Ecology

Stocks, G., Seales, L., Paniagua, F., Maehr, E. & Bruna, E. M. The geographical and institutional distribution of ecological research in the tropics. Biotropica 40, 397–404 (2008).Article 

Google Scholar 
Bernstein, J. M., Murphy, J. C., Voris, H. K., Brown, R. M. & Ruane, S. Phylogenetics of mud snakes (Squamata: Serpentes: Homalopsidae): A paradox of both undescribed diversity and taxonomic inflation. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 160, 107109 (2021).Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Murphy, J. C., Voris, H. K. & Karns, D. R. The dog-faced water snakes, a revision of the genus Cerberus Cuvier, (Squamata, Serpentes, Homalopsidae), with the description of a new species. Zootaxa 3484, 1–34 (2012).Article 

Google Scholar 
Stuart, B. L. The harvest and trade of reptiles at U Minh Thuong National Park, southern Viet Nam. Traffic Bull. 20, 25–34 (2004).
Google Scholar 
Brooks, S. E., Allison, E. H. & Reynolds, J. D. Vulnerability of Cambodian water snakes: Initial assessment of the impact of hunting at Tonle Sap Lake. Biol. Conserv. 139, 401–414 (2007).Article 

Google Scholar 
Murphy, J. C. Homalopsid Snakes (Evolution in the Mud (Krieger Publishing, Malabar, 2007).
Google Scholar 
Karns, D. R., Murphy, J. C. & Voris, H. K. Semi-aquatic snake communities of the central plain region of Thailand. Trop. Nat. Hist. 10, 1–25 (2010).
Google Scholar 
Jayne, B. C., Voris, H. K. & Heang, K. B. Diet, feeding behavior, growth, and numbers of a population of Cerberus rynchops (Serpentes: Homalopsinae) in Malaysia: a contribution in celebration of the distinguished scholarship of Robert F. Inger on the occasion of his sixty-fifth birthday. Fieldiana Zoology, Series 50 (Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL, 1988).Chim, C. K. & Diong, C. H. A mark-recapture study of a dog-faced water snake Cerberus schneiderii (Colubridae: Homalopsidae) population in Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve Singapore. Raffles Bull. Zool. 61, 811–825 (2013).
Google Scholar 
Shine, R., Ambariyanto, Harlow, P. S. & Mumpuni. Ecological attributes of two commercially-harvested python species in northern Sumatra. J. Herpet. 33, 249–257 (1999).Natusch, D. J., Lyons, J. A., Riyanto, A., Khadiejah, S. & Shine, R. Detailed biological data are informative, but robust trends are needed for informing sustainability of wildlife harvesting: A case study of reptile offtake in Southeast Asia. Biol. Conserv. 233, 83–92 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
Natusch, D. J., Lyons, J. A., Riyanto, A. & Shine, R. Harvest effects on blood pythons in North Sumatra. J. Wildl. Manage. 84, 249–255 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Shine, R., Harlow, P. S. & Keogh, J. S. The influence of sex and body size on food habits of a giant tropical snake, Python reticulatus. Funct. Ecol. 12, 248–258 (1988).Article 

Google Scholar 
Shine, R., Harlow, P. S. & Keogh, J. S. The allometry of life-history traits: Insights from a study of giant snakes (Python reticulatus). J. Zool. 244, 405–414 (1998).Article 

Google Scholar 
Shine, R. & Harlow, P. S. Reticulated pythons in Sumatra: biology, harvesting and sustainability. Biol. Conserv. 87, 349–357 (1999).Article 

Google Scholar 
Hoesel, J. K. P. Ophidia Javanica (Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense, Kebun Raya, Indonesia, 1959).Voris, H. K. & Murphy, J. C. The prey and predators of homalopsine snakes. J. Nat. Hist. 36, 1621–1632 (2002).Article 

