADS 

    Google Scholar 
    Beard, K. H., Kelsey, K. C., Leffler, A. J. & Welker, J. M. The missing angle: Ecosystem consequences of phenological mismatch. Trends Ecol. Evol. 34 (2019).Youngflesh, C. et al. Migratory strategy drives species-level variation in bird sensitivity to vegetation green-up. Nat. Ecol. Evol. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-021-01442-y (2021).PubMed 

    Google Scholar 
    Forrest, J. R. Complex responses of insect phenology to climate change. Curr. Opin. Insect Sci. 17 (2016).Crimmins, T. M. et al. Short-term forecasts of insect phenology inform pest management. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 113 (2020).Brakefield, P. M. Geographical variability in, and temperature effects on, the phenology of Maniola jurtina and Pyronia tithonus (Lepidoptera, Satyrinae) in England and Wales. Ecol. Entomol. 12 (1987).Dell, D., Sparks, T. H. & Dennis, R. L. H. Climate change and the effect of increasing spring temperatures on emergence dates of the butterfly Apatura iris (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Eur. J. Entomol. 102, 161–167 (2005).
    Google Scholar 
    Van Der Kolk, H. J., Wallisdevries, M. F. & Van Vliet, A. J. H. Using a phenological network to assess weather influences on first appearance of butterflies in the Netherlands. Ecol. Indic. 69 (2016).Abarca, M. et al. Inclusion of host quality data improves predictions of herbivore phenology. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 166 (2018).Abarca, M. & Lill, J. T. Latitudinal variation in the phenological responses of eastern tent caterpillars and their egg parasitoids. Ecol. Entomol. 44 (2019).Karlsson, B. Extended season for northern butterflies. Int. J. Biometeorol. 58, 691–701 (2014).ADS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 
    Kharouba, H. M., Paquette, S. R., Kerr, J. T. & Vellend, M. Predicting the sensitivity of butterfly phenology to temperature over the past century. Glob. Chang. Biol. 20 (2014).Diamond, S. E., Frame, A. M., Martin, R. A. & Buckley, L. B. Species’ traits predict phenological responses to climate change in butterflies. Ecology 92 (2011).Diamond, S. E. et al. Unexpected phenological responses of butterflies to the interaction of urbanization and geographic temperature. Ecology 95 (2014).Cayton, H. L., Haddad, N. M., Gross, K., Diamond, S. E. & Ries, L. Do growing degree days predict phenology across butterfly species?. Ecology 96, 1473–1479 (2015).
    Google Scholar 
    Stewart, J. E., Illán, J. G., Richards, S. A., Gutiérrez, D. & Wilson, R. J. Linking inter-annual variation in environment, phenology, and abundance for a montane butterfly community. Ecology 101 (2020).Roy, D. B. et al. Similarities in butterfly emergence dates among populations suggest local adaptation to climate. Glob. Chang. Biol. 21 (2015).Dennis, R. L. H. et al. Turnover and trends in butterfly communities on two British tidal islands: Stochastic influences and deterministic factors. J. Biogeogr. 37, 2291–2304 (2010).
    Google Scholar 
    Sparks, T. H. & Yates, T. J. The effect of spring temperature on the appearance dates of British butterflies 1883–1993. Ecography (Cop.). 20 (1997).Michielini, J. P., Dopman, E. B. & Crone, E. E. Changes in flight period predict trends in abundance of Massachusetts butterflies. Ecol. Lett. 24, 249–257 (2021).PubMed 

    Google Scholar 
    Zografou, K. et al. Species traits affect phenological responses to climate change in a butterfly community. Sci. Rep. 11 (2021).Belitz, M. W., Larsen, E. A., Ries, L. & Guralnick, R. P. The accuracy of phenology estimators for use with sparsely sampled presence-only observations. Methods Ecol. Evol. 11, 1273–1285 (2020).
    Google Scholar 
    Van Strien, A. J., Plantenga, W. F., Soldaat, L. L., Van Swaay, C. A. M. & WallisDeVries, M. F. Bias in phenology assessments based on first appearance data of butterflies. Oecologia 156, 227–235 (2008).ADS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 
    Pollard, E. A method for assessing changes in the abundance of butterflies. Biol. Conserv. 12 (1977).Taron, D. & Ries, L. Butterfly Monitoring for Conservation. in Butterfly Conservation in North America 35–57 (Springer Netherlands, 2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9852-5_3.Schmucki, R. et al. A regionally informed abundance index for supporting integrative analyses across butterfly monitoring schemes. J. Appl. Ecol. 53, 501–510 (2016).
    Google Scholar 
    Prudic, K., Oliver, J., Brown, B. & Long, E. Comparisons of citizen science data-gathering approaches to evaluate urban butterfly diversity. Insects 9, 186 (2018).PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 
    Prudic, K. L. et al. eButterfly: Leveraging massive online citizen science for butterfly conservation. Insects 8 (2017).Barve, V. V. et al. Methods for broad-scale plant phenology assessments using citizen scientists’ photographs. Appl. Plant Sci. 8 (2020).Seltzer, C. Making biodiversity data social, shareable, and scalable: Reflections on iNaturalist & citizen science. Biodivers. Inf. Sci. Stand. 3 (2019).Wittmann, J., Girman, D. & Crocker, D. Using inaturalist in a coverboard protocol to measure data quality: Suggestions for project design. Citiz. Sci. Theory Pract. 4 (2019).Dorazio, R. M. Accounting for imperfect detection and survey bias in statistical analysis of presence-only data. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 23 (2014).Ries, L., Zipkin, E. F. & Guralnick, R. P. Tracking trends in monarch abundance over the 20th century is currently impossible using museum records. In Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America vol. 116 (2019).Larsen, E. A. & Shirey, V. Method matters: Pitfalls in analysing phenology from occurrence records. Ecol. Lett. https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.13602 (2021).PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 
    de Keyzer, C. W., Rafferty, N. E., Inouye, D. W. & Thomson, J. D. Confounding effects of spatial variation on shifts in phenology. Glob. Chang. Biol. 23 (2017).Cima, V. et al. A test of six simple indices to display the phenology of butterflies using a large multi-source database. Ecol. Indic. 110, 105885 (2020).
    Google Scholar 
    Zipkin, E. F. et al. Addressing data integration challenges to link ecological processes across scales. Front. Ecol. Environ. 19 (2021).Polgar, C. A., Primack, R. B., Williams, E. H., Stichter, S. & Hitchcock, C. Climate effects on the flight period of Lycaenid butterflies in Massachusetts. Biol. Conserv. 160 (2013).Brooks, S. J. et al. The influence of life history traits on the phenological response of British butterflies to climate variability since the late-19th century. Ecography (Cop.) 40, 1152–1165 (2017).
    Google Scholar 
    van Strien, A. J., van Swaay, C. A. M., van Strien-van Liempt, W. T. F. H., Poot, M. J. M. & WallisDeVries, M. F. Over a century of data reveal more than 80% decline in butterflies in the Netherlands. Biol. Conserv. 234 (2019).Boggs, C. L. The fingerprints of global climate change on insect populations. Curr. Opin. Insect Sci. 17 (2016).Belitz, M. et al. Climate drivers of adult insect activity are conditioned by life history traits. Authorea Prepr. (2021).Kellner, K. F. & Swihart, R. K. Accounting for imperfect detection in ecology: A quantitative review. PLoS ONE 9 (2014).Park, D. S., Newman, E. A. & Breckheimer, I. K. Scale gaps in landscape phenology: challenges and opportunities. Trends Ecol. Evol. 36 (2021).Kerr, J. T., Vincent, R. & Currie, D. J. Lepidopteran richness patterns in North America. Écoscience 5, 448–453 (1998).
    Google Scholar 
    Taylor, S. D., Meiners, J. M., Riemer, K., Orr, M. C. & White, E. P. Comparison of large-scale citizen science data and long-term study data for phenology modeling. Ecology 100 (2019).Isaac, N. J. B. et al. Data integration for large-scale models of species distributions. Trends Ecol. Evol. 35 (2020).Miller, D. A. W., Pacifici, K., Sanderlin, J. S. & Reich, B. J. The recent past and promising future for data integration methods to estimate species’ distributions. Methods Ecol. Evol. 10 (2019).Fletcher, R. J. et al. A practical guide for combining data to model species distributions. Ecology https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.2710 (2019).PubMed 

