Philippa Kaur

Ma, Z., Xue, L. & Du, S. Theory and Technology of High-Efficient Use of Water and Fertilizer for Watermelon and Melon in Gravel-Mulched Field 59–62 (Science Press, Beijing, 2018).
Google Scholar 
Qiu, Y., Xie, Z., Wang, Y., Malhi, S. S. & Ren, J. Long-term effects of gravel—Sand mulch on soil organic carbon and nitrogen in the Loess Plateau of northwestern China. J. Arid. Land 7, 46–53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40333-014-0076-7 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
Zhang, K., Zhang, W., Tan, L., An, Z. & Zhang, H. Effects of gravel mulch on aeolian transport: A field wind tunnel simulation. J. Arid. Land 7, 296–303. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40333-015-0121-1 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
Yamanaka, T., Inoue, M. & Kaihotsu, I. Effects of gravel mulch on water vapor transfer above and below the soil surface. Agric. Water Manag. 67, 145–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2004.01.002 (2004).Article 

Google Scholar 
Wang, J., Xie, Z., Guo, Z. & Wang, Y. Simulating the effect of gravel-sand mulched field degradation on soil temperature and evaporation. J. Desert Res. 30, 6 (2010).
Google Scholar 
Kaseke, K. F. et al. The effects of desert pavements (gravel mulch) on soil micro-hydrology. Pure Appl. Geophys. 169, 873–880. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-011-0367-2 (2012).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Inagaki, M. N. How does a stone mulch increase transpiration and grain yield in wheat under soil water deficit stress?. Cereal Res. Commun. 40, 486–493 (2012).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Abdelfattah, M. A. Pedogenesis, land management and soil classification in hyper-arid environments: Results and implications from a case study in the United Arab Emirates. Soil Use Manag. 29, 279–294 (2013).Article 

Google Scholar 
Lightfoot, D. The cultural ecology of Puebloan pebble-mulch gardens. Hum. Ecol. 21, 115–143. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00889356 (1993).Article 

Google Scholar 
Graf, A., Kuttler, W. & Werner, J. Mulching as a means of exploiting dew for arid agriculture?. Atmos. Res. 87, 369–376 (2008).Article 

Google Scholar 
Shao Ping, D. U., Ma, Z. M. & Xue, L. Distribution characteristics of soil aggregates and their associated organic carbon in gravel-mulched land with different cultivation years. Ying Yong Sheng Tai Xue Bao 28, 1619–1625 (2017).
Google Scholar 
Zhong-Ming, M. A., Shao-Ping, D. U. & Xue, L. Influences of sand-mulching years on soil temperature, water content, and growth and water use efficiency of watermelon. J. Desert Res. 33, 1433–1439 (2013).
Google Scholar 
Pang, L. et al. Effect of different gravel mulched years on soil microflora and physicochemical properties in gravel-sand mulched field. Agric. Res. Arid Areas (2017).Hao, H. et al. Effects of gravel-sand mulching on soil bacterial community and metabolic capability in the semi-arid Loess Plateau, China. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 33, 209 (2017).PubMed 
Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Gregorich, E. G., Carter, M. R., Angers, D. A., Monreal, C. & Ellert, B. H. Towards a minimum data set to assess soil organic matter quality in agricultural soils. Can. J. Soil Sci. 74, 367–385 (1994).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Jandl, R. et al. Current status, uncertainty and future needs in soil organic carbon monitoring. Sci. Total Environ. 468–469, 376–383 (2014).ADS 
PubMed 
Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Lal, R. Enhancing crop yields in the developing countries through restoration of the soil organic carbon pool in agricultural lands. Land Degrad. Dev. 17, 197–209 (2010).Article 

Google Scholar 
Razafimbelo, T. M. et al. Aggregate associated-C and physical protection in a tropical clayey soil under Malagasy conventional and no-tillage systems. Soil Tillage Res. 98(2), 140–149 (2007).Article 

Google Scholar 
Hongbing, Z. et al. Effect of long-term tillage on soil aggregates and aggregate-associated carbon in black soil of Northeast China. PLoS ONE 13, e0199523 (2018).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Bajracharya, R. M., Lal, R. & Kimble, J. M. Soil organic carbon distribution in aggregates and primary particle fractions as influenced by erosion phases and landscape position. In Soil Processes & the Carbon Cycle (eds Lal, R. et al.) (CRC Press, 1998).
Google Scholar 
Sekaran, U., Sagar, K. L. & Kumar, S. Soil aggregates, aggregate-associated carbon and nitrogen, and water retention as influenced by short and long-term no-till systems. Soil Tillage Res. 208, 104885 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Tang, X., Liu, S., Liu, J. & Zhou, G. Effects of vegetation restoration and slope positions on soil aggregation and soil carbon accumulation on heavily eroded tropical land of Southern China. J. Soils Sediments 10, 505–513 (2010).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Wang, Y. et al. 23-Year manure and fertilizer application increases soil organic carbon sequestration of a rice–barley cropping system. Biol. Fertil. Soils 51(5), 583–591 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
Zhou, H., Fang, H., Mooney, S. J. & Peng, X. Effects of long-term inorganic and organic fertilizations on the soil micro and macro structures of rice paddies. Geoderma 266, 66–74 (2016).ADS 
CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Congreves, K. A., Hooker, D. C., Hayes, A., Verhallen, E. A. & Eerd, L. V. Interaction of long-term nitrogen fertilizer application, crop rotation, and tillage system on soil carbon and nitrogen dynamics. Plant Soil 410, 113–127 (2017).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Tang, H., Xiao, X., Chao, L., Ke, W. & Pan, X. Impact of long-term fertilization practices on the soil aggregation and humic substances under double-cropped rice fields. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int. 25, 11034–11044 (2018).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Rong, Y., Su, Y. Z., Wang, T. & Qin, Y. Effect of chemical and organic fertilization on soil carbon and nitrogen accumulation in a newly cultivated farmland. J. Integr. Agric. 15, 658–666 (2019).
Google Scholar 
Chen, Y. et al. Rotation and organic fertilizers stabilize soil water-stable aggregates and their associated carbon and nitrogen in flue-cured tobacco production. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. 20, 192–205 (2020).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Li, T. et al. Contrasting impacts of manure and inorganic fertilizer applications for nine years on soil organic carbon and its labile fractions in bulk soil and soil aggregates. CATENA 194, 104739. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2020.104739 (2020).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Hati, K. M. et al. 50 Years of continuous no-tillage, stubble retention and nitrogen fertilization enhanced macro-aggregate formation and stabilisation in a Vertisol. Soil Tillage Res. 214, 105163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2021.105163 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
Ma, P. et al. Macroaggregation is promoted more effectively by organic than inorganic fertilizers in farmland ecosystems of China—A meta-analysis. Soil Tillage Res. 221, 105394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2022.105394 (2022).Article 

Google Scholar 
Lu, R. Chemical Analysis Methods of Soil and Agriculture (China Agricultural Science and Technology Press, 2000).
Google Scholar 
Dorodnikov, M., Blagodatskaya, E., Blagodatsky, S., Marhan, S. & Kuzyakov, Y. Stimulation of microbial extracellular enzyme activities by elevated CO2 depends on soil aggregate size. Glob. Change Biol. 15, 1603–1614 (2010).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Kemper, W. D. & Rosenau, R. C. Aggregate stability and size distribution. In Methods of Soil Analysis: Part 1 Physical and Mineralogical Methods. Agronomy Monograph No. 9, ASA and SSSA 2nd edn (ed. Klute, A.) 425–442 (Wiley, 1986).
Google Scholar 
Jones, J. B. Laboratory Guide for Conducting Soil Tests and Plant Analysis (Nurse Educ, 2001).Book 

Google Scholar 
Blair, G., Lefroy, R. & Lisle, L. Soil carbon fractions based on their degree of oxidation, and the development of a carbon management index for agricultural systems. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 46, 393–406 (1995).Article 

Google Scholar 
Li, W., Zheng, Z., Li, T. & Liu, M. Distribution characteristics of soil aggregates and its organic carbon in different tea plantation age. Acta Ecol. Sin. 34, 6326–6336 (2014).
Google Scholar 
Matos, E. S., Freese, D., Böhm, C., Quinkenstein, A. & Hüttl, R. Organic matter dynamics in reclaimed lignite mine soils under Robinia pseudoacacia L. plantations of different ages in Germany. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 43, 745–755 (2012).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Zádorová, T., Jakšík, O., Kodešová, R. & Penížek, V. Influence of terrain attributes and soil properties on soil aggregate stability. Soil Water Res. 6, 111–119 (2011).Article 