Google Scholar 
Wall, F. A popular treatise on the common Indian Snakes. Part 26. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 26, 89–97 (1918).Gorman, G. C., Licht, P. & McCollum, F. Annual reproductive patterns in three species of marine snakes from the central Philippines. J. Herpetol. 15, 335–354 (1981).Article 

Google Scholar 
Auffenberg, W. The herpetofauna of Komodo, with notes on adjacent areas. Bull. Florida State Mus. Biol. Sci. 25, 39–156 (1980).
Google Scholar 
Alcala, A. C. Guide to Philippine Flora and Fauna. Vol. X. Amphibians and Reptiles (Natural Resource Management Center, Ministry of Natural Resources and the University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines, 1986).Harlow, P. S. & Taylor, J. E. Reproductive ecology of the jacky dragon (Amphibolurus muricatus): An agamid lizard with temperature-dependent sex determination. Austral. Ecol. 25, 640–652 (2000).Article 

Google Scholar 
Saint Girons, H. & Pfeffer, P. Notes sur l’ecologie des serpents du Cambodge. Zool. Mededelingen 47, 65–87 (1972).Kusrini, M. D. et al. Abundance, demography, and harvesting of water snakes from agricultural landscapes in West Java, Indonesia. Wildl. Res. In review (2022).Shine, R. Sexual differences in morphology and niche utilization in an aquatic snake Acrochordus arafurae. Oecologia 69, 260–267 (1986).Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Houston, D. & Shine, R. Sexual dimorphism and niche divergence: Feeding habits of the Arafura filesnake. J. Anim. Ecol. 62, 737–748 (1993).Article 

Google Scholar 
Shine, R., Reed, R., Shetty, S. & Cogger, H. Relationships between sexual dimorphism and niche partitioning within a clade of sea-snakes (Laticaudinae). Oecologia 133, 45–53 (2002).Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Vincent, S. E., Herrel, A. & Irschick, D. J. Sexual dimorphism in head shape and diet in the cottonmouth snake (Agkistrodon piscivorus). J. Zool. 264, 53–59 (2004).Article 

Google Scholar 
Perkins, M. W., Cloyed, C. S. & Eason, P. K. Intraspecific dietary variation in niche partitioning within a community of ecologically similar snakes. Evol. Ecol. 34, 1017–1035 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Shine, R. & Goiran, C. Sexual dimorphism in size and shape of the head in the sea snake Emydocephalus annulatus (Hydrophiinae, Elapidae). Sci. Rep. 11, 20026 (2021).Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Shine, R. Intersexual dietary divergence and the evolution of sexual dimorphism in snakes. Am. Nat. 138, 103–122 (1991).Article 

Google Scholar 
Bonnet, X., Shine, R., Naulleau, G. & Vacher-Vallas, M. Sexual dimorphism in snakes: Different reproductive roles favour different body plans. Proc. R. Soc. B 265, 179–183 (1998).Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Shine, R., Olsson, M. M., Moore, I. T., LeMaster, M. P. & Mason, R. T. Why do male snakes have longer tails than females?. Proc. R. Soc. B 266, 2147–2151 (1999).Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar  More

Pablo Ignacio Plaza and Sergio Agustín Lambertucci from the National University of Comahue and the Argentine Research Council in Argentina quantified the contribution of vultures to reducing greenhouse gas emissions by developing two contrasting scenarios. The first assumes that all the dead animals that the vultures can consume are disposed of, whereas in the second scenario, the dead animals are left to decompose in the environment without scavengers. The results show that the current vulture population can reduce emissions by up to 60.7 teragrams CO2 equivalent per year. A decline in vulture populations decreases their mitigation capacity by 30%. The study highlights that vultures are essential to keep our climate cool. More

The long-term resilience of species to increasing temperature relies on both individual survival and successful reproduction. High temperatures have been shown to readily impair the production and function of gametes (particularly sperm), and species occurrence has been shown to map closely to sterilizing (rather than lethal) temperatures. However, the impacts of temperature on sexual selection — the competition for mating partners or their gametes — remains relatively unexplored. More