    Google Scholar 
    Wepprich, T., Adrion, J. R., Ries, L., Wiedmann, J. & Haddad, N. M. Butterfly abundance declines over 20 years of systematic monitoring in Ohio, USA. bioRxiv https://doi.org/10.1101/613786 (2019).
    Google Scholar 
    Crossley, M. S. et al. Recent climate change is creating hotspots of butterfly increase and decline across North America. Glob. Chang. Biol. 27, 2702–2714 (2021).CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 
    Forister, M. L. et al. Fewer butterflies seen by community scientists across the warming and drying landscapes of the American West. Science (80-) 371, 1042–1045 (2021).ADS 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Macgregor, C. J. et al. Climate-induced phenology shifts linked to range expansions in species with multiple reproductive cycles per year. Nat. Commun. 10, (2019).Kerr, N. Z. et al. Developmental trap or demographic bonanza? Opposing consequences of earlier phenology in a changing climate for a multivoltine butterfly. Glob. Chang. Biol. 26, (2020).Belth, J. E. Butterflies of Indiana: A field guide. Butterflies of Indiana: A Field Guide (2012).Betros, B. A Photographic Field Guide to the Butterflies in the Kansas City Region (Kansas City Star Books, 2008).
    Google Scholar 
    Bouseman, J. K., Sternburg, J. G. & Wiker, J. R. Field guide to the skipper butterflies of Illinois. (Illinois Natural History Survey Manual 11, 2006).Clark, A. H. The butterflies of the District of Columbia and vicinity. Bull. United States Natl. Museum (1932).Glassberg, J. Butterflies through Binoculars: Boston—New York—Washington Region (Oxford University Press, 1993).
    Google Scholar 
    Glassberg, J. Butterflies through Binoculars: The East—A Field Guide to the Butterflies of Eastern North America (Oxford University Press, 1999).
    Google Scholar 
    Iftner, D. C., Shuey, J. A. & Calhoun, J. V. Butterflies and skippers of Ohio (Ohio State University, 1992).
    Google Scholar 
    Jeffords, M. R., Post, S. L. & Wiker, J. Butterflies of Illinois: a field guide (Illinois Natural History Survey, 2019).
    Google Scholar 
    Schlicht, D. W., Downey, J. C. & Nekola, J. C. The butterflies of Iowa (University of Iowa Press, 2007).
    Google Scholar 
    Schmucki, R., Harrower, C. A. & Dennis, E. B. rbms: Computing generalised abundance indices for butterfly monitoring count data. R package version 1.1.0. https://github.com/RetoSchmucki/rbms (2021).GBIF. GBIF Occurrence download. https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.1erh15 (2019).Thornton, P. E. et al. Daymet: Daily surface weather data on a 1-km grid for North America, version 3. ORNL DAAC. (Oak Ridge, TN, 2017).Baskerville, G. L. & Emin, P. Rapid estimation of heat accumulation from maximum and minimum temperatures. Ecology 50, (1969).R Development Core Team, R. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing vol. 1 409 (2011).Kuznetsova, A., Brockhoff, P. B. & Christensen, R. H. B. lmerTest: Tests for random and fixed effects for linear mixed effect models (lmer objects of lme4 package). R package version (2014).Nakagawa, S. & Schielzeth, H. A general and simple method for obtaining R2 from generalized linear mixed-effects models. Methods Ecol. Evol. 4 (2013).Kahle, D. & Wickham, H. ggmap: Spatial visualization with ggplot2. R J 5 (2013). More

  • in

    Climate change did not alter the effects of Bt maize on soil Collembola in northeast China

