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The catenary sequence of soilsThe catena of Andosols down a slope near a hot spring in the Valley of Geysers was subdivided into four thermal zones (Fig. 1a–e), which are described below.Figure 1Location of study area (a–c), soil pits along the catena (d, e) and photos of soil pits (f–i). (a b) Study area location. Soil map is from133 (open access) with additions and corrections by I.N. Semenkov based on the map of soil temperature at a depth of 15 cm in the Valley of Geysers131 and the soil names from44 using CorelDraw X7 software (https://www.coreldraw.com/). (c) Top view of the left side of the Geysernaya River with the body of a catastrophic landslide, a visitor center (in the left lower part) and the location of the transect studied (1–15). (d) The location of transect studied. (e) A schematic profile of the catena studied with numbered soil pits. The main soil pits selected for comprehensive analyses (see section ‘Soil analyses’) are in red. (f) Non-heated Eutrosilic Silandic Andosols (Arenic, Cutanic) on pyroclastic material (pit no 16, Zone I), within levelled parts of the interfluve, under tall-herb meadow communities with local patches of Erman’s birch woods. (g) Slightly heated Eutrosilic Aluandic Andosols (Cutanic, Loamic, Natric) in the upper part of the catena, on hydrothermally altered sandy-loamy pyroclastic material (pit no 12, Zone II), on slightly heated slopes, under tall-herb meadows. (h) Moderately heated Eutrosilic Gleyic Aluandic Andosols (Loamic, Reductic, Protosalic, Hyperthionic) in the middle part of the catena, on hydrothermally altered clayey pyroclastic material (pit no 9.1, Zone III), under different moss and ‘microzonal’ communities. (i) Hot Gleyic Aluandic Andosols (Clayic, Reductic, Salic, Hyperthionic) in the lower part of the catena, on hydrothermal clays (pit no 4, Zone IV), on most heated bare slopes.Full size imageZone I. Non-heated Eutrosilic Silandic Andosols (Arenic, Cutanic) under Kamchatka’s tall herb communities and fragmented Erman’s birch woodsNon-heated Andosols with temperatures of 50 with very small amounts of PM5–50 ( More

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