Dinosauria Owen, 1842Theropoda Marsh, 1881Dromaeosauridae Matthew and Brown, 1922Halszkaraptorinae Cau et al., 2017Revised diagnosisSmall dromaeosaurids that possess dorsoventrally flattened premaxillae, premaxillary bodies perforated by many neurovascular foramina, enlarged and closely packed premaxillary teeth that utilized delayed replacement patterns, reduced anterior maxillary teeth, dorsolateral placement of retracted external nares, greatly elongated cervical vertebrae, anterior cervical vertebrae with round lobes formed by the postzygapophyses, horizontal zygapophyses, and pronounced zygapophyseal laminae in the anterior caudal vertebrae, mediolaterally compressed ulnae with sharp posterior margins, second and third metacarpals with similar thicknesses, shelf-like supratrochanteric processes on the ilia, elongated fossae that border posterolateral ridges on the posterodistal surfaces of the femoral shafts, and third metatarsals in which the proximal halves are unconstricted and anteriorly convex.Natovenator polydontus gen. et sp. nov.HolotypeMPC-D 102/114 (Institute of Paleontology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia) is a mostly articulated skeleton with a nearly complete skull (See Supplementary Table 1 for measurements).Locality and horizonBaruungoyot Formation (Upper Cretaceous), Hermiin Tsav, Omnogovi Province, Mongolia13 (Supplementary Fig. 5).EtymologyNatovenator, from the Latin nato (swim) and venator (hunter), in reference to the hypothesized swimming behaviour and piscivorous diet of the new taxon; polydontus, from the Greek polys (many) and odous (tooth) in reference to the unusually many teeth.DiagnosisA small halszkaraptorine dromaeosaurid with the following autapomorphies: wide groove delimited by a pair of ridges on the anterodorsal surface of the premaxilla, premaxilla with an elongated internarial process that overlies nasal and extends posterior to the external naris, 13 premaxillary teeth with large and incisiviform crowns, first three anteriormost maxillary teeth are greatly reduced and are clustered together with the following tooth without any separations by interdental septa, anteroposteriorly long external naris (about 30% of the preorbital skull length), paroccipital process with a anteroposteriorly broad dorsal surface, elongate maxillary process of the palatine that extends anteriorly beyond the middle of the antorbital fenestra, pterygoid with a deep fossa on the medial surface of the quadrate ramus, distinct posterolaterally oriented projection on the lateral surface of atlas, absence of pleurocoels in cervical vertebrae (not confirmed in the missing fifth cervical centrum), posterolaterally oriented and nearly horizontal proximal shafts in the dorsal ribs, hourglass-shaped metacarpal II with distinctly concave medial and lateral surfaces.DescriptionThe skull of Natovenator is nearly complete, although the preorbital region has been affected by compression and is slightly offset from the rest of the skull (Figs. 1c, d, 2a–d and Supplementary Figs. 1, 2). Near the tip of the snout, the premaxilla is marked by a broad groove. The body of the premaxilla is also dorsoventrally low and is perforated by numerous foramina that lead into a complex network of neurovascular chambers (Supplementary Fig. 1b) as in Halszkaraptor4. Similarly, the external naris is positioned posteriorly and is level with the premaxilla-maxilla contact (Fig. 2a, b), although it is marginally behind this position in Halszkaraptor4. It is also dorsally placed compared to those of other non-avian theropods and faces dorsolaterally. The exceptionally long external naris and accordingly elongated internarial process of Natovenator (Fig. 2c) are unique among dromaeosaurids but comparable to those in aquatic toothed birds14 as well as in therizinosaurs15,16. The frontal is similar to those of other halszkaraptorines4,17 in that it is vaulted to accommodate a large orbit and has little contribution to the supratemporal fossa. A sharp nuchal crest is formed by the parietal and the squamosal (Supplementary Fig. 2a–e). The latter also produces a shelf that extends over the quadrate head as in other dromaeosaurids18. The paroccipital process curves gently on the occiput and has a broad dorsal surface that tapers laterally (Fig. 2f and Supplementary Fig. 2b, e). Its ventrolateral orientation is reminiscent of Mahakala17 but is different from the more horizontal paroccipital process of Halszkaraptor4. The occipital condyle is long and constricted at its base. A shallow dorsal tympanic recess on the lateral wall of the braincase is different from the deep one of Mahakala17. The palatine is tetraradiate with a greatly elongated maxillary process, which extends anteriorly beyond the level of the mid-antorbital fenestra. The pterygoid is missing its anterior portion (Fig. 2g and Supplementary Fig. 2a–e). A deep fossa on the medial surface of the thin quadrate ramus is not seen in any other dromaeosaurids. The mandibles of Natovenator preserve most of the elements, especially those on the left side (Fig. 1a, b, d and Supplementary Figs. 1a, 2). Each jaw is characterized by a slender dentary with nearly parallel dorsal and ventral margins, a surangular partially fused with the articular, a distinctive surangular shelf, and a fan-shaped retroarticular process that protrudes dorsomedially. The upper dentition of Natovenator is heterodont as the premaxillary teeth are