    Chaudhary, G. & Singh, S. K. Global status of genetically modified crops and its commercialization: environmental issues in logistics and manufacturing. (2019).Zwahlen, C., Hilbeck, A., Gugerli, P. & Nentwig, W. Degradation of the Cry1Ab protein within transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis corn tissue in the field. Mol. Ecol. 12, 765–775 (2010).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Kamota, A., Muchaonyerwa, P. & Mnkeni, P. N. S. Decomposition of surface-applied and soil-incorporated Bt maize leaf litter and Cry1Ab protein during winter fallow in South Africa. Pedosphere 24, 251–257 (2014).CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Xue, K., Diaz, B. R. & Thies, J. E. Stability of Cry3Bb1 protein in soils and its degradation in transgenic corn residues. Soil Biol. Biochem. 76, 119–126 (2014).CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Griffiths, N. A. et al. Occurrence, leaching, and degradation of Cry1Ab protein from transgenic maize detritus in agricultural streams. Sci. Total Environ. 592, 97–105 (2017).ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Wang, B. F., Yin, J. Q., Wu, F. C., Jiang, Z. L. & Song, X. Y. Field decomposition of Bt-506 maize leaves and its effect on Collembola in the black soil region of Northeast China. Glob. Ecol. Conserv. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01480 (2021).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Shu, Y. H., Zhang, Y. Y., Zeng, H., Zhang, Y. H. & Wang, J. W. Effects of Cry1Ab Bt maize straw return on bacterial community of earthworm Eisenia Fetida. Chemosphere 173, 1–13 (2017).ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Čerevková, A., Miklisová, D., Szoboszlay, M. S., Tebbe, C. C. & Cagáň, L. The responses of soil nematode communities to Bt maize cultivation at four field sites across Europe. Soil Biol. Biochem. 119, 194–202 (2018).Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Liu, T. et al. Root and detritus of transgenic Bt crop did not change nematode abundance and community composition but enhanced trophic connections. Sci. Total Environ. 644, 822–829 (2018).ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Domínguez, M. T., Holthof, E., Smith, A. R., Koller, E. & Emmett, B. A. Contrasting response of summer soil respiration and enzyme activities to long-term warming and drought in a wet shrubland (NE Wales, UK). Appl. Soil Ecol. 110, 151–155 (2016).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Zhang, Q. F. et al. Are the combined effects of warming and drought on foliar C:N:P:K stoichiometry in a subtropical forest greater than their individual effects?. Forest Ecol. Manag. 448, 256–266 (2019).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Chen, Q., Niu, B., Hu, Y., Luo, T. & Zhang, G. Warming and increased precipitation indirectly affect the composition and turnover of labile-fraction soil organic matter by directly affecting vegetation and microorganisms. Sci. Total Environ. 714, 136787.1-136787.9 (2020).
    Google Scholar 
    Dai, A. Drought under global warming: A review. Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Clim. Change 2, 45–65 (2011).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Martin, J. T., Pederson, G. T., Woodhouse, C. A., Cook, E. R. & King, J. Increased drought severity tracks warming in the United States’ largest river basin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 117, 201916208 (2020).
    Google Scholar 
    Ma, S., Zhu, C. & Liu, J. Combined impacts of warm central equatorial pacific sea surface temperatures and anthropogenic warming on the 2019 severe drought in east China. Adv. Atmos. Sci. 37, 1149–1163 (2020).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Peñuelas, J. et al. Nonintrusive field experiments show different plant responses to warming and drought among sites, seasons, and species in a north–south European gradient. Ecosystems 7, 598–612 (2004).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Sardans, J., Peñuelas, J. & Estiarte, M. Warming and drought alter soil phosphatase activity and soil P availability in a Mediterranean shrubland. Plant Soil 289, 227–238 (2006).CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Viciedo, D. O., Prado, R., Martinez, C. A., Habermann, H. & Piccolo, M. Short-term warming and water stress affect Panicum maximum Jacq. stoichiometric homeostasis and biomass production. Sci. Total Environ. 681, 267–274 (2019).ADS 
    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Meeran, K. et al. Warming and elevated CO2 intensify drought and recovery responses of grassland carbon allocation to soil respiration. Glob. Change Biol. 27, 3230–3243 (2021).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Lang, B., Rall, B. C., Scheu, S. & Brose, U. Effects of environmental warming and drought on size-structured soil food webs. Oikos 123, 1224–1233 (2014).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Pold, G., Melillo, J. M. & Deangelis, K. M. Two decades of warming increases diversity of a potentially lignolytic bacterial community. Front. Microbiol. 6, 480 (2010).
    Google Scholar 
    Séneca, J. et al. Composition and activity of nitrifier communities in soil are unresponsive to elevated temperature and CO2, but strongly affected by drought. ISME J. 14, 1–16 (2020).Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Santos, A. et al. Water stress alters lignin content and related gene expression in two sugarcane genotypes. J. Agric. Food Chem. 63, 4708 (2015).CAS 
    PubMed 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Albert, K. R. et al. Effects of elevated CO2, warming and drought episodes on plant carbon uptake in a temperate heath ecosystem are controlled by soil water status. Plant Cell Environ. 34, 1207–1222 (2011).CAS 
    PubMed 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Peñuelas, J. et al. Nonintrusive field experiments show different plant responses to warming and drought among sites, seasons, and species in a north-south European gradient. Ecosystems 7, 598–612 (2004).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Zhu, E., Cao, Z., Jia, J., Liu, C. & Feng, X. Inactive and inefficient: Warming and drought effect on microbial carbon processing in alpine grassland at depth. Glob. Change Biol. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15541 (2021).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Sardans, J., Peñuelas, J. & Estiarte, M. Changes in soil enzymes related to C and N cycle and in soil C and N content under prolonged warming and drought in a Mediterranean shrubland. Appl. Soil Ecol. 39, 223–235 (2008).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Xu, G. L. et al. Seasonal exposure to drought and air warming affects soil Collembola and Mites. PLoS ONE 7, e43102 (2012).ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Chang, L. et al. Warming limits daytime but not nighttime activity of epigeic microarthropods in Songnen grasslands. Appl. Soil Ecol. 141, 79–83 (2019).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Dai, A. G., Trenberth, K. E. & Qian, T. T. A global dataset of palmer drought severity index for 1870–2002: Relationship with soil moisture and effects of surface warming. J. Hydrometeorol. 5, 1117–1130 (2004).ADS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Bongaarts, J. Intergovernmental panel on climate change special report on global warming of 1.5 °C Switzerland: IPCC, 2018. Popul. Dev. Rev. 45, 251–252 (2019).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Bellinger, P.F., Christiansen, K. A. & Janssens, F. Checklist of the Collembola of the World. 1996–2019. http://www.collembola.org (Accessed 10 Sept 2021).Hopkin, S. P. Biology of the Springtails (Insecta:Collembola) 1–330 (Oxford University Press, 1997).
    Google Scholar 
    Rusek, J. Biodiversity of Collembola and their functional role in the ecosystem. Biodivers. Conserv. 7, 1207–1219 (1998).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Filser, J. The role of Collembola in carbon and nitrogen cycling in soil. Pedobiologia 46, 234–245 (2002).
    Google Scholar 
    Endlweber, K. & Scheu, S. Effects of Collembola on root properties of two competing ruderal plant species. Soil Biol. Biochem. 38, 2025–2031 (2006).CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Rebek, E. J., Hogg, D. B. & Young, D. K. Effect of four cropping systems on the abundance and diversity of epedaphic Springtails (Hexapoda: Parainsecta: Collembola) in southern Wisconsin. Environ. Entomol. 31, 37–46 (2002).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Santorufo, L. et al. An assessment of the influence of the urban environment on collembolan communities in soils using taxonomy- and trait-based approaches. Appl. Soil Ecol. 78, 48–56 (2014).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Rossetti, I. et al. Isolated cork oak trees affect soil properties and biodiversity in a Mediterranean wooded grassland. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 202, 203–216 (2015).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Hönemann, L., Zurbrügg, C. & Nentwig, W. Effects of Bt-corn decomposition on the composition of the soil meso- and macrofauna. Appl. Soil Ecol. 40, 203–209 (2008).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Arias-Martín, M. et al. Effects of three-year cultivation of Cry1Ab-expressing Bt maize on soil microarthropod communities. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 220, 125–134 (2016).Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Song, X. Y. et al. Use of taxonomic and trait-based approaches to evaluate the effects of transgenic Cry1Ac corn on the community characteristics of soil Collembola. Environ. Entomol. 48, 263–269 (2019).PubMed 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Thibaud, J. M. Intermue ettemperatures lethales chez les insects collemboles arthropleones. II.—Isotomidae, Entomobryidae et Tomoceridae. Rev. Ecol. Biol. Sol. 14, 267–278 (1977).
    Google Scholar 
    Eisenbeis, G. & Wichard, W. Atlas on the Biology of Soil Arthropods 200–228 (Springer, 1987).Book 

