Ecology

Industrial milk production results in waste products and pollutants including greenhouse gas emissions, product packaging, wastewater and effluents. Sustainability indicators are poorly defined for the industry, making efforts to measure and monitor sustainability challenging. Alexandre André Feil, from Universidade do Vale do Taquari, Brazil, and colleagues conducted a systematic review to identify and assess the characteristics of sustainability indicators used in the dairy sector to date.

The literature search covered a 50-year period of publication, from 1969 to the present. Although 130 publications containing the phrases ‘sustainability indicator’ and ‘dairy industry’ were included in the review, the authors found that only about 5% of these studies directly addressed sustainability indicators. The ‘triple bottom line’ of sustainability — environmental, social and economic factors — were used by Feil and colleagues to assess indicators used in the literature. The environmental indicators that emerged included ozone depletion, water eutrophication, energy consumption, ecotoxicity, abiotic depletion, global warming, water acidification, photochemical oxidation, human toxicity and water consumption. Social indicators included product delivery capacity, quality of raw materials and product, traceability systems, workers’ health and safety, noise pollution and traffic accidents. Among economic indicators were profit margin, participation in milk processing, costs of production, storage and distribution. Feil and colleagues note that the frequency of these indicators and their composite assessment in the literature to date is low, as is literature considering the triple bottom line. But, the theme of sustainability is, they note, incipient in the dairy industry.

Establishing a holistic approach to sustainability in the dairy industry is crucial. In this systematic review and analysis, Feil and colleagues also note the importance of tailoring sustainability indicators to regional issues — a strategy that will be important as emerging economies are set to increase their dairy production in the coming decades. More

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Moderate genome-wide diversity and low population structure
With 22,721 SNPs, we estimated expected (HE = 0.27 ± 0.17; mean ± SD) and observed (HO = 0.25 ± 0.17) heterozygosities in the global dromedary population (npop = 17; nind = 95). Separating the samples according to their continental origins, both Asian (nind = 49, HE = 0.27 ± 0.17/HO = 0.25 ± 0.17) and African dromedaries (nind = 46, HE = 0.26 ± 0.17/HO = 0.25 ± 0.18) showed similar genomic diversity. The mean HE (t = −2.2641, df = 45,398, P = 0.02) and inbreeding coefficients (t = −2.5159, df = 43,024, P = 0.01) were higher in Asian than African dromedaries, but mean HO (t = −1.2791, df = 45,385, P = 0.2) was not different between continents, according to Welch′s t test. Complete diversity and inbreeding values are given in Supplementary Table 1. In comparison with other domestic species, i.e., sheep (HE = 0.22–0.32)26 or cattle (HE = 0.24–0.30)27, we consider the genome-wide diversity in dromedaries as moderate at the best. Several bottlenecks during the last glacial period (see demographic analysis below, and Fitak et al.24) and during domestication left modern dromedaries with a minimum of only six maternal lineages1 and limited genome-wide diversity. This will have implications on future intensification of breeding and genomic selection in dromedaries from regions with increasing desertification.
In general, the genome-wide differentiation within the global dromedary population was very low. Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA) revealed that most of the variation, ~94.3%, is explained within individuals (Supplementary Table 2). Allelic richness (AR) was similar between countries (AR = 0.25–0.27) with exception of Kenya which was lower (AR = 0.21). The pairwise fixation index between African and Asian individuals was very low (FST = 0.006; P  More

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