morphologically distinct from the maxillary teeth (Fig. 2a, b, e and Supplementary Fig. 1a, c). There are unusually numerous premaxillary teeth tightly packed without any separation of the alveoli by bony septa. The roots of the teeth are long, and the crowns are tall and incisiviform as in Halszkaraptor4. Moreover, the large replacement teeth in the premaxilla suggest that the replacement of the premaxillary teeth was delayed as in Halszkaraptor4. However, the number of teeth in each premaxilla is 13 in Natovenator, whereas it is only 11 in Halszkaraptor4. In the maxilla, the three most anterior maxillary teeth are markedly shorter than the premaxillary teeth and the more posterior maxillary teeth. This pattern is also observed in Halszkaraptor, although the number of shorter maxillary teeth differs as it has two reduced ones7. Both the maxillary and dentary teeth have sharp fang-like crowns that lack serrations. Although posteriormost parts are poorly preserved, there are at least 23 alveoli in each of the maxilla and dentary, which suggests high numbers of teeth in both elements.The neck of Natovenator, as preserved, is twisted and includes ten elongated cervical vertebrae, although most of the 5th cervical is missing (Figs. 1, 3a–d). This elongation of the cervicals results in a noticeably longer neck than those of most dromaeosaurids and is estimated to be longer than the dorsal series. It is, however, proportionately shorter than that of Halszkaraptor, which has a neck as long as its dorsal and sacral vertebra combined4. Another peculiarity in the neck of the Natovenator is a pronounced posterolaterally extending projection on the neurapophysis of the atlas (Fig. 3a and Supplementary Fig. 2b, c, e). The postzygapophyses of each anterior cervical are fused into a single lobe-like process as in Halszkaraptor4. Pleurocoels are absent in the cervical vertebrae. In contrast, Halszkaraptor has pleurocoels on its 7th–9th cervicals4. A total of 12 dorsal vertebrae are preserved (Figs. 1a, b, 3e, 4a and Supplementary Figs. 3a–d). They all lack pleurocoels, and their parapophyses on the anterior and mid-dorsals are placed high on the anterodorsal end of each centrum. Interestingly, the positions of the parapophyses are similar to those of hesperornithiforms19,20,21 rather than other dromaeosaurids such as Deinonychus22 or Velociraptor23. The preserved dorsal ribs, articulated with the second to seventh dorsals, are flattened and posteriorly oriented (Figs. 1, 3e, 4a–d). The proximal shafts are also nearly horizontal, which is indicative of a dorsoventrally compressed ribcage. Each proximal caudal vertebra has a long centrum and horizontal zygapophyses with expanded laminae (Fig. 3f and Supplementary Fig. 3e–i), all of which are characters shared with other halszkaraptorines4,17. The forelimb elements are partially exposed (Figs. 1a, b, 2a–d, 3e, g). The nearly complete right humerus is proportionately short and distally flattened like that of Halszkaraptor4. The shaft of the ulna is mediolaterally compressed to produce a sharp posterior margin as in Halszkaraptor4 and Mahakala17. Metacarpal III is robust and is only slightly longer than metacarpal II. Similarly, metacarpal III is almost as thick and long as other second metacarpals of other halszkaraptorines4,17. The femur has a long ridge on its posterior surface, which is another characteristic shared among halszkaraptorines4. Typically for a dromaeosaurid, metatarsals II and III have ginglymoid distal articular surfaces (Fig. 3h and Supplementary Fig. 4f, h). The ventral surface of metatarsal III is invaded by a ridge near the distal end, unlike other halszkaraptorines (Fig. 3h)4,5,17,24.Phylogenetic analysisThe phylogenetic analysis found more than 99,999 most parsimonious trees (CI = 0.23, RI = 0.55) with 6574 steps. Deinonychosaurian monophyly is not supported by the strict consensus tree (Supplementary Fig. 6). Instead, Dromaeosauridae was recovered as a sister clade to a monophyletic clade formed by Troodontidae and Avialae, which is consistent with the results of Cau et al.4 and Cau7. Halszkaraptorinae is positioned at the base of Dromaeosauridae as in Cau et al.4, although there are claims that dromaeosaurid affinities of halszkaraptorines are not well supported25. Nine (seven ambiguous and two unambiguous) synapomorphies support the inclusion of Halszkaraptorinae in Dromaeosauridae. The two unambiguous synapomorphies are the anterior tympanic recess at the same level as the basipterygoid process and the presence of a ventral flange on the paroccipital process. A total of 20 synapomorphies (including one unambiguous synapomorphy) unite the four halszkaraptorines, including Natovenator (Supplementary Fig. 7). In Halszkaraptorinae, Halszkaraptor is the earliest branching taxon, and the remaining three taxa form an unresolved clade supported by three ambiguous synapomorphies (characters 121/1, 569/0, and 1153/1). Two of these synapomorphies are related to the paroccipital process (characters 121 and 569), which is not preserved in Hulsanpes5,24. The other is the presence of an expansion on the medial margin of the distal half of metatarsal III, which is not entirely preserved in the Natovenator. When scored as 0 for this character, Natovenator branches off from the unresolved clade. It suggests that the medial expansion of the dorsal surface of metatarsal III could be a derived character among halszkaraptorines. More