    Google Scholar 
    Wang, B. F., Wu, F. C., Yin, J. Q., Jiang, Z. L. & Song, X. Y. Use of taxonomic and trait-based approaches to evaluate the effect of Bt maize expressing cry1Ie protein on non-target Collembola: A case study in Northeast China. Insects. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects12020088 (2021).Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 
    Chang, L., Song, X. Y., Wang, B. F., Wu, D. H. & Reddy, G. Effect of Bt corn (Bt 38) cultivation on community structure of Collembola. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 113, 1–5 (2020).CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Al-Deeb, M., Wilde, G. E., Blair, J. M. & Todd, T. C. Effect of Bt corn for corn rootworm control on nontarget soil microarthropods and nematodes. Environ. Entomol. 32, 859–865 (2003).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Bitzer, R. J., Rice, M. E., Pilcher, C. D., Pilcher, C. L. & Lam, W. F. Biodiversity and community structure of epedaphic and euedaphic springtails (Collembola) in transgenic rootworm Bt maize. Environ. Entomol. 34, 1346–1376 (2005).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Yang, Y. et al. Toxicological and biochemical analyses demonstrate no toxic effect of Cry1C and Cry2A to Folsomia candida. Sci. Rep. 5, 15619 (2015).ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Jiang, Z., Zhou, L., Wang, B. F., Wang, D. M. & Song, X. Y. Toxicological and biochemical analyses demonstrate no toxic effect of Bt maize on the Folsomia candida. PLoS ONE 15, e0232747 (2020).CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Frouz, J., Elhottová, D., Helingerová, M. & Kocourek, F. The effect of bt corn on soil invertebrates, soil microbial community and decomposition rates of corn post-harvest residues under field and laboratory conditions. J. Sustain. Agric. 32, 645–655 (2008).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Daghighi, E., Filser, J., Koehler, H. & Kesel, R. Long-term succession of Collembola communities in relation to climate change and vegetation. Pedobiologia 64, 25–38 (2017).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Chang, L. et al. Green more than brown food resources drive the effect of simulated climate change on Collembola: A soil transplantation experiment in Northeast China. Geoderma 392, 115008 (2021).ADS 
    CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Convey, P., Block, W. & Peat, H. J. Soil arthropods as indicators of water stress in Antarctic terrestrial habitats. Glob. Change Biol. 9, 1718–1730 (2003).ADS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Alvarez, T., Frampton, G. K. & Goulson, D. The effects of drought upon epigeal Collembola from arable soils. Agric. For. Entomol. 1, 243–248 (2015).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Fountain, M. T. & Hopkin, S. P. Folsomia candida (collembola): A “standard” soil arthropod. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 50, 201–222 (2005).CAS 
    PubMed 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Holmstrup, M. Water relations and drought sensitivity of Folsomia candida eggs (Collembola: Isotomidae). Eur. J. Entomol. 116, 229–234 (2019).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Meehan, M. L., Barreto, C., Turnbull, M. S., Bradley, R. L. & Lindo, Z. Response of soil fauna to simulated global change factors depends on ambient climate conditions. Pedobiologia 83, 150672 (2020).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Harte, J., Rawa, A. & Price, V. Effects of manipulated soil microclimate on mesofaunal biomass and diversity. Soil Biol. Biochem. 28, 313–322 (1996).CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Lindberg, N. Soil fauna and global change: responses to experimental drought, irrigation, fertilisation and soil warming. Acta Universitatis Agriculturae Sueciae Silvestria 37, + Papers I-IV (2003).Bokhorst, S. et al. Extreme winter warming events more negatively impact small rather than large soil fauna: shift in community composition explained by traits not taxa. Global Change Biolo. 18, 1152–1162 (2012).Macfadyen, A. Improved funnel-type extractors for soil arthropods. J. Anim. Ecol. 30, 171–184 (1961).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Christiansen, K. A. & Bellinge, P. F. The Collembola of North America, North of the Rio Grande: A Taxonomic Analysis 2nd edn. (Grinnell College, 1998).
    Google Scholar 
    Fjellberg, A. The Collembola of Fennoscandia and Denmark. Part II: Entomobryomorpha and Symphypleona. In Fauna Entomologica Scandinavica, Vol. 42, 1−264 (Koninklijke Brill, 2007).Potapov, M. Synopses on Palaearctic Collembola: Isotomidae. Abhandlungen und Berichte des Naturkundemuseums, Görlitz, Poland 73, 1–603 (2001).
    Google Scholar 
    Yin, W. Y. Pictorial Keys to Soil Animals of China. 282−292, 592−600 (Science Press, 1998).Grime, J. P. Benefits of plant diversity to ecosystems: Immediate, filter and founder effects. J. Ecol. 86, 902–910 (1998).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Cerabolini, B., Pierce, S., Luzzaro, A. & Ossola, A. Species evenness affects ecosystem processes in situ via diversity in the adaptive strategies of dominant species. Plant Ecol. 207, 333–345 (2010).Article 

    Google Scholar  More

  • in

    The role of gene expression and symbiosis in reef-building coral acquired heat tolerance

    Larvae display conserved gene expression response to heat stressLarval gene expression (GE) was quantified to assess if plastic responses in gene expression to heat stress varied depending on site of origin or parental identity. Larval survival under heat stress varied between crosses, with larvae produced from dams sourced from far Northern GBR sites exhibiting higher thermal tolerance (Fig. 1b). The cross with the lowest thermal tolerance (LSxSB) did not have any larvae survive the heat treatment (Fig. 1b, Supplementary Fig. 2). GE was examined in aposymbiotic larvae experiencing ambient conditions prior to the heat treatment (“pre”), larvae after exposure to simulated heat stress (35.5 °C for 56 hours, “post heat”), and a simultaneous control temperature of 27 °C (“post ambient”). Therefore, the “pre” larval treatment provided transcriptomic baselines of GE between genetic crosses while “post heat” and “post ambient” comparisons show a baseline for cross-specific heat responses without the confounding effect of symbiosis found in the post-metamorphic phase. Using a principal coordinates analysis (PCoA), we find that GE patterns in larvae were driven by treatment (“pre”, “post ambient”, “post heat”), explaining 29.2% of the variation in survival (padonis  More