Google Scholar 
Sajjadi, S. A. & Mahmoodabadi, M. Aggregate breakdown and surface seal development influenced by rain intensity, slope gradient and soil particle size. Solid Earth 6(1), 311–321 (2015).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Yang, W. et al. Mechanical properties and soil stability affected by fertilizer treatments for an Ultisol in subtropical China. Plant Soil 363(1), 157–174 (2013).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Lal, R. Soil health and carbon management. Food Energy Secur. 5, 212–222 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
Jagadamma, S., Lal, R., Hoeft, R. G., Nafziger, E. D. & Adee, E. A. Nitrogen fertilization and cropping systems effects on soil organic carbon and total nitrogen pools under chisel-plow tillage in Illinois. Soil Tillage Res. 95, 348–356 (2007).Article 

Google Scholar 
Yang, X. M. et al. Long-term effects of fertilization on soil organic carbon changes in continuous corn of northeast China: RothC model simulations. Environ. Manage. 32, 459–465 (2003).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Russell, A. E., Laird, D. A., Parkin, T. B. & Mallarino, A. P. Impact of nitrogen fertilization and cropping system on carbon sequestration in Midwestern mollisols. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 69, 413–422 (2005).ADS 
CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Hartwig, N. L. Cover crop and living mulches. Weed Sci. 50, 688–699 (2002).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Yu, H. et al. Effects of long-term compost and fertilizer application on stability of aggregate-associated organic carbon in an intensively cultivated sandy loam soil. Biol. Fertil. Soils 48, 325–336 (2012).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Li, C., Yan, L. & Tang, L. The effects of long-term fertilization on the accumulation of organic carbon in the deep soil profile of an oasis farmland. Plant Soil 369, 645–656 (2013).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Puget, P., Chenu, C. & Balesdent, J. Dynamics of soil organic matter associated with particle-size fractions of water-stable aggregates. Eur. J. Soil Sci. 51, 595–605 (2000).Article 

Google Scholar 
Ashman, M. R., Hallett, P. D. & Brookes, P. C. Are the links between soil aggregate size class, soil organic matter and respiration rate artefacts of the fractionation procedure?. Soil Biol. Biochem. 35, 435–444 (2003).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Six, J., Elliott, E. T. & Paustian, K. Soil macroaggregate turnover and microaggregate formation: a mechanism for C sequestration under no-tillage agriculture. Soil Biol. Biochem. 32, 2099–2103 (2000).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Chivenge, P. P., Murwira, H. K., Giller, K. E., Mapfumo, P. & Six, J. Long-term impact of reduced tillage and residue management on soil carbon stabilization: Implications for conservation agriculture on contrasting soils. Soil Tillage Res. 94, 328–337 (2006).Article 

Google Scholar 
Kölbl, A. & Knabner, I. K. Content and composition of free and occluded particulate organic matter in a differently textured arable Cambisol as revealed by solid-state 13C NMR spectroscopy. J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. 167, 45–53 (2004).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Tong, L. et al. Response of organic carbon fractions and microbial community composition of soil aggregates to long-term fertilizations in an intensive greenhouse system. J. Soils Sediments 20, 641–652. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-019-02436-x (2020).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Li, C., Li, Y. & Tang, L. The effects of long-term fertilization on the accumulation of organic carbon in the deep soil profile of an oasis farmland. Plant Soil 369, 645–656. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-013-1605-4 (2013).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Su, Y. Z., Wang, F., Suo, D. R., Zhang, Z. H. & Du, M. W. Long-term effect of fertilizer and manure application on soil-carbon sequestration and soil fertility under the wheat–wheat–maize cropping system in northwest China. Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst. 75, 285–295 (2006).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Du, S. P., Ma, Z. M. & Xue, L. Effect of manure combined with chemical fertilizers on fruit yield, fruit quality and water and nitrogen use efficiency in watermelon grown in gravel-mulched field. J. Fruit Sci. 37, 10. https://doi.org/10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20190380 (2020).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Zhengchao, Z., Zhuoting, G., Zhouping, S. & Fuping, Z. Effects of long-term repeated mineral and organic fertilizer applications on soil organic carbon and total nitrogen in a semi-arid cropland. Eur. J. Agron. 45, 20–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2012.11.002 (2013).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Lv, W. et al. Effects of organic fertilizers on continuous cropping watermelon growth and soil microflora. Acta Agric. Shanghai 22, 96–98 (2006).
Google Scholar 
Zhong, W. et al. The effects of mineral fertilizer and organic manure on soil microbial community and diversity. Plant Soil 326, 511–522 (2010).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar  More

Kuzyakov Y, Razavi BS. Rhizosphere size and shape: Temporal dynamics and spatial stationarity. Soil Biol Biochem. 2019;135:343–60.CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Teixeira PJ, Colaianni NR, Fitzpatrick CR, Dangl JL. Beyond pathogens: Microbiota interactions with the plant immune system. Curr Opin Microbiol. 2019;49:7–17.CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Alirezaeizanjani Z, Großmann R, Pfeifer V, Hintsche M, Beta C. Chemotaxis strategies of bacteria with multiple run modes. Sci Adv. 2020;6:eaaz6153.PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Gao S, Wu H, Yu X, Qian L, Gao X. Swarming motility plays the major role in migration during tomato root colonization by Bacillus subtilis SWR01. Biol Control. 2016;98:11–17.CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Mitchell JG, Kogure K. Bacterial Motility: Links to the environment and a driving force for microbial physics. FEMS Microbiol Ecol. 2006;55:3–16.CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Kalamara M, Spacapan M, Mandic-Mulec I, Stanley-Wall NR. Social behaviours by Bacillus subtilis: Quorum sensing, kin discrimination and beyond. Mol Microbiol. 2018;110:863–78.CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Posada LF, Álvarez JC, Romero-Tabarez M, de-Bashan L, Villegas-Escobar V. Enhanced molecular visualization of root colonization and growth promotion by Bacillus subtilis EA-CB0575 in different growth systems. Microbiol Res. 2018;217:69–80.CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Beauregard PB, Yunrong C, Vlamakis H, Losick R, Kolter R. Bacillus subtilis Biofilm induction by plant polysaccharides. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2013;110:1621–30.Article 

Google Scholar 
Allard-Massicotte R, Tessier L, Lécuyer F, Lakshmanan V, Lucier J. Bacillus subtilis early colonization of Arabidopsis thaliana roots involves multiple chemotaxis receptors. mBio 2016;7:1–10.Article 

Google Scholar 
Massalha H, Korenblum E, Malitsky S, Shapiro OH, Aharoni A. Live imaging of root-bacteria interactions in a microfluidics setup. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2017;114:4549–54.CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Koch DL, Subramanian G. Collective hydrodynamics of swimming microorganisms: Living fluids. Annu Rev Fluid Mech. 2011;43:637–59.Article 

Google Scholar 
Wioland H, Lushi E, Goldstein RE. Directed collective motion of bacteria under channel confinement. New J Phys. 2016;18:eaaz6153.Article 

Google Scholar 
Petroff A, Libchaber A. Erratum: Hydrodynamics and collective behavior of the tethered bacterium Thiovulum majus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2016;111:5. E537-E545
Google Scholar 
Kearns DB. A field guide to bacterial swarming motility. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2010;8:634–44.CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Bais HP, Fall R, Vivanco JM. Biocontrol of Bacillus subtilis against infection of arabidopsis roots by Pseudomonas syringae is facilitated by biofilm formation and surfactin production. Plant Physiol. 2004;134:307–19.CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
De Souza R, Ambrosini A, Passaglia LMP. Plant growth-promoting bacteria as inoculants in agricultural soils. Genet Mol Biol. 2015;38:401–19.PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Roy K, Ghosh D, DeBruyn JM, Dasgupta T, Wommack KE, Liang X, et al. Temporal dynamics of soil virus and bacterial populations in agricultural and early plant successional soils. Front Microbiol. 2020;11:1–13.Article 

Google Scholar 
Liu Y, Patko D, Engelhardt IC, George TS, Stanley-Wall NP, Ladmiral V. et al. Whole plant-environment microscopy reveals how Bacillus subtilis utilises the soil pore space to colonise plant roots. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2021;118:e2109176118.CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Einstein A. On the motion of small particles suspended in liquids at rest required by the molecular-kinetic theory of heat. Ann Phys. 1905;17:549–60.CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Shellard A, Mayor R. Rules of Collective Migration: From the wildebeest to the neural crest: Rules of neural crest migration. Philos Trans R Soc B Biol Sci. 2020;375:1–9.Article 

Google Scholar 
Torney CJ, Lamont M, Debell L, Angohiatok RJ, Leclerc LM, Berdahl AM. Inferring the rules of social interaction in migrating caribou. Philos Trans R Soc B Biol Sci. 2018;373:20170385.Article 

