Ecology

I’m a conservation land manager at the Port of San Diego in California. My team and I aim to manage the tidelands around San Diego Bay, an area of more than 4,850 hectares, three-quarters of which is covered by water at high tide. At least 60% of the bay’s shoreline is ‘hardened’ — that is, it is edged with either a solid seawall or rip rap, piles of artificial boulders.To prevent erosion of the adjacent natural shoreline and restore wetlands, we’re participating in the San Diego Bay Native Oyster Living Shoreline project. As part of that, in December 2021, we placed 360 reef balls — depicted in this photograph from September this year — along 260 metres of shoreline to form the foundation of a native-oyster reef in the south bay. Here, I’m looking for oysters that have settled and are growing on the spheres.The reef balls are made out of ‘baycrete’, a concrete mixture made with local sand and the shells of farmed oysters. These attract wild oysters, which come to live there. We’re targeting the native Olympia oysters (Ostrea lurida), which can filter up to 190 litres of water per day. And sediment should accumulate behind the reef balls, encouraging the growth of eelgrass (Zostera marina). The grass is the foundation of the bay’s food chain.In a couple of years, native oysters will cover the reef balls, forming an artificial reef offshore. This reef will cause storm waves to break farther from the shoreline, protecting the adjacent salt marsh. Just inland from this area is a wetlands habitat refuge for the endangered California least tern (Sternula antillarum browni), and many birds are already hopping onto the reef balls and eating what’s living there.Living shorelines are an important part of sequestering carbon to combat climate change — both eelgrass and oysters store a lot of carbon. The reef balls are win–win–win. I often joke that we’re trying to save the planet one acre (0.4 hectares) at a time. More

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Maestre and colleagues collected data using a standardized field survey at 98 sites across 25 countries and 6 continents, fitted linear mixed models to data from all sites and grazing pressure levels, and then applied a multimodel inference procedure to select the set of best-fitting models. The authors found interactions between grazing and biodiversity in almost half of the best-fitting models, where increasing grazing pressure had positive effects on ecosystem services in colder sites with high plant species richness. However, increases in grazing pressure at warmer sites with high rainfall seasonality and low plant species richness interacted with soil properties to either increase or reduce the delivery of multiple ecosystem services. The authors’ findings highlight how increasing herbivore richness could enhance ecosystem service delivery across contrasting environmental and biodiversity conditions, enhancing soil carbon storage and reducing the negative impacts of increased grazing pressure. More

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Welch and colleagues analysed 3.7 billion AIS messages recorded between 2017 and 2019 in the global Fishing Watch AIS dataset, identifying more than 55,000 suspected intentional disabling events in waters more than 50 nautical miles from shore, amounting to 6% ( >4.9 million hours) of obscured vessel activity. Hotspots of disabling activity were located near several regions of IUU concern and transshipment hotspots, including in the exclusive economic zones of Argentina and West African nations and in the Northwest Pacific. Using individual boosted regression tree models for the four dominant gear types (squid jiggers, trawlers, tuna purse seines and drifting longlines) and a full model that included all suspected disabling events (that is, the four gear types listed above and additional gears such as gillnet and troll), Welch and colleagues found that loitering by transshipment vessels (a proxy for potential transshipment events) was the most important driver in the full model and squid jigger model and more than half of the disabling events by squid jiggers were close enough to undertake transshipment to refrigerated cargo vessels. More