  • in

    Soil carbon stocks in forest-tundra ecotones along a 500 km latitudinal gradient in northern Norway

    Pan, Y. et al. A large and persistent carbon sink in the world’s forests. Science 333, 988–993 (2011).ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Tarnocai, C. et al. Soil organic carbon pools in the northern circumpolar permafrost region. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 23, 1–11 (2009).Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Davidson, E. A. & Janssens, I. A. Temperature sensitivity of soil carbon decomposition and feedbacks to climate change. Nature 440, 165–173 (2006).ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Wardle, D. A., Nilsson, M. C., Zackrisson, O. & Gallet, C. Determinants of litter mixing effects in a Swedish boreal forest. Soil Biol. Biochem. 35, 827–835 (2003).CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Moen, J., Cairns, D. M. & Lafon, C. W. Factors structuring the treeline ecotone in Fennoscandia. Plant Ecol. Divers. 1, 77–87 (2008).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Sjögersten, S. & Wookey, P. A. Climatic and resource quality controls on soil respiration across a forest-tundra ecotone in Swedish Lapland. Soil Biol. Biochem. 34, 1633–1646 (2002).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Sjögersten, S., Turner, B. L., Mahieu, N., Condron, L. M. & Wookey, P. A. Soil organic matter biochemistry and potential susceptibility to climatic change across the forest-tundra ecotone in the Fennoscandian mountains. Glob. Change Biol. 9, 759–772 (2003).ADS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    IPCC. IPCC report global warming of 1.5 °C. Ipcc Sr15. 2, 17–20 (2018).
    Google Scholar 
    Hobbie, S. E., Nadelhoffer, K. J. & Högberg, P. A synthesis: The role of nutrients as constraints on carbon balances in boreal and arctic regions. Plant Soil 242, 163–170 (2002).CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    DeLuca, T. H. & Boisvenue, C. Boreal forest soil carbon: Distribution, function and modelling. Forestry 85, 161–184 (2012).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Hansson, A., Dargusch, P. & Shulmeister, J. A review of modern treeline migration, the factors controlling it and the implications for carbon storage. J. Mt. Sci. 18, 291–306 (2021).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Sjögersten, S. & Wookey, P. A. The impact of climate change on ecosystem carbon dynamics at the Scandinavian mountain birch forest-tundra heath ecotone. Ambio 38, 2–10 (2009).PubMed 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Rustad, L. E. et al. A meta-analysis of the response of soil respiration, net nitrogen mineralization, and aboveground plant growth to experimental ecosystem warming. Oecologia 126, 543–562 (2001).ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Kullman, L. Rapid recent range-margin rise of tree and shrub species in the Swedish Scandes. J. Ecol. 90, 68–77 (2002).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Lloyd, A. H. & Fastie, C. L. Recent changes in treeline forest distribution and structure in interior Alaska. Ecoscience 10, 176–185 (2003).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Truong, C., Palmé, A. E. & Felber, F. Recent invasion of the mountain birch Betula pubescens ssp. tortuosa above the treeline due to climate change: Genetic and ecological study in northern Sweden. J. Evol. Biol. 20, 369–380 (2007).CAS 
    PubMed 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Danby, R. K. & Hik, D. S. Variability, contingency and rapid change in recent subarctic alpine tree line dynamics. J. Ecol. 95, 352–363 (2007).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Harsch, M. A., Hulme, P. E., McGlone, M. S. & Duncan, R. P. Are treelines advancing? A global meta-analysis of treeline response to climate warming. Ecol. Lett. 12, 1040–1049 (2009).PubMed 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Tingstad, L., Olsen, S. L., Klanderud, K., Vandvik, V. & Ohlson, M. Temperature, precipitation and biotic interactions as determinants of tree seedling recruitment across the tree line ecotone. Oecologia 179, 599–608 (2015).ADS 
    PubMed 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Hofgaard, A. Inter-Relationships between treeline position, species diversity, land use and climate change in the Central Scandes Mountains of Norway. Annika Hofgaard Source Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. Lett. 6(6), 419–429 (1997).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Olsson, E. G. A., Austrheim, G. & Grenne, S. N. Landscape change patterns in mountains, land use and environmental diversity, Mid-Norway 1960–1993. Landsc. Ecol. 15, 155–170 (2000).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Weintraub, M. N. & Schimel, J. P. Interactions between carbon and nitrogen mineralization and soil organic matter chemistry in arctic tundra soils. Ecosystems 6, 129–143 (2003).CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Melillo, J. M. et al. Soil warming and carbon-cycle feedbacks to the climate system. Science 298, 2173–2176 (2002).Kammer, A. et al. Treeline shifts in the Ural mountains affect soil organic matter dynamics. Glob. Change Biol. 15, 1570–1583 (2009).ADS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Parker, T. C., Subke, J. A. & Wookey, P. A. Rapid carbon turnover beneath shrub and tree vegetation is associated with low soil carbon stocks at a subarctic treeline. Glob. Change Biol. 21, 2070–2081 (2015).ADS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Speed, J. D. M. et al. Continuous and discontinuous variation in ecosystem carbon stocks with elevation across a treeline ecotone. Biogeosciences 12, 1615–1627 (2015).ADS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Hartley, I. P. et al. A potential loss of carbon associated with greater plant growth in the European Arctic. Nat. Clim. Chang. 2, 875–879 (2012).ADS 
    CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Yoo, K., Amundson, R., Heimsath, A. M. & Dietrich, W. E. Spatial patterns of soil organic carbon on hillslopes: Integrating geomorphic processes and the biological C cycle. Geoderma 130, 47–65 (2006).ADS 
    CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Zhu, M. et al. Soil organic carbon as functions of slope aspects and soil depths in a semiarid alpine region of Northwest China. CATENA 152, 94–102 (2017).CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Hilli, S., Stark, S. & Derome, J. Litter decomposition rates in relation to litter stocks in boreal coniferous forests along climatic and soil fertility gradients. Appl. Soil Ecol. 46, 200–208 (2010).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Parker, T. C. et al. Exploring drivers of litter decomposition in a greening Arctic: Results from a transplant experiment across a treeline. Ecology 99, 2284–2294 (2018).PubMed 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Strand, L. T., Callesen, I., Dalsgaard, L. & de Wit, H. A. Carbon and nitrogen stocks in Norwegian forest soils—The importance of soil formation, climate, and vegetation type for organic matter accumulation. Can. J. For. Res. 46, 1459–1473 (2016).CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Thieme, N., Bollandsås, O. M., Gobakken, T. & Næsset, E. Detection of small single trees in the forest-tundra ecotone using height values from airborne laser scanning. Can. J. Remote Sens. 37, 264–274 (2011).ADS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Mienna, I. M., Klanderud, K., Ørka, H. O., Bryn, A. & Bollandsås, O. M. Land cover classification of treeline ecotones along a 1100 km latitudinal transect using spectral- and three-dimensional information from UAV -based aerial imagery. Remote Sens. Ecol. Conserv. https://doi.org/10.1002/rse2.260 (2022).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Tveito, O. E., Bjørdal, I., Skjelvåg, A. O. & Aune, B. A GIS-based agro-ecological decision system based on gridded climatology. Meteorol. Appl. 12, 57–68 (2005).ADS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Carter, T. R. Changes in the thermal growing season in Nordic countries during the past century and prospects for the future. Agric. Food Sci. Finl. 7, 161–179 (1998).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Abdi, H. Partial least square regression PLS-regression. Encyclopedia Res. Methods Social Sci. 792.295 (2003).Wold, S., Sjöström, M. & Eriksson, L. PLS-regression: A basic tool of chemometrics. Chemom. Intell. Lab. Syst. 58, 109–130 (2001).CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Liland, K. H., Mevik, B.-H., Wehrens, R. & Hiemstra, P. Package ‘ pls ’. (2021).Mevik, B.-H. & Wehrens, R. Introduction to the pls Package. Help Sect. ‘pls’ Packag. RStudio Softw. 1–23 (2015).Huang, X. et al. Soil moisture dynamics within soil profiles and associated environmental controls. CATENA 136, 189–196 (2016).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Trap, J., Hättenschwiler, S., Gattin, I. & Aubert, M. Forest ageing: An unexpected driver of beech leaf litter quality variability in European forests with strong consequences on soil processes. For. Ecol. Manage. 302, 338–345 (2013).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Sørensen, M. V. et al. Draining the pool? Carbon storage and fluxes in three alpine plant communities. Ecosystems 21, 316–330 (2018).Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Qian, H., Joseph, R. & Zeng, N. Enhanced terrestrial carbon uptake in the Northern High Latitudes in the 21st century from the Coupled Carbon Cycle Climate Model Intercomparison Project model projections. Glob. Chang. Biol. 16, 641–656 (2010).ADS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Sturm, M. et al. Snow—Shrub interactions in Arctic Tundra : A hypothesis with climatic implications. J. Clim. 14, 336–344 (2001).ADS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Grogan, P. & Jonasse, S. Ecosystem CO2 production during winter in a Swedish subarctic region: The relative importance of climate and vegetation type. Glob. Change Biol. 12, 1479–1495 (2006).ADS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Sistla, S. A. et al. Long-term warming restructures Arctic tundra without changing net soil carbon storage. Nature 497, 615–617 (2013).ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Wiesmeier, M. et al. Soil organic carbon storage as a key function of soils—A review of drivers and indicators at various scales. Geoderma 333, 149–162 (2019).ADS 
    CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Brooks, P. D. & Williams, M. W. Snowpack controls on nitrogen cycling and export in seasonally snow-covered catchments. Hydrological processes 13, 2177–2190 (1999).Broll, G. et al. Landscape mosaic in the treeline ecotone on Mt. Rodjanoaivi, Subarctic Finland. Fenn. J. Geogr. 185, 89–105 (2007).
    Google Scholar 
    Turetsky, M. R. The role of bryophytes in carbon and nitrogen cycling. Bryologist 106, 395–409 (2003).Article 