Google Scholar 
Ballerini MN, Cabibbo R, Candelier A, Cavagna E, Cisbani I, Giardina V, et al. Interaction ruling animal collective behavior depends on topological rather than metric distance: Evidence from a field study. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2008;105:1232–37.CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Cavagna A, Cimarelli A, Giardina I, Parisi G, Santagati R, Stefanini F, et al. Scale-free correlations in starling flocks. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2010;107:11865–70.CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Katz Y, Tunstrøm C, Ioannou CC, Huepe C, Couzin ID. Inferring the structure and dynamics of interactions in schooling fish. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2011;108:18720–25.CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Buhl JD, Sumpter JT, Couzin ID, Hale JJ, Despland E, Miller ER, et al. From disorder to order in marching locusts. Science 2006;312:1402–6.CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Seeley TD, Visscher PK. Quorum Sensing during nest-site selection by honeybee swarms. Behav Ecol Sociobiol. 2004;56:594–601.Article 

Google Scholar 
Zhang HP, Be’er A, Florin EL, Swinney HL. Collective motion and density fluctuations in bacterial colonies. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2010;107:13626–30.CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Hughey LF, Hein AM, Strandburg-Peshkin A, Jensen FH. Challenges and solutions for studying collective animal behaviour in the wild. Philos Trans R Soc B Biol Sci. 2018;373:1–13.Article 

Google Scholar 
Nadell CD, Xavier JB, Foster KR. The sociobiology of biofilms. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2009;33:206–24.CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Velicer GJ, Vos M. Sociobiology of the myxobacteria. Ann Rev Microbiol. 2009;63:599–623.CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Branda SS, González-Pastor JE, Ben-Yehuda S, Losick R, Kolter R. Fruiting body formation by Bacillus subtilis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2001;98:11621–26.CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Cordero OX, Wildschutte H, Kirkup B, Proehl S, Ngo L, Hussain F, et al. Antibiotic production and resistance. Sci Rep. 2012;337:1228–31.CAS 

Google Scholar 
Muñoz-Dorado J, Marcos-Torres FJ, García-Bravo E, Moraleda-Muñoz A, Pérez J. Myxobacteria: Moving, killing, feeding, and surviving together. Front Microbiol. 2016;7:1–18.Article 

Google Scholar 
Li C, Hurley A, Hu W, Warrick JW, Lozano GL, Ayuso JM, et al. Social motility of biofilm-like microcolonies in a gliding bacterium. Nat Commun. 2021;12:1–12.Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Sokolov A, Aranson IS, Kessler JO, Goldstein RE. Concentration dependence of the collective dynamics of swimming bacteria. Phys Rev Lett. 2007;98:158102.PubMed 
Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Cisneros LH, Cortez R, Dombrowski C, Goldstein RE, Kessler JO. Fluid dynamics of self-propelled microorganisms, from individuals to concentrated populations. Exp Fluids. 2007;43:737–53.Article 

Google Scholar 
Tuval I, Cisneros L, Dombrowski C, Wolgemuth CW, Kessler JO, Goldstein RE. Bacterial swimming and oxygen transport near contact lines. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2005;102:2277–82.CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Li G, Tam L, Tang JX. Amplified effect of brownian motion in bacterial near-surface swimming. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2008;105:18355–59.CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Lushi E, Wioland H, Goldstein RE. Fluid flows created by swimming bacteria drive self-organization in confined suspensions. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2014;111:9733–38.CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Ryan SD, Sokolov A, Berlyand L, Aranson IS. Correlation properties of collective motion in bacterial suspensions. New J Phys. 2013;15:105021.Article 

Google Scholar 
Damton NC, Turner L, Rojevsky S, Berg HC. Dynamics of bacterial swarming. Biophys J. 2010;98:2082–90.Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Ingham CJ, Jacob EB. Swarming and complex pattern formation in Paenibacillus vortex studied by imaging and tracking cells. BMC Microbiol. 2008;8:1–16.Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Ariel G, Rabani A, Benisty S, Partridge JD, Harshey RM, Be’Er A. Swarming bacteria migrate by lévy walk. Nat Commun. 2015;6:8396.CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Hamze K, Autret S, Hinc K, Laalami S, Julkowska D, Briandet R, et al. Single-cell analysis in situ in a Bacillus subtilis swarming community identifies distinct spatially separated subpopulations differentially expressing Hag (Flagellin), including specialized swarmers. Microbiol. 2011;157:2456–69.CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Ghelardi E, Salvetti S, Ceragioli M, Gueye SA, Celandroni F, Senesi S. Contribution of surfactin and swrA to flagellin expression, swimming, and surface motility in Bacillus subtilis. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2012;78:6540–44.CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Wilde A, Mullineaux CW. Light-controlled motility in prokaryotes and the problem of directional light perception. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2017;41:900–22.CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Zhang J, Luo Y, Poh CL. Blue light-directed cell migration, aggregation, and patterning. J Mol Biol. 2020;432:3137–48.CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Tian T, Sun B, Shi H, Gao T, He Y, Li Y, et al. Sucrose triggers a novel signalling cascade promoting Bacillus subtilis rhizosphere colonization. ISME J 2021;15:2723–37.CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Harshey RM, Partridge JD. Shelter in a swarm. J Mol Biol. 2015;427:3683–94.CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Burdett IDJ, Kirkwood TBL, Whalley JB. Growth kinetics of individual Bacillus subtilis cells and correlation with nucleoid extension. J Bacteriol. 1986;167:219–30.CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Sharpe ME, Hauser PM, Sharpe RG, Errington J. Bacillus subtilis cell cycle as studied by fluorescence microscopy: Constancy of cell length at initiation of DNA replication and evidence for active nucleoid partitioning. J Bacteriol. 1998;180:547–55.CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Rousk J, Bååth E. Growth of saprotrophic fungi and bacteria in soil. FEMS Microbiol Ecol. 2011;78:17–30.CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Bennett RA, Lynch JM. Bacterial growth and development in the rhizosphere of gnotobiotic cereal plants. Microbiol. 1981;125:95–102.Article 

Google Scholar 
Felici C, Vettori L, Giraldi E, Forino LMC, Toffanin A, Tagliasacchi AM, et al. Single and co-inoculation of Bacillus subtilis and Azospirillum brasilense on Lycopersicon Esculentum: Effects on plant growth and rhizosphere microbial community. Appl Soil Ecol. 2008;40:260–70.Article 

Google Scholar 
Arkhipova TN, Galimsyanova NF, Kuzmina LY, Vysotskaya LB, Sidorova LV, Gabbasova IM, et al. Effect of seed bacterization with plant growth-promoting bacteria on wheat productivity and phosphorus mobility in the rhizosphere. Plant Soil Environ. 2019;65:313–19.CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Marschner P, Crowley D, Rengel Z. Rhizosphere interactions between microorganisms and plants govern iron and phosphorus acquisition along the root axis – model and research methods. Soil Biol Biochem. 2011;43:883–94.CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Lagos ML, Maruyama F, Nannipieri P, Mora ML, Jorquera MA. Current Overview on the study of bacteria in the rhizosphere by modern molecular techniques: A Mini-Review. J Soil Sci Plant Nutr. 2015;15:504–23.
Google Scholar 
Gerwig J, Kiley TB, Gunka K, Stanley-Wall N, Stülke J. The protein tyrosine kinases epsB and ptkA differentially affect biofilm formation in Bacillus Subtilis. Microbiol. 2014;160:682–91.CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Shoesmith JG. The measurement of bacterial motility. J Gen Microbiol. 1960;22:528–35.Article 

Google Scholar 
Schneider WR, Doetsch RN. Effect of viscosity on bacterial motility. J Bacteriol. 1974;117:696–701.CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Kaiser GE, Doetsch RN. Enhanced translational motion of Leptospira in viscous environments. Nature 1975;255:656–57.CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Ryan SD, Haines BM, Berlyand L, Ziebert F, Aranson IS. Viscosity of bacterial suspensions: Hydrodynamic interactions and self-induced noise. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys. 2011;E83:050904.Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
López HM, Gachelin J, Douarche C, Auradou H, Clément E. Turning bacteria suspensions into superfluids. Phys Rev Lett. 2015;115:028301.PubMed 
Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Butler MT, Wang Q, Harshey RM. Cell density and mobility protect swarming bacteria against antibiotics. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2010;107:3776–81.CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Erktan A, Or D, Scheu S. The physical structure of soil: Determinant and consequence of trophic interactions. Soil Biol Biochem. 2020;148:107876.CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Rønn R, Thomsen IK, Jensen B. Naked amoebae, flagellates and nematodes in soil of different texture. Eur J Soil Biol. 1995;31:135–41.
Google Scholar 
Downie H, Holden N, Otten W, Spiers AJ, Valentine TA, Dupuy LX. Transparent soil for imaging the rhizosphere. PLoS ONE. 2012;7:1–6.Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Mills AL. Keeping in Touch: Microbial life on soil particle surfaces. Adv Agron. 2003;78:1–43.Article 