Arneth, A. et al. Terrestrial biogeochemical feedbacks in the climate system. Nat. Geosci. 3, 525–532 (2010).Article 

Google Scholar 
Adoption of the Paris Agreement FCCC/CP/2015/L.9/Rev.1 (UNFCC, 2015).IPCC Special Report on Climate Change and Land (eds Shukla, P. R. et al.) (IPCC, 2019).Oertel, C., Matschullat, J., Zurba, K., Zimmermann, F. & Erasmi, S. Greenhouse gas emissions from soils—a review. Geochemistry 76, 327–352 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
Schlesinger, W. H. & Bernhardt, E. S. Biogeochemistry: An Analysis of Global Change 3rd edn (Elsevier, 2013).Harris, N. L. et al. Global maps of twenty-first century forest carbon fluxes. Nat. Clim. Change 11, 234–240 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
Ackerman, D., Millet, D. B. & Chen, X. Global estimates of inorganic nitrogen deposition across four decades. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 33, 100–107 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
Du, E. Rise and fall of nitrogen deposition in the United States. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 113, E3594–E3595 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
Schmitz, A. et al. Responses of forest ecosystems in Europe to decreasing nitrogen deposition. Environ. Pollut. 244, 980–994 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
Hietz, P. et al. Long-term change in the nitrogen cycle of tropical forests. Science 334, 664–666 (2011).Article 