    Google Scholar  More

  • in

    Author Correction: Mapping peat thickness and carbon stocks of the central Congo Basin using field data

    School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UKBart Crezee, Greta C. Dargie, Timothy R. Baker, Andy J. Baird, Paul J. Morris & Simon L. LewisFaculté de Gestion des Ressources Naturelles Renouvelables, Université de Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the CongoCorneille E. N. Ewango & Joseph Kanyama T.Faculté des Sciences, Université de Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the CongoCorneille E. N. Ewango & Jean-Bosco N. NdjangoSchool of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UKEdward T. A. MitchardDépartement de Biologie, Géographie et Gestion de l’environnement, Institut Supérieur Pédagogique de Mbandaka, Mbandaka, Democratic Republic of the CongoOvide Emba B. & Pierre BolaSchool of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Cranfield, UKNicholas T. GirkinLaboratoire de Botanique et Ecologie, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Marien Ngouabi, Brazzaville, Republic of the CongoYannick E. BockoÉcole Normale Supérieure, Département des Sciences et Vie de la Terre, Laboratoire de Télédétection et d’Ecologie Forestière, Université Marien Ngouabi, Brazzaville, Republic of the CongoSuspense A. IfoDepartment of Environment, Laboratory of Wood Technology, Ghent University, Ghent, BelgiumWannes HubauService of Wood Biology, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, BelgiumWannes HubauDepartment of Archaeology, Ghent University, Ghent, BelgiumDirk SeidenstickerDépartement des Sciences de l’Environnement, Université du Cinquantenaire de Lwiro, Kabare, Democratic Republic of the CongoRodrigue BatumikeDépartement de Biologie, Université Officielle de Bukavu, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of the CongoGérard ImaniDepartment of Environment and Geography, University of York, York, UKAida Cuní-SanchezDepartment of International Environmental and Development Studies (NORAGRIC), Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, NorwayAida Cuní-SanchezInstitute for the Advanced Study of Culture and the Environment, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USAChristopher A. KiahtipesInstitute of Prehistoric Archaeology, University of Cologne, Köln, GermanyJudicaël Lebamba & Hans-Peter WotzkaDépartement de Biologie, Université des Sciences et Techniques de Masuku, Franceville, GabonJudicaël LebambaSchool of Geography, Geology and the Environment, University of Leicester, Leicester, UKHollie Bean, Arnoud Boom & Susan E. PageSchool of Geography and Sustainable Development, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UKIan T. LawsonDepartment of Geography, University College London, London, UKSimon L. Lewis More

  • in

    Responses of alpine summit vegetation under climate change in the transition zone between subtropical and tropical humid environment