Google Scholar 
Downie HF, Valentine TA, Otten W, Spiers AJ, Dupuy LX. Transparent soil microcosms allow 3D spatial quantification of soil microbiological processes in vivo. Plant Signal Behav. 2014;9:e970421.PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
O’Callaghan FE, Braga RA, Neilson R, MacFarlane SA, Dupuy LX. New live screening of plant-nematode interactions in the rhizosphere. Sci Rep. 2018;8:1–17.Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Sharma K, Palatinszky M, Nikolov G, Berry D, Shank EA. Transparent soil microcosms for live-cell imaging and non-destructive stable isotope probing of soil microorganisms. ELife 2020;9:1–28.
Google Scholar 
Bickel S, Or D. Soil bacterial diversity mediated by microscale aqueous-phase processes across biomes. Nat Commun. 2020;11:1–9.Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Farré M, Sanchís J, Barceló D. Analysis and assessment of the occurrence, the fate and the behavior of nanomaterials in the environment. Trends Anal Chem. 2011;30:517–27.Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Verhamme DT, Kiley TB, Stanley-Wall NR. DegU co-ordinates multicellular behaviour exhibited by Bacillus subtilis. Mol Microbiol. 2007;65:554–68.CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Konkol MA, Blair KM, Kearns DB. Plasmid-encoded comi inhibits competence in the ancestral 3610 strain of Bacillus subtilis. J Bacteriol. 2013;195:4085–93.CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Stanley NR, Lazazzera BA. Defining the genetic differences between wild and domestic strains of Bacillus subtilis that affect poly-γ-DL-glutamic acid production and biofilm formation. Mol Microbiol. 2005;57:1143–58.CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
R Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. 2020. URL https://www.R-project.org/.Schindelin J, Arganda-Carreras I, Frise E, Kaynig V, Longair M, Pietzsch T, et al. (2012) Fiji: an open-source platform for biological-image analysis. Nat Methods. 2012;9:676–82.CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar  More

Share this articleAnyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:Get shareable linkSorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.Copy to clipboard
Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative More

Foley, J. A. et al. Solutions for a cultivated planet. Nature 478, 337–342 (2011).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Tilman, D., Balzer, C., Hill, J. & Befort, B. L. Global food demand and the sustainable intensification of agriculture. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 108, 20260–20264 (2011).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Bender, S. F., Wagg, C. & van der Heijden, M. G. A. An underground revolution: biodiversity and soil ecological engineering for agricultural sustainability. Trends Ecol. Evol. 31, 440–452 (2016).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Tamburini, G. et al. Agricultural diversification promotes multiple ecosystem services without compromising yield. Sci. Adv. 6, eaba1715 (2020).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Smith, S. & Read, D. Mycorrhizal Symbiosis (Elsevier, 2008).Soudzilovskaia, N. A. et al. Global patterns of plant root colonization intensity by mycorrhizal fungi explained by climate and soil chemistry. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 24, 371–382 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
Van Der Heijden, M. G. A., Bardgett, R. D. & Van Straalen, N. M. The unseen majority: soil microbes as drivers of plant diversity and productivity in terrestrial ecosystems. Ecol. Lett. 11, 296–310 (2008).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Bennett, E. M., Carpenter, S. R. & Caraco, N. F. Human impact on erodable phosphorus and eutrophication: a global perspective. Bioscience 51, 227–234 (2001).Article 

Google Scholar 
Smith, V. H. & Schindler, D. W. Eutrophication science: where do we go from here? Trends Ecol. Evol. 24, 201–207 (2009).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Rillig, M. C. & Mummey, D. L. Mycorrhizas and soil structure. New Phytol. 171, 41–53 (2006).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Bender, S. F. & van der Heijden, M. G. A. Soil biota enhance agricultural sustainability by improving crop yield, nutrient uptake and reducing nitrogen leaching losses. J. Appl. Ecol. 52, 228–239 (2015).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Rodriguez, A. & Sanders, I. R. The role of community and population ecology in applying mycorrhizal fungi for improved food security. ISME J. 9, 1053–1061 (2015).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Oviatt, P. & Rillig, M. C. Mycorrhizal technologies for an agriculture of the middle. Plants, People, Planet. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp3.10177 (2020).Ryan, M. H. & Graham, J. H. Little evidence that farmers should consider abundance or diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi when managing crops. New Phytol. 220, 1092–1107 (2018).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Rillig, M. C. et al. Why farmers should manage the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. New Phytol. 222, 1171–1175 (2019).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Zhang, S., Lehmann, A., Zheng, W., You, Z. & Rillig, M. C. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi increase grain yields: a meta-analysis. New Phytol. 222, 543–555 (2019).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Thirkell, T. J., Charters, M. D., Elliott, A. J., Sait, S. M. & Field, K. J. Are mycorrhizal fungi our sustainable saviours? Considerations for achieving food security. J. Ecol. 105, 921–929 (2017).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Davison, J. et al. Global assessment of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus diversity reveals very low endemism. Science 349, 970–973 (2015).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Pringle, A. & Bever, J. D. Analogous effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the laboratory and a North Carolina field. New Phytol. 180, 162–175 (2008).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Francis, R. & Read, D. J. Mutualism and antagonism in the mycorrhizal symbiosis, with special reference to impacts on plant community structure. Can. J. Bot. 73, 1301–1309 (1995).Article 

Google Scholar 
Thirkell, T. J., Pastok, D. & Field, K. J. Carbon for nutrient exchange between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and wheat varies according to cultivar and changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration. Glob. Change Biol. 26, 1725–1738 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Lehmann, A., Barto, E. K., Powell, J. R. & Rillig, M. C. Mycorrhizal responsiveness trends in annual crop plants and their wild relatives—a meta-analysis on studies from 1981 to 2010. Plant Soil 355, 231–250 (2012).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Martín-Robles, N. et al. Impacts of domestication on the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis of 27 crop species. New Phytol. 218, 322–334 (2018).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Leake, J. et al. Networks of power and influence: the role of mycorrhizal mycelium in controlling plant communities and agroecosystem functioning. Can. J. Bot. 82, 1016–1045 (2004).Article 

Google Scholar 
Oehl, F. et al. Impact of land use intensity on the species diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in agroecosystems of central Europe. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69, 2816–2824 (2003).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Xiang, D. et al. Land use influences arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities in the farming-pastoral ecotone of northern China. New Phytol. 204, 968–978 (2014).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Bainard, L. D. et al. Plant communities and soil properties mediate agricultural land use impacts on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the Mixed Prairie ecoregion of the North American Great Plains. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 249, 187–195 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
Helgason, T., Daniell, T. J., Husband, R., Fitter, A. H. & Young, J. P. W. Ploughing up the wood-wide web? Nature 394, 431–431 (1998).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
van der Heijden, M. G. A. et al. Mycorrhizal fungal diversity determines plant biodiversity, ecosystem variability and productivity. Nature 396, 69–72 (1998).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Vogelsang, K. M., Reynolds, H. L. & Bever, J. D. Mycorrhizal fungal identity and richness determine the diversity and productivity of a tallgrass prairie system. New Phytol. 172, 554–562 (2006).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Scheublin, T. R., Ridgway, K. P., Young, J. P. W. & van der Heijden, M. G. A. Nonlegumes, legumes, and root nodules harbor different arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70, 6240–6246 (2004).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Oehl, F. et al. Soil type and land use intensity determine the composition of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities. Soil Biol. Biochem. 42, 724–738 (2010).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
De Vries, F. T. et al. Soil food web properties explain ecosystem services across European land use systems. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 110, 14296–14301 (2013).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Verbruggen, E., Xiang, D., Chen, B., Xu, T. & Rillig, M. C. Mycorrhizal fungi associated with high soil N:P ratios are more likely to be lost upon conversion from grasslands to arable agriculture. Soil Biol. Biochem. 86, 1–4 (2015).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Balami, S., Vašutová, M., Godbold, D., Kotas, P. & Cudlín, P. Soil fungal communities across land use types. iForest 13, 548–558 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Öpik, M., Mari, M., Liira, J. & Zobel, M. Composition of root-colonizing arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities in different ecosystems around the globe. J. Ecol. 94, 778–790 (2006).Article 