Google Scholar 
Fang, Y. T., Gundersen, P., Mo, J. M. & Zhu, W. X. Input and output of dissolved organic and inorganic nitrogen in subtropical forests of South China under high air pollution. Biogeosciences 5, 339–352 (2008).Article 

Google Scholar 
Yu, G. et al. Stabilization of atmospheric nitrogen deposition in China over the past decade. Nat. Geosci. 12, 424–429 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
Liu, L. L. & Greaver, T. L. A global perspective on belowground carbon dynamics under nitrogen enrichment. Ecol. Lett. 13, 819–828 (2010).Article 

Google Scholar 
LeBauer, D. S. & Treseder, K. K. Nitrogen limitation of net primary productivity in terrestrial ecosystems is globally distributed. Ecology 89, 371–379 (2008).Article 

Google Scholar 
Reich, P. B. et al. Scaling of respiration to nitrogen in leaves, stems and roots of higher land plants. Ecol. Lett. 11, 793–801 (2008).Article 

Google Scholar 
Cornwell, W. K. et al. Plant species traits are the predominant control on litter decomposition rates within biomes worldwide. Ecol. Lett. 11, 1065–1071 (2008).Article 

Google Scholar 
Mo, J. et al. Nitrogen addition reduces soil respiration in a mature tropical forest in southern China. Glob. Change Biol. 14, 403–412 (2008).Article 

Google Scholar 
Janssens, I. A. et al. Reduction of forest soil respiration in response to nitrogen deposition. Nat. Geosci. 3, 315–322 (2010).Article 

Google Scholar 
Zhong, Y., Yan, W. & Shangguan, Z. The effects of nitrogen enrichment on soil CO2 fluxes depending on temperature and soil properties. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 25, 475–488 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
Deng, L. et al. Soil GHG fluxes are altered by N deposition: new data indicate lower N stimulation of the N2O flux and greater stimulation of the calculated C pools. Glob. Change Biol. 26, 2613–2629 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Hagedorn, F., Kammer, A., Schmidt, M. W. I. & Goodale, C. L. Nitrogen addition alters mineralization dynamics of 13C-depleted leaf and twig litter and reduces leaching of older DOC from mineral soil. Glob. Change Biol. 18, 1412–1427 (2012).Article 

Google Scholar 
Du, Y. et al. Different types of nitrogen deposition show variable effects on the soil carbon cycle process of temperate forests. Glob. Change Biol. 20, 3222–3228 (2014).Article 

Google Scholar 
Yan, T. et al. Negative effect of nitrogen addition on soil respiration dependent on stand age: evidence from a 7-year field study of larch plantations in northern China. Agr. For. Meteorol. 262, 24–33 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
Xing, A. et al. Nonlinear responses of ecosystem carbon fluxes to nitrogen deposition in an old-growth boreal forest. Ecol. Lett. 25, 77–78 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
Melillo, J. et al. Long-term pattern and magnitude of soil carbon feedback to the climate system in a warming world. Science 358, 101–105 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
Gao, Q. et al. Stimulation of soil respiration by elevated CO2 is enhanced under nitrogen limitation in a decade-long grassland study. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 117, 33317–33324 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Liu, X. J. et al. Nitrogen deposition and its ecological impact in China: an overview. Environ. Pollut. 159, 2251–2264 (2011).Article 

Google Scholar 
Zhu, F. F., Yoh, M., Gilliam, F. S., Lu, X. K. & Mo, J. M. Nutrient limitation in three lowland tropical forests in southern China receiving high nitrogen deposition: insights from fine root responses to nutrient additions. PLoS ONE 8, e82661 (2013).Article 

Google Scholar 
Wang, C. et al. Responses of soil microbial community to continuous experimental nitrogen additions for 13 years in a nitrogen-rich tropical forest. Soil Biol. Biochem. 121, 103–112 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
Priess, J. & Fölster, H. Microbial properties and soil respiration in submontane forests of Venezuelian Guyana: characteristics and response to fertilizer treatments. Soil Biol. Biochem. 33, 503–509 (2001).Article 