    Chen, I. C., Hill, J. K., Ohlemuller, R., Roy, D. B. & Thomas, C. D. Rapid range shifts of species associated with high levels of climate warming. Science 333, 1024–1026. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1206432 (2011).ADS 
    CAS 
    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 
    Gottfried, M. et al. Continent-wide response of mountain vegetation to climate change. Nat. Clim. Change 2, 111–115. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1329 (2012).ADS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Rumpf, S. B. et al. Range dynamics of mountain plants decrease with elevation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 115, 201713936. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1713936115 (2018).CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Gigauri, K., Akhalkatsi, M., Abdaladze, O. & Nakhutsrishvili, G. Alpine plant distribution and thermic vegetation indicator on GLORIA summits in the Central Greater Caucasus. Pak. J. Bot. 48, 1893–1902 (2016).
    Google Scholar 
    Gritsch, A., Dirnböck, T. & Dullinger, S. Recent changes in alpine vegetation differ among plant communities. J. Veg. Sci. 27, 1177–1186. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvs.12447 (2016).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Speed, J. D. M., Austrheim, G., Hester, A. J. & Mysterud, A. Elevational advance of alpine plant communities is buffered by herbivory. J. Veg. Sci. 23, 617–625. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1654-1103.2012.01391.x (2012).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Grytnes, J. A. et al. Identifying the driving factors behind observed elevational range shifts on European mountains. Global Ecol. Biogeogr. 23, 876–884. https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.12170 (2014).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Johnson, D. R., Ebert-May, D., Webber, P. J. & Tweedie, C. E. Forecasting alpine vegetation change using repeat sampling and a novel modeling approach. Ambio 40, 693. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-011-0175-z (2011).Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 
    Amagai, Y., Kudo, G. & Sato, K. Changes in alpine plant communities under climate change: Dynamics of snow-meadow vegetation in northern Japan over the last 40 years. Appl. Veg. Sci. 21, 561–571. https://doi.org/10.1111/avsc.12387 (2018).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Crimmins, S. M., Dobrowski, S. Z., Greenberg, J. A., Abatzoglou, J. T. & Mynsberge, A. R. Changes in climatic water balance drive downhill shifts in plant species’ optimum elevations. Science 331, 324–327. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1199040 (2011).ADS 
    CAS 
    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 
    Engler, R. et al. 21st century climate change threatens mountain flora unequally across Europe. Global Change Biol. 17, 2330–2341. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02393.x (2011).ADS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Matteodo, M., Ammann, K., Verrecchia, E. P. & Vittoz, P. Snowbeds are more affected than other subalpine–alpine plant communities by climate change in the Swiss Alps. Ecol. Evol. 6, 6969–6982. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.2354 (2016).Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 
    Tingley, M. W., Monahan, W. B., Beissinger, S. R. & Moritz, C. Birds track their Grinnellian niche through a century of climate change. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 106, 19637–19643. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0901562106 (2009).ADS 
    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 
    Cuesta, F. et al. Thermal niche traits of high alpine plant species and communities across the tropical Andes and their vulnerability to global warming. J. Biogeogr. 47, 408–420. https://doi.org/10.1111/jbi.13759 (2020).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Hamid, M., Khuroo, A. A., Malik, A. H., Ahmad, R. & Singh, C. P. Assessment of alpine summit flora in Kashmir Himalaya and its implications for long-term monitoring of climate change impacts. J. Mt. Sci. 17, 1974–1988. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-019-5924-7 (2020).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Steinbauer, K., Lamprecht, A., Semenchuk, P., Winkler, M. & Pauli, H. Dieback and expansions: Species-specific responses during 20 years of amplified warming in the high Alps. Alpine Bot. 130, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00035-019-00230-6 (2019).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Noroozi, J. et al. Hotspots within a global biodiversity hotspot-areas of endemism are associated with high mountain ranges. Sci. Rep. 8, 10345. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-28504-9 (2018).ADS 
    CAS 
    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 
    Testolin, R. et al. Global patterns and drivers of alpine plant species richness. Global Ecol. Biogeogr. 30, 12181–12231. https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.13297 (2021).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Körner, C. in Alpine Plant Life Ch. 1. Plant ecology at high elevations, 1–22 (Springer, 2021).Smith, J. G., Sconiers, W., Spasojevic, M. J., Ashton, I. W. & Suding, K. N. Phenological changes in alpine plants in response to increased snowpack, temperature, and nitrogen. Arct. Antarct. Alp. Res. 44, 135–142. https://doi.org/10.1657/1938-4246-44.1.135 (2012).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Körner, C. Alpine Plant Life. (Springer, 2021).Pauli, H. et al. The GLORIA field manual–standard Multi-Summit approach, supplementary methods and extra approaches. 5th edn, (GLORIA-Coordination, Austrian Academy of Sciences & University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 2015).Kuo, C.-C., Su, Y., Liu, H.-Y. & Lin, C.-T. Assessment of climate change effects on alpine summit vegetation in the transition of tropical to subtropical humid climate. Plant Ecol. 222, 933–951. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11258-021-01152-2 (2021).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Suonan, J., Classen, A. T., Zhang, Z. & He, J. S. Asymmetric winter warming advanced plant phenology to a greater extent than symmetric warming in an alpine meadow. Funct. Ecol. 31, 2147–2156. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.12909 (2017).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Lamprecht, A. et al. Changes in plant diversity in a water-limited and isolated high-mountain range (Sierra Nevada, Spain). Alpine Bot. 131, 27–39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00035-021-00246-x (2021).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Barthlott, W., Mutke, J., Rafiqpoor, D., Kier, G. & Kreft, H. Global centers of vascular plant diversity. Nova Acta Leopold. 92, 61–83 (2005).
    Google Scholar 
    Kier, G. et al. A global assessment of endemism and species richness across island and mainland regions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 106, 9322–9327. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0810306106 (2009).ADS 
    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 
    Huang, S.-F. Historical biogeography of the flora of Taiwan. J. Natl. Taiwan Museum 64, 33–63. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-1051.1995.tb02123.x (2011).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Beck, H. E. et al. Present and future Köppen-Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution. Sci. Data 5, 180214. https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2018.214 (2018).Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 