Google Scholar 
Jansa, J. et al. Diversity and structure of AMF communities as affected by tillage in a temperate soil. Mycorrhiza 12, 225–234 (2002).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
van Groenigen, K. J. et al. Abundance, production and stabilization of microbial biomass under conventional and reduced tillage. Soil Biol. Biochem. 42, 48–55 (2010).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Sallach, J. B., Thirkell, T. J., Field, K. J. & Carter, L. J. The emerging threat of human‐use antifungals in sustainable and circular agriculture schemes. Plants People Planet 3, 685–693 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
Meyer, A. et al. Different land use intensities in grassland ecosystems drive ecology of microbial communities involved in nitrogen turnover in soil. PLoS ONE 8, e73536 (2013).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Tsiafouli, M. A. et al. Intensive agriculture reduces soil biodiversity across Europe. Glob. Change Biol. 21, 973–985 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
Tardy, V. et al. Shifts in microbial diversity through land use intensity as drivers of carbon mineralization in soil. Soil Biol. Biochem. 90, 204–213 (2015).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Sawers, R. J. H. et al. Phosphorus acquisition efficiency in arbuscular mycorrhizal maize is correlated with the abundance of root-external hyphae and the accumulation of transcripts encoding PHT1 phosphate transporters. New Phytol. 214, 632–643 (2017).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Svenningsen, N. B. et al. Suppression of the activity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi by the soil microbiota. ISME J. 12, 1296–1307 (2018).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Schweiger, P. F., Thingstrup, I. & Jakobsen, I. Comparison of two test systems for measuring plant phosphorus uptake via arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Mycorrhiza 8, 207–213 (1999).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Emmett, B. D., Lévesque-Tremblay, V. & Harrison, M. J. Conserved and reproducible bacterial communities associate with extraradical hyphae of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. ISME J. 15, 2276–2288 (2021).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Jiang, F., Zhang, L., Zhou, J., George, T. S. & Feng, G. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi enhance mineralisation of organic phosphorus by carrying bacteria along their extraradical hyphae. New Phytol. 230, 304–315 (2021).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Thonar, C., Schnepf, A., Frossard, E., Roose, T. & Jansa, J. Traits related to differences in function among three arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Plant Soil 339, 231–245 (2011).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Cavagnaro, T. R., Smith, F. A., Smith, S. E. & Jakobsen, I. Functional diversity in arbuscular mycorrhizas: exploitation of soil patches with different phosphate enrichment differs among fungal species. Plant Cell Environ. 28, 642–650 (2005).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Jakobsen, I., Gazey, C. & Abbott, L. K. Phosphate transport by communities of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in intact soil cores. New Phytol. 149, 95–103 (2001).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Pearson, J. N. & Jakobsen, I. The relative contribution of hyphae and roots to phosphorus uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal plants, measured by dual labelling with 32P and 33P. New Phytol. 124, 489–494 (1993).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Nagy, R., Drissner, D., Amrhein, N., Jakobsen, I. & Bucher, M. Erratum: mycorrhizal phosphate uptake pathway in tomato is phosphorus-repressible and transcriptionally regulated. New Phytol. 184, 1029 (2009).Article 

Google Scholar 
Smith, S. E., Jakobsen, I., Grønlund, M. & Smith, F. A. Roles of arbuscular mycorrhizas in plant phosphorus nutrition: interactions between pathways of phosphorus uptake in arbuscular mycorrhizal roots have important implications for understanding and manipulating plant phosphorus acquisition. Plant Physiol. 156, 1050–1057 (2011).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Williams, A., Manoharan, L., Rosenstock, N. P., Olsson, P. A. & Hedlund, K. Long-term agricultural fertilization alters arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal community composition and barley (Hordeum vulgare) mycorrhizal carbon and phosphorus exchange. New Phytol. 213, 874–885 (2017).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Koerselman, W. & Meuleman, A. F. M. The Vegetation N:P Ratio: a new tool to detect the nature of nutrient limitation. J. Appl. Ecol. 33, 1441 (1996).Article 

Google Scholar 
Van Aarle, I. M., Olsson, P. A. & Söderström, B. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi respond to the substrate pH of their extraradical mycelium by altered growth and root colonization. New Phytol. 155, 173–182 (2002).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Staddon, P. L. et al. Mycorrhizal fungal abundance is affected by long-term climatic manipulations in the field. Glob. Change Biol. 9, 186–194 (2003).Article 

Google Scholar 
Weber, S. E. et al. Responses of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to multiple coinciding global change drivers. Fungal Ecol. 40, 62–71 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
Peat, H. J. & Fitter, A. H. The distribution of arbuscular mycorrhizas in the British flora. New Phytol. 125, 845–854 (1993).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Cruz-Paredes, C. et al. Suppression of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal activity in a diverse collection of non-cultivated soils. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 95, fiz020 (2019).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Jansa, J., Erb, A., Oberholzer, H.-R., Šmilauer, P. & Egli, S. Soil and geography are more important determinants of indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal communities than management practices in Swiss agricultural soils. Mol. Ecol. 23, 2118–2135 (2014).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Davison, J. et al. Temperature and pH define the realised niche space of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. New Phytol. 231, 763–776 (2021).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Yang, H. et al. Changes in soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, and abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi along a large-scale aridity gradient. Catena 87, 70–77 (2011).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Riedo, J. et al. Widespread occurrence of pesticides in organically managed agricultural soils—the ghost of a conventional agricultural past? Environ. Sci. Technol. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c06405 (2021).Pánková, H., Dostálek, T., Vazačová, K. & Münzbergová, Z. Slow recovery of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and plant community after fungicide application: an eight-year experiment. J. Veg. Sci. 29, 695–703 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
Ipsilantis, I., Samourelis, C. & Karpouzas, D. G. The impact of biological pesticides on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Soil Biol. Biochem. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2011.08.007 (2012).Buysens, C., Dupré de Boulois, H. & Declerck, S. Do fungicides used to control Rhizoctonia solani impact the non-target arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Rhizophagus irregularis? Mycorrhiza. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00572-014-0610-7 (2015).Lekberg, Y., Wagner, V., Rummel, A., McLeod, M. & Ramsey, P. W. Strong indirect herbicide effects on mycorrhizal associations through plant community shifts and secondary invasions. Ecol. Appl. 27, 2359–2368 (2017).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Hage-Ahmed, K., Rosner, K. & Steinkellner, S. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and their response to pesticides. Pest Manag. Sci. 75, 583–590 (2019).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Kjøller, R. & Rosendahl, S. Effects of fungicides on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: differential responses in alkaline phosphatase activity of external and internal hyphae. Biol. Fertil. Soils 31, 361–365 (2000).Article 

Google Scholar 
Gange, A. C., Brown, V. K. & Sinclair, G. S. Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: a determinant of plant community structure in early succession. Funct. Ecol. 7, 616 (1993).Article 