Google Scholar 
He, T., Wang, Q., Wang, S. & Zhang, F. Nitrogen addition altered the effect of belowground C allocation on soil respiration in a subtropical forest. PLoS ONE 11, e0155881 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
Fan, H. et al. Nitrogen deposition promotes ecosystem carbon accumulation by reducing soil carbon emission in a subtropical forest. Plant Soil 379, 361–371 (2014).Article 

Google Scholar 
Zheng, M. et al. Effects of nitrogen and phosphorus additions on nitrous oxide emission in a nitrogen-rich and two nitrogen-limited tropical forests. Biogeosciences 13, 3503–3517 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
Lu, X. et al. Nitrogen deposition accelerates soil carbon sequestration in tropical forests. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 118, e2020790118 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
Zhou, G. Y. et al. Old-growth forests can accumulate carbon in soils. Science 314, 1417–1417 (2006).Article 

Google Scholar 
Tian, J. et al. Long-term nitrogen addition modifies microbial composition and functions for slow carbon cycling and increased sequestration in tropical forest soil. Glob. Change Biol. 25, 3267–3281 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
Huang, N. et al. Spatial and temporal variations in global soil respiration and their relationships with climate and land cover. Sci. Adv. 6, eabb8508 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Lu, X. K. et al. Effect of simulated N deposition on soil exchangeable cations in three forest types of subtropical China. Pedosphere 19, 189–198 (2009).Article 

Google Scholar 
Fang, Y., Gundersen, P., Mo, J. & Zhu, W. Nitrogen leaching in response to increased nitrogen inputs in subtropical monsoon forests in southern China. For. Ecol. Manage. 257, 332–342 (2009).Article 

Google Scholar 
Chen, X. M. et al. Effects of nitrogen deposition on soil organic carbon fractions in the subtropical forest ecosystems of S. China. J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. 175, 947–953 (2012).Article 

Google Scholar 
Fang, H. J. et al. 13C abundance, water-soluble and microbial biomass carbon as potential indicators of soil organic carbon dynamics in subtropical forests at different successional stages and subject to different nitrogen loads. Plant Soil 320, 243–254 (2009).Article 

Google Scholar 
Liu, L. et al. Effects of nitrogen and phosphorus additions on soil microbial biomass and community structure in two reforested tropical forests. Sci. Rep. 5, 14378–14378 (2014).Article 

Google Scholar 
Chen, H. et al. Nitrogen saturation in humid tropical forests after 6 years of nitrogen and phosphorus addition: hypothesis testing. Funct. Ecol. 30, 305–313 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
Lu, X., Mao, Q., Gilliam, F. S., Luo, Y. & Mo, J. Nitrogen deposition contributes to soil acidification in tropical ecosystems. Glob. Change Biol. 20, 3790–3801 (2014).Article 

Google Scholar 
Mao, Q. G. Impacts of Long-Term Nitrogen and Phosphorus Addition on Understory Plant Diversity in Subtropical Forests in Southern China. Doctoral Thesis, Univ. Chinese Academy of Sciences (2017).Xing, A. J. et al. High-level nitrogen additions accelerate soil respiration reduction over time in a boreal forest. Ecol. Lett. https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.14065 (2022).Cao, J. et al. Plant–bacteria–soil response to frequency of simulated nitrogen deposition has implications for global ecosystem change. Funct. Ecol. 34, 723–734 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Mo, J. M., Brown, S., Peng, S. L. & Kong, G. H. Nitrogen availability in disturbed, rehabilitated and mature forests of tropical China. For. Ecol. Manage. 175, 573–583 (2003).Article 

Google Scholar 
Huang, Z. L., Ding, M. M., Zhang, Z. P. & Yi, W. M. The hydrological processes and nitrogen dynamics in a monsoon evergreen broad-leafed forest of Dinghushan. Acta Phytoecol. Sin. 18, 194–199 (1994).
Google Scholar 
Wright, R. F. & Rasmussen, L. Introduction to the NITREX and EXMAN projects. For. Ecol. Manage. 101, 1–7 (1998).Article 