    TCCIP. The past and future of climate in Taiwan. 1–31 (National Science and Technology Center for Disaster Reduction & Research Center for Environmental Change, Academia Sinica, New Taipei City, 2018).Central Weather Bureau. in The Typhoon Database (ed Central Weather Bureau;) (https://rdc28.cwb.gov.tw/TDB/, 2021).Henny, L., Thorncroft, C. D., Hsu, H.-H. & Bosart, L. F. Extreme rainfall in Taiwan: Seasonal statistics and trends. J. Climate https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-20-0999.1 (2021).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Tu, J.-Y. & Chou, C. Changes in precipitation frequency and intensity in the vicinity of Taiwan: Typhoon versus non-typhoon events. Environ. Res. Lett. 8, 014023. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/8/1/014023 (2013).ADS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Liang, A., Oey, L., Huang, S. & Chou, S. Long-term trends of typhoon-induced rainfall over Taiwan: In situ evidence of poleward shift of typhoons in western North Pacific in recent decades. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 122, 2750–2765. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017jd026446 (2017).ADS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Lee, Y.-C., Wang, C.-C., Weng, S.-P., Chen, C.-T. & Cheng, C.-T. Future projections of meteorological drought characteristics in Taiwan. Atmos. Sci. https://doi.org/10.3966/025400022019034701003 (2019).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Kudo, G., Kawai, Y., Amagai, Y. & Winkler, D. E. Degradation and recovery of an alpine plant community: Experimental removal of an encroaching dwarf bamboo. Alpine Bot. 127, 75–83. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00035-016-0178-2 (2017).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Richman, S. K., Levine, J. M., Stefan, L. & Johnson, C. A. Asynchronous range shifts drive alpine plant–pollinator interactions and reduce plant fitness. Global Change Biol. 26, 3052–3064. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15041 (2020).ADS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Spasojevic, M. J., Bowman, W. D., Humphries, H. C., Seastedt, T. R. & Suding, K. N. Changes in alpine vegetation over 21 years: Are patterns across a heterogeneous landscape consistent with predictions? Ecosphere 4, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1890/es13-00133.1 (2013).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Rogora, M. et al. Assessment of climate change effects on mountain ecosystems through a cross-site analysis in the Alps and Apennines. Sci. Total Environ. 624, 1429–1442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.155 (2018).ADS 
    CAS 
    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 
    Malanson, G. P., Resler, L. M., Butler, D. R. & Fagre, D. B. Mountain plant communities: Uncertain sentinels? Prog. Phys. Geogr. Earth Environ. 43, 521–543. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309133319843873 (2019).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Berauer, B. J. et al. Low resistance of montane and alpine grasslands to abrupt changes in temperature and precipitation regimes. Arct Antarct. Alp. Res. 51, 215–231. https://doi.org/10.1080/15230430.2019.1618116 (2019).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Körner, C. in Alpine Plant Life Ch. 9. Water relations, 333–383 (Springer, 2021).Cai, Y. et al. Photosynthetic response of an alpine plant, rhododendron delavayi Franch, to water stress and recovery: The role of Mesophyll conductance. Front. Plant Sci. 6, 1089. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2015.01089 (2015).Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 
    Farooq, M., Wahid, A., Kobayashi, N., Fujita, D. & Basra, S. M. A. in Sustainable Agriculture (eds E. Lichtfouse et al.) 153–188 (Springer, 2009).Greenwood, S., Chen, J. C., Chen, C. T. & Jump, A. S. Temperature and sheltering determine patterns of seedling establishment in an advancing subtropical treeline. J. Veg. Sci. 26, 711–721. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvs.12269 (2015).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Morley, P. J., Donoghue, D. N. M., Chen, J. C. & Jump, A. S. Montane forest expansion at high elevations drives rapid reduction in non-forest area, despite no change in mean forest elevation. J. Biogeogr. 47, 2405–2416. https://doi.org/10.1111/jbi.13951 (2020).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Salick, J., Ghimire, S. K., Fang, Z., Dema, S. & Konchar, K. M. Himalayan alpine vegetation, climate change and mitigation. J. Ethnobiol. 34, 276–293. https://doi.org/10.2993/0278-0771-34.3.276 (2014).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Winkler, M. et al. The rich sides of mountain summits–a pan-European view on aspect preferences of alpine plants. J. Biogeogr. 43, 2261–2273. https://doi.org/10.1111/jbi.12835 (2016).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Verheyen, K. et al. Combining biodiversity resurveys across regions to advance global change research. Bioscience 67, 73–83. https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biw150 (2016).Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 
    Ganjurjav, H. et al. Complex responses of spring vegetation growth to climate in a moisture-limited alpine meadow. Sci. Rep. 6, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep23356 (2016).CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Nagy, L., Kreyling, J., Gellesch, E., Beierkuhnlein, C. & Jentsch, A. Recurring weather extremes alter the flowering phenology of two common temperate shrubs. Int. J. Biometeorol. 57, 579–588. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-012-0585-z (2013).ADS 
    CAS 
    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 
    Jump, A. S., Huang, T.-J. & Chou, C.-H. Rapid altitudinal migration of mountain plants in Taiwan and its implications for high altitude biodiversity. Ecography 35, 204–210. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0587.2011.06984.x (2012).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Cowles, J., Boldgiv, B., Liancourt, P., Petraitis, P. S. & Casper, B. B. Effects of increased temperature on plant communities depend on landscape location and precipitation. Ecol. Evol. 8, 5267–5278. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.3995 (2018).Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 
    Oldfather, M. F. & Ackerly, D. D. Increases in thermophilus plants in an arid alpine community in response to experimental warming. Arct. Antarct. Alp. Res. 51, 201–214. https://doi.org/10.1080/15230430.2019.1618148 (2019).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Shao, K.-T. Taiwan’s biodiversity research achievements over the past 10 years (2001–2011). Biodivers. Sci. https://doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1003.2012.06123 (2012).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Chen, J.-M., Lu, F.-C., Kuo, S.-L. & Shih, C.-F. Summer climate variability in Taiwan and associated large-scale processes. J. Meteorol. Soc. Japan 83, 499–516. https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.83.499 (2005).ADS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Chen, T.-C., Wang, S.-Y., Huang, W.-R. & Yen, M.-C. Variation of the East Asian summer monsoon rainfall. J. Climate 17, 744–762. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017%3c0744:voteas%3e2.0.co;2 (2004).ADS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Thornthwaite, C. W. An approach toward a rational classification of climate. Geogr. Rev. 38, 55. https://doi.org/10.2307/210739 (1948).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Kambach, S. et al. Of niches and distributions: Range size increases with niche breadth both globally and regionally but regional estimates poorly relate to global estimates. Ecography 42, 467–477. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecog.03495 (2019).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Luna, B. & Moreno, J. M. Range-size, local abundance and germination niche-breadth in Mediterranean plants of two life-forms. Plant Ecol. 210, 85–95. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11258-010-9740-y (2010).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Newbold, T. Applications and limitations of museum data for conservation and ecology, with particular attention to species distribution models. Prog. Phys. Geog. 34, 3–22. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309133309355630 (2010).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Karger, D. N., Wilson, A. M., Mahony, C., Zimmermann, N. E. & Jetz, W. Global daily 1 km land surface precipitation based on cloud cover-informed downscaling. Sci. Data 8, 307. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-021-01084-6 (2021).Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 
    Welham, S. J., Gezan, S. A., Clark, S. J. & Mead, A. Statistical Methods in Biology: Design and Analysis of Experiments and Regression. (Chapman and Hall/CRC, 2014).R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing v. 4.0.3 (2021).Beguería, S., Vicente-Serrano, S. M., Reig, F. & Latorre, B. Standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) revisited: Parameter fitting, evapotranspiration models, tools, datasets and drought monitoring. Int. J. Climatol. 34, 3001–3023. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.3887 (2014).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    rgbif: Interface to the Global Biodiversity Information Facility API v. 3.7.1 (2022). More