Google Scholar 
Hartnett, D. C. & Wilson, G. W. T. The role of mycorrhizas in plant community structure and dynamics: lessons from grasslands. Plant Soil 244, 319–331 (2002).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Guzman, A. et al. Crop diversity enriches arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities in an intensive agricultural landscape. New Phytol. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.17306 (2021).LUCAS 2018 Technical Reference Document C3 Classification (Land Cover and Land Use) (Eurostat, 2018).Fick, S. E. & Hijmans, R. J. WorldClim 2: new 1‐km spatial resolution climate surfaces for global land areas. Int. J. Climatol. 37, 4302–4315 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
Trabucco, A. & Zomer, R. Global Aridity Index and Potential Evapotranspiration (ET0) Climate Database v.2. figshare https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.7504448.v3 (2019).García-Palacios, P., Gross, N., Gaitán, J. & Maestre, F. T. Climate mediates the biodiversity-ecosystem stability relationship globally. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 115, 8400–8405 (2018).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Berdugo, M. et al. Global ecosystem thresholds driven by aridity. Science 367, 787–790 (2020).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Sinnott, R. W. Virtues of the Haversine. Sky Telescope 68, 158–159 (1984).
Google Scholar 
Garland, G. et al. Crop cover is more important than rotational diversity for soil multifunctionality and cereal yields in European cropping systems. Nat. Food 2, 28–37 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
Boden‐und Substratuntersuchungen zur Düngeberatung (Schweizerische Referenzmethoden der Eidgenössischen Forschungsanstalten, 1996).Berry, D., Mahfoudh, K., Ben, Wagner, M. & Loy, A. Barcoded primers used in multiplex amplicon pyrosequencing bias amplification. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 77, 7846–7849 (2011).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Gardes, M., White, T. J., Fortin, J. A., Bruns, T. D. & Taylor, J. W. Identification of indigenous and introduced symbiotic fungi in ectomycorrhizae by amplification of nuclear and mitochondrial ribosomal DNA. Can. J. Bot. 69, 180–190 (1991).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Gardes, M. & Bruns, T. D. ITS primers with enhanced specificity for basidiomycetes—application to the identification of mycorrhizae and rusts. Mol. Ecol. 2, 113–118 (1993).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Fiore-Donno, A. M. et al. New barcoded primers for efficient retrieval of cercozoan sequences in high-throughput environmental diversity surveys, with emphasis on worldwide biological soil crusts. Mol. Ecol. Resour. 18, 229–239 (2018).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Helfenstein, J., Jegminat, J., McLaren, T. I. & Frossard, E. Soil solution phosphorus turnover: derivation, interpretation, and insights from a global compilation of isotope exchange kinetic studies. Biogeosciences 15, 105–114 (2018).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Thirkell, T. J. et al. Cultivar‐dependent increases in mycorrhizal nutrient acquisition by barley in response to elevated CO2. Plants People Planet 3, 553–566 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
Rodushkin, I., Ruth, T. & Huhtasaari, Å. Comparison of two digestion methods for elemental determinations in plant material by ICP techniques. Anal. Chim. Acta 378, 191–200 (1999).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Ohno, T. & Zibilske, L. M. Determination of low concentrations of phosphorus in soil extracts using malachite green. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 55, 892–895 (1991).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Frossard, E. et al. in Phosphorus in Action (eds Bünemann, E. et al.) 59–91 (Springer, 2011).Sato, K., Suyama, Y., Saito, M. & Sugawara, K. A new primer for discrimination of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi with polymerase chain reaction-denature gradient gel electrophoresis. Grassl. Sci. 51, 179–181 (2005).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Callahan, B. J. et al. DADA2: high-resolution sample inference from Illumina amplicon data. Nat. Methods 13, 581–583 (2016).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Bolyen, E. et al. Reproducible, interactive, scalable and extensible microbiome data science using QIIME 2. Nat. Biotechnol. 37, 852–857 (2019).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Öpik, M. et al. The online database MaarjAM reveals global and ecosystemic distribution patterns in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomeromycota). New Phytol. 188, 223–241 (2010).PubMed 
Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Rognes, T., Flouri, T., Nichols, B., Quince, C. & Mahé, F. VSEARCH: a versatile open source tool for metagenomics. PeerJ 4, e2584 (2016).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Quast, C. et al. The SILVA ribosomal RNA gene database project: improved data processing and web-based tools. Nucleic Acids Res. 41, D590–D596 (2012).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
McMurdie, P. J. & Holmes, S. phyloseq: an R package for reproducible interactive analysis and graphics of microbiome census data. PLoS ONE 8, e61217 (2013).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
R Core team R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2019).Calcagno, V. glmulti: Model Selection and Multimodel Inference Made Easy. R version 1.0.8 https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=glmulti (2020).Cade, B. S. Model averaging and muddled multimodel inferences. Ecology. https://doi.org/10.1890/14-1639.1 (2015).Barton, K. MuMIn: Multi-Model Inference. R version 1.43.17 https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=MuMIn (2020).Burnham, K. P. & Anderson, D. R. (eds) Model Selection and Multimodel Inference (Springer, 2002).Rosseel, Y. Lavaan: an R package for structural equation modeling. J. Stat. Softw. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v048.i02 (2012). More

Phycosphere pH of single phytoplankton cellsThe pH in the phycosphere of a single cell Chlamydomonas concordia (~5 µm diameter) exposed to 140 μmol photons m−2 s−1 was 8.27 ± 0.01 (179 measurements), while the pH of bulk seawater was 8.01 ± 0.01 (160 measurements) (Fig. 1c). The observed pH variation near the cell surface was 150 µmol m−2 s−1 [33]. At light intensities More

Data collectionThe present dataset was collected within the framework of the Atlantic Lobster Moult and Quality (ALMQ) project originally managed and implemented by the Atlantic Veterinary College Lobster Science Centre at the University of Prince Edward Island in collaboration with the Fishermen and Scientists Research Society. The Atlantic Lobster Moult and Quality project was initially funded through the Atlantic Innovation Fund program from the Atlantic Canada Opportunities Agency (ACOA) and transferred to the Fishermen and Scientists Research Society (FSRS) in 2012.Sampling took place every 2–3 weeks in eight lobster fishing areas (LFA) in Atlantic Canada from 2004 to 2014 (see Fig. 1, Table 1). The sampling followed the FSRS Lobster Moult and Quality sampling protocol and was conducted by technicians from the Atlantic Veterinary College and the Fishermen and Scientists Research Society in fixed locations from traps set the day before2. Locations based on targeted sampling (LFA 33 and 34) were chosen according to the fishing efforts in the respective areas and selected by a lobster science committee consisting of members from industry, academia, research and federal and provincial representatives. Other locations (LFA 24, 25, 26A, 35) were chosen based on proximity to the Atlantic Veterinary College and other projects with commercial fishers which allowed sampling.Table 1 Overview of sampling locations, surface areas (km2) and number of lobsters (N) sampled for the Atlantic Lobster Moult and Quality Project by AVC Lobster Science Centre from 2004–2015 in Atlantic Canada. (PEI = Prince Edward Island, NS = Nova Scotia).Full size tableFig. 1(a) Map of the lobster fishing areas (LFAs) in the Maritime Provinces in eastern Canada with the sampling locations (red) recorded by the AVC Lobster Science Centre for the Atlantic Lobster Moult and Quality project. (b) Enlarged map of LFA 33. (c) Enlarged map of LFAs on Prince Edward Island. The maps were created using QGIS (v. 3.18; https://qgis.org). Contours depict water depths in meters.Full size imageFor each sampling event, 40 commercial lobster traps with escape vents for lobsters below the minimum legal size were used. Legal sizes depend on size-at-maturity (size at which 50% of the population reach maturity) which differs between LFAs due to regional differences in water temperature that influence lobster growth. There were some differences in sampling procedure between lobster fishing season and off-season. During lobster fishing season sampling took place within 48 h post landing and only legal-sized lobsters were assessed. During off season, lobsters were sampled directly on board chartered boats and were returned to sea immediately after sampling. During non-fishing season sampling, lobsters below minimum legal size were also sampled but no egg-bearing females were targeted to minimize negative handling effects. Targeted sample size was 200 lobsters per sampling event before 2009 and 125 lobsters after 2009 due to budget constraints.On average, 3–4 lobsters of each sex were sampled in every 2 mm lobster size grouping. Lobster size was recorded as the carapace length in mm and determined using calipers rounding down to the nearest mm. The size distribution of sampled lobsters is presented in Fig. 2. Lobsters were assessed for general health (lesions, shell damage, liveliness/vigour) and shell hardness. Shell hardness was recorded as soft, medium or hard. A carapace of a soft-shelled lobster would be compressible at the ventral and dorsal (anterior and posterior) carapace, a medium-shelled lobster would only be compressible at the ventral carapace and a hard-shelled lobster would not be compressible at any carapace location.Fig. 2Lobster size (as carapace length in mm) distribution for all lobsters sampled during the sampling period (15 missing values).Full size imageTo estimate hemolymph protein levels, the ventral abdomen between the first pair of walking legs was sprayed with 70% ethanol and 3 ml of hemolymph were extracted with a 22 gauge needle and a 3 ml syringe. A few drops of hemolymph were placed on a handheld refractometer and the refractive index (“°Brix” value) was recorded and used as a proxy for total hemolymph levels. The distribution of hemolymph protein level is shown in Fig. 3. The moult stages were determined by pleopod stages under a stereomicroscope and recorded in pleopod stages (see Table 2). The stage determinations are shown in Table 2 and Fig. 46.Fig. 3Distribution of hemolymph protein level (measured in °Brix) for all lobsters sampled in the dataset (892 missing values).Full size imageTable 2 Description of premoult stages and pleopod stages in adult American lobster based on Aiken6. C: Intermoult, D: Premoult.Full size tableFig. 4Pleopod stages of lobsters at different times in their moult cycle. Illustrations by Lavallée et al.2.Full size imageIn total, 141,659 lobsters were sampled from 2004–2015 over 1,195 sampling events. Data were recorded manually on data sheets and re-checked before being entered into an Excel data sheet (Excel, Microsoft). More