Google Scholar 
Gundersen, P. et al. Impact of nitrogen deposition on nitrogen cycling in forests: a synthesis of NITREX data. For. Ecol. Manage. 101, 37–55 (1998).Article 

Google Scholar 
Aber, J. D. et al. Plant and soil responses to chronic nitrogen additions at the Harvard Forest, Massachusetts. Ecol. Appl. 3, 156–166 (1993).Article 

Google Scholar 
Cleveland, C. C. & Townsend, A. R. Nutrient additions to a tropical rain forest drive substantial soil carbon dioxide losses to the atmosphere. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 103, 10316–10321 (2006).Article 

Google Scholar 
Song, X. et al. Nitrogen addition increased CO2 uptake more than non-CO2 greenhouse gases emissions in a Moso bamboo forest. Sci. Adv. 6, eaaw5790 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Lu, X. et al. Long-term nitrogen addition decreases carbon leaching in nitrogen-rich forest ecosystems. Biogeosciences 10, 3931–3941 (2013).Article 

Google Scholar 
Ackerman, D., Millet, D. B. & Chen, X. Global estimates of inorganic nitrogen deposition across four decades. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 33, 100–107 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
Tang, X., Liu, S., Zhou, G., Zhang, D. & Zhou, C. Soil–atmospheric exchange of CO2, CH4, and N2O in three subtropical forest ecosystems in southern China. Glob. Change Biol. 12, 546–560 (2006).Article 

Google Scholar 
Lei, J. et al. Temporal changes in global soil respiration since 1987. Nat. Commun. 12, 403 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar  More

Urban, M. C. Accelerating extinction risk from climate change. Science 348, 571–573 (2015).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Loarie, S. R. et al. The velocity of climate change. Nature 462, 1052–1055 (2009).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Pinsky, M. L., Eikeset, A. M., McCauley, D. J., Payne, J. L. & Sunday, J. M. Greater vulnerability to warming of marine versus terrestrial ectotherms. Nature 569, 108–111 (2019).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Hughes, A. R. et al. Predicting the sensitivity of marine populations to rising temperatures. Front. Ecol. Environ. 17, 17–24 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
Sunday, J. et al. Thermal tolerance patterns across latitude and elevation. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B 374, 20190036 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
Bennett, S., Duarte, C. M., Marbà, N. & Wernberg, T. Integrating within-species variation in thermal physiology into climate change ecology. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B 374, 20180550 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
Sasaki, M. C. & Dam, H. G. Integrating patterns of thermal tolerance and phenotypic plasticity with population genetics to improve understanding of vulnerability to warming in a widespread copepod. Glob. Change Biol. 25, 4147–4164 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
Kelly, M. W., Sanford, E. & Grosberg, R. K. Limited potential for adaptation to climate change in a broadly distributed marine crustacean. Proc. R. Soc. B 279, 349–356 (2012).Article 

Google Scholar 
Valladares, F. et al. The effects of phenotypic plasticity and local adaptation on forecasts of species range shifts under climate change. Ecol. Lett. 17, 1351–1364 (2014).Article 

Google Scholar 
Moran, E. V., Hartig, F. & Bell, D. M. Intraspecific trait variation across scales: implications for understanding global change responses. Glob. Change Biol. 22, 137–150 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
Razgour, O. et al. Considering adaptive genetic variation in climate change vulnerability assessment reduces species range loss projections. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 116, 10418–10423 (2019).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Seebacher, F., White, C. R. & Franklin, C. E. Physiological plasticity increases resilience of ectothermic animals to climate change. Nat. Clim. Change 5, 61–66 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
Somero, G. N. The physiology of climate change: how potentials for acclimatization and genetic adaptation will determine ‘winners’ and ‘losers’. J