Díaz, S. et al. Set ambitious goals for biodiversity and sustainability. Science 370, 411–413 (2020).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Sutherland, W. J. & Woodroof, H. J. The need for environmental horizon scanning. Trends Ecol. Evol. 24, 523–527 (2009).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Sutherland, W. J. et al. Ten years on: a review of the first global conservation horizon scan. Trends Ecol. Evol. 34, 139–153 (2019).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Sutherland, W. J. et al. A horizon scan of global conservation issues for 2010. Trends Ecol. Evol. 25, 1–7 (2010).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Sutherland, W. J. et al. A horizon scan of global conservation issues for 2016. Trends Ecol. Evol. 31, 44–53 (2016).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Sutherland, W. J. et al. A horizon scanning assessment of current and potential future threats facing migratory shorebirds. Ibis 154, 663–679 (2012).Article 

Google Scholar 
Bowman, D. M. J. S. et al. Vegetation fires in the Anthropocene. Nat. Rev. Earth Environ. 1, 500–515 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Tang, W. et al. Widespread phytoplankton blooms triggered by 2019–2020 Australian wildfires. Nature 597, 370–375 (2021).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Silva, L. G. M. et al. Mortality events resulting from Australia’s catastrophic fires threaten aquatic biota. Glob. Change Biol. 26, 5345–5350 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Abram, N. J., Gagan, M. K., McCulloch, M. T., Chappell, J. & Hantoro, W. S. Coral reef death during the 1997 Indian Ocean Dipole linked to Indonesian wildfires. Science 301, 952–955 (2003).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Solomon, C. T. et al. Ecosystem consequences of changing inputs of terrestrial dissolved organic matter to lakes: current knowledge and future challenges. Ecosystems 18, 376–389 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
Sully, S. & van Woesik, R. Turbid reefs moderate coral bleaching under climate related temperature stress. Glob. Change Biol. 26, 1367–1373 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
Blain, C. O., Hansen, S. C. & Shears, N. T. Coastal darkening substantially limits the contribution of kelp to coastal carbon cycles. Glob. Change Biol. 27, 5547–5563 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
Stewart, B. D. et al. Metal pollution as a potential threat to shell strength and survival in marine bivalves. Sci. Total Environ. 755, 143019 (2021).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Roberts, D. A. et al. Ocean acidification increases the toxicity of contaminated sediments. Glob. Change Biol. 19, 340–351 (2013).Article 

Google Scholar 
Hauton, C. et al. Identifying toxic impact of metals potentially released during deep-sea mining—a synthesis of the challenges to quantifying risk. Front. Mar. Sci. 4, 368 (2017).Chaudhary, C. et al. Global warming is causing a more pronounced dip in marine species richness around the equator. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 118, e2015094118 (2021).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Burrows, M. T. et al. Geographical limits to species-range shifts are suggested by climate velocity. Nature 507, 492–495 (2014).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Yasuhara, M. et al. Past and future decline of tropical pelagic biodiversity. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 117, 12891–12896 (2020).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Pandolfi, J. M. et al. Are U.S. coral reefs on the slippery slope to slime? Science 307, 1725–1726 (2005).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Hixson, S. M. & Arts, M. T. Climate warming is predicted to reduce omega-3, long-chain, polyunsaturated fatty acid production in phytoplankton. Glob. Change Biol. 22, 2744–2755 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
Hicks, C. C. et al. Harnessing global fisheries to tackle micronutrient deficiencies. Nature 574, 95–98 (2019).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Colombo, S. M. et al. Projected declines in global DHA availability for human consumption as a result of global warming. Ambio 49, 865–880 (2020).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Lam, V. W. et al. Climate change, tropical fisheries and prospects for sustainable development. Nat. Rev. Earth Environ. 1, 440–454 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Antacli, J. C. et al. Increase in unsaturated fatty acids in Antarctic phytoplankton under ocean warming and glacial melting scenarios. Sci. Total Environ. 790, 147879 (2021).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Maire, E. et al. Micronutrient supply from global marine fisheries under climate change and overfishing. Curr. Biol. 18, 4132–4138 (2021).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Lim, Y. S., Ok, Y. J., Hwang, S. Y., Kwak, J. Y. & Yoon, S. Marine collagen as a promising biomaterial for biomedical applications. Mar. Drugs 17, 467 (2019).CAS 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Xu, N. et al. Marine-derived collagen as biomaterials for human health. Front. Nutr. 8, 702108 (2021).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Vieira, H., Leal, M. C. & Calado, R. Fifty shades of blue: how blue biotechnology is shaping the bioeconomy. Trends Biotechnol. 38, 940–943 (2020).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Ben-Hasan, A. et al. China’s fish maw demand and its implications for fisheries in source countries. Mar. Policy 132, 104696 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
Sadovy de Mitcheson, Y., To, A. W. L., Wong, N. W., Kwan, H. Y. & Bud, W. S. Emerging from the murk: threats, challenges and opportunities for the global swim bladder trade. Rev. Fish. Biol. Fish. 29, 809–835 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
Brownell, R. L. Jr et al. Bycatch in gillnet fisheries threatens critically endangered small cetaceans and other aquatic megafauna. Endang. Species Res. 40, 285–296 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
Webb, T. J., Vanden Berghe, E. & O’Dor, R. K. Biodiversity’s big wet secret: the global distribution of marine biological records reveals chronic under-exploration of the deep pelagic ocean. PLoS ONE 5, e10223 (2010).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
St. John, M. A. et al. A dark hole in our understanding of marine ecosystems and their services: perspectives from the mesopelagic community. Front. Mar. Sci. 3, 31 (2016).
Google Scholar 
Thomsen, L. et al. The oceanic biological pump: rapid carbon transfer to depth at continental margins during winter. Sci. Rep. 7, 10763 (2017).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Roberts, C. M., Hawkins, J. P., Hindle, K., Wilson, R. W. & O’Leary, B. C. Entering the Twilight Zone: The Ecological Role and Importance of Mesopelagic Fishes (Blue Marine Foundation, 2020)Cavan, E. L., Laurenceau-Cornec, E. C., Bressac, M. & Boyd, P. W. Exploring the ecology of the mesopelagic biological pump. Prog. Oceanogr. 176, 102125 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
Levin, L. A. et al. Climate change considerations are fundamental to management of deep‐sea resource extraction. Glob. Change Biol. 26, 4664–4678 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Li, Z. et al. Continuous electrical pumping membrane process for seawater lithium mining. Energy Environ. Sci. 14, 3152–3159 (2021).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Jin, M., Gai, Y., Guo, X., Hou, Y. & Zeng, R. Properties and applications of extremozymes from deep-sea extremophilic microorganisms: a mini review. Mar. Drugs 17, 656 (2019).CAS 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Mbow, C. et al. in IPCC Special Report on Climate Change and Land (eds Shukla, P.R. et al.) 437–550 (IPCC, 2019).Christie, N., Smyth, K., Barnes, R. & Elliott, M. Co-location of activities and designations: a means of solving or creating problems in marine spatial planning? Mar. Pol. 43, 254–261 (2014).Article 

Google Scholar 
Mayer-Pinto, M., Dafforn, K. A. & Johnston, E. L. A decision framework for coastal infrastructure to optimize biotic resistance and resilience in a changing climate. BioScience 69, 833–843 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
Wang, C. M. & Wang, B. T. in ICSCEA 2019 (eds Reddy, J. N. et al.) 3–29 (Springer, 2020).Ross, C. T. F. & McCullough, R. R. Conceptual design of a floating island city. J. Ocean Technol. 5, 120–121 (2010).
Google Scholar 
Dong, Y.-w, Huang, X.-w, Wang, W., Li, Y. & Wang, J. The marine ‘great wall’ of China: local- and broad-scale ecological impacts of coastal infrastructure on intertidal macrobenthic communities. Divers. Distrib. 22, 731–744 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
Flikkema, M. M. B., Lin, F.-Y., van der Plank, P. P. J., Koning, J. & Waals, O. Legal issues for artificial floating islands. Front. Mar. Sci. 8, 619462 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
Richir, J., Bray, S., McAleese, T. & Watson, G. J. Three decades of trace element sediment contamination: the mining of governmental databases and the need to address hidden sources for clean and healthy seas. Environ. Int. 149, 106362 (2021).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Zhao, Y. et al. A review on battery market trends, second-life reuse, and recycling. Sustain. Chem. 2, 167–205 (2021).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Li, W., Lee, S. & Manthiram, A. High‐Nickel NMA: a cobalt‐free alternative to NMC and NCA cathodes for lithium‐ion batteries. Adv. Mater. 32, 2002718 (2020).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Ghaffarivardavagh, R., Afzal, S. S., Rodriguez, O. & Adib, F. in SIGCOMM ’20 Proc. 19th ACM Workshop on Hot Topics in Networks 125–131 (Association for Computing Machinery, 2020).Hazen, E. L. et al. Ontogeny in marine tagging and tracking science: technologies and data gaps. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 457, 221–240 (2012).Article 

Google Scholar 
Davies, T. E. et al. Tracking data and the conservation of the high seas: opportunities and challenges. J. Appl. Ecol. 58, 2703–2710 (2021).Aracri, S. et al. Soft robots for ocean exploration and offshore operations: a perspective. Soft Robot. https://doi.org/10.1089/soro.2020.0011 (2021).Li, G. et al. Self-powered soft robot in the Mariana Trench. Nature 591, 66–71 (2021).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Philamore, H., Ieropoulos, I., Stinchcombe, A. & Rossiter, J. Toward energetically autonomous foraging soft robots. Soft Robot. 3, 186–197 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
Manfra, L. et al. Biodegradable polymers: a real opportunity to solve marine plastic pollution? J. Hazard. Mater. 416, 125763 (2021).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Kim, D., Kim, H. & An, Y. J. Effects of synthetic and natural microfibers on Daphnia magna: are they dependent on microfiber type? Aquat. Toxicol. 240, 105968 (2021).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Degli-Innocenti, F., Bellia, G., Tosin, M., Kapanen, A. & Itävaara, M. Detection of toxicity released by biodegradable plastics after composting in activated vermiculite. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 73, 101–106 (2001).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Macreadie, P. I. et al. The future of blue carbon science. Nat. Commun. 10, 3998 (2019).Short, R. E. et al. Harnessing the diversity of small-scale actors is key to the future of aquatic food systems. Nat. Food 2, 733–741 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
Watson, J. E. M. et al. Set a global target for ecosystems. Nature 578, 360–362 (2020).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Obura, D. O. et al. Integrate biodiversity targets from local to global levels. Science 373, 746 (2021).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Barnes, M. D., Glew, L., Wyborn, C. & Craigie, I. D. Prevent perverse outcomes from global protected area policy. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 2, 759–762 (2018).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Grorud-Colvert, K. et al. The MPA Guide: a framework to achieve global goals for the ocean. Science 373, eabf0861 (2021).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Jefferson, R. L., McKinley, E., Griffin, H., Nimmo, A. & Fletcher, S. Public perceptions of the ocean: lessons for marine conservation from a global research review. Front. Mar. Sci. 8, 711245 (2021).Potts, T., Pita, C., O’Higgins, T. & Mee, L. Who cares? European attitudes towards marine and coastal environments. Mar. Pol. 72, 59–66 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
Bennett, N. J. et al. Towards a sustainable and equitable blue economy. Nat. Sustain. 2, 991–993 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
Jouffray, J.-B., Blasiak, R., Norström, A. V., Österblom, H. & Nyström, M. The blue acceleration: the trajectory of human expansion into the ocean. One Earth 2, 43–54 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Zheng, Y. & Walsham, G. Inequality of what? An intersectional approach to digital inequality under Covid-19. Inf. Organ. 31, 100341 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
Blythe, J. L., Armitage, D., Bennett, N. J., Silver, J. J. & Song, A. M. The politics of ocean governance transformations. Front. Mar. Sci. 8, 634718 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
Brennan, C., Ashley, M. & Molloy, O. A system dynamics approach to increasing ocean literacy. Front. Mar. Sci. 6, 360 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
Stoll-Kleemann, S. Feasible options for behavior change toward more effective ocean literacy: a systematic review. Front. Mar. Sci. 6, 273 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
Bennett, N. J. et al. Advancing social equity in and through marine conservation. Front. Mar. Sci. 8, 711538 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
Short, R. E. et al. Review of the evidence for oceans and human health relationships in Europe: a systematic map. Environ. Int. 146, 106275 (2021).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Mukherjee, N. et al. The Delphi technique in ecology and biological conservation: applications and guidelines. Methods Ecol. Evol. 6, 1097–1109 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
Sutherland, W. J. et al. A 2021 horizon scan of emerging global biological conservation issues. Trends Ecol. Evol. 36, 87–97 (2021).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar  More

Coupled model experiments for detecting vegetation-climate feedbackWe quantified changes of near-surface (2-m) air temperature (Ta) in response to the observed NH greening for all active growing seasons during 1982–2014 using IPSL-CM. We defined the three growing seasons (spring, summer, and autumn) across the entire NH domain as periods of March-April-May (MAM), June-July-August (JJA), and September-October-November (SON), respectively. For each season, a pair of transient numerical experiments was performed by modifying LAI: a dynamic vegetation experiment (SCE) forced by annually and seasonally varying LAI from satellite observations36, and three seasonal control experiments (({{{{{{rm{LAI}}}}}}}_{{{{{{rm{CTL}}}}}}}^{{{{{{rm{MAM}}}}}}}), ({{{{{{rm{LAI}}}}}}}_{{{{{{rm{CTL}}}}}}}^{{{{{{rm{JJA}}}}}}}), and ({{{{{{rm{LAI}}}}}}}_{{{{{{rm{CTL}}}}}}}^{{{{{{rm{SON}}}}}}}) for MAM, JJA, and SON, respectively) forced by annually varying LAI for all seasons, except in the season of interest when the LAI was fixed to the climatological conditions observed during 1982–2014 (Fig. S1). For all experiments, other boundary conditions, including sea surface temperature (SST), sea ice fraction (SIC), and atmospheric CO2 concentrations, were kept consistent (Methods). Therefore, differences between SCE and the control experiments characterized the effects of the observed LAI changes on Ta (hereafter denoted as ΔTa), both intra- and inter-seasonally. Multimember paired ensembles were generated for each coupled model experiment by performing 30 repeated runs but with different initial conditions (see Methods).The capacity of the IPSL-CM GCM for simulating the seasonal variations and spatial patterns of Ta was assessed by comparing the SCE simulation results with the observation-based Ta data (Methods). Throughout most of the growing season (May to October), the SCE simulation well reproduced the increasing trend and interannual variability of the NH land mean Ta observed during 1982–2014 (Fig. S2). Observational data showed that the strongest NH warming occurred in early spring (March and April) and late autumn (November). However, the SCE simulation failed to capture the exceptionally strong warming during the transitional seasons, leading to the underestimation of the annual mean warming trend (SCE: 0.237 ± 0.024 °C decade−1; observed: 0.362 ± 0.048 °C decade−1). This underestimation stemmed from a negative bias in the increase of downwelling shortwave radiation, possibly due to an absence of short-lived forcing and bias in the cloud systems37. Overall, the SCE reproduced the geographical patterns of seasonal warming reasonably well (Fig. S3), which strengthened our confidence in the model projections. Notably, it successfully captured the observed amplified warming over pan-arctic and semi-arid regions, as well as the few cases of regional cooling, such as that over northwestern North America during MAM (Fig. S3).Intra-seasonal temperature responses to NH LAI changesFor the period from 1982 to 2014, satellite-retrieved LAI showed statistically significant increasing trends (p  0.1), strong and significant JJA cooling (−0.044 ± 0.008 °C decade−1, p  0.1) (intra-seasonal feedbacks shown in Fig. 1b). The LAI-induced JJA Ta trend was equivalent to cooling of −0.15 ± 0.03 °C in JJA over the study period, offsetting the overall SCE-simulated near-surface air warming over this period by ~12.5%. This strong JJA cooling was further supported by a significant negative correlation (r = −0.64, p  0.1) or SON (r = 0.07, p  > 0.1) (Fig. S4a, c), during which the LAI-induced changes accounted for only 1.3% (MAM) and −3.2% (SON) of the concurrent greenhouse warming. We also verified the robustness of our results by performing equilibrium experiments with an independent model, the NCAR Community Atmosphere Model coupled with Community Land Model (CAM-CLM, Methods). Indeed, this model generated a similarly strong LAI-induced cooling in JJA (−0.18 °C, p  0.1) and SON (−0.05 °C, p  > 0.1) (Fig. S5).Fig. 1: Intra- and inter-seasonal temperature responses to leaf area index (LAI) changes.a Monthly trends (shadings) of Northern Hemisphere (NH) mean LAI during 1982–2014 used as input to the seasonal simulations. The dashed curve and transparent bars indicate trends of monthly LAI and seasonally aggregated LAI values, respectively. b Linear trends of Ta driven by LAI changes within the same season (intra-seasonal) and other growing seasons (inter-seasonal). Error bars in a, b indicate uncertainty ranges [1 – standard deviation (SD)]. c Monthly trends of LAI-induced air temperature changes (ΔTa), with red and blue shadings representing positive and negative trends, respectively. The bottom panel shows the overall ΔTa trends induced by LAI changes in all growing seasons, calculated as the sum of ΔTa trends from the three seasonal runs shown separately in the above panels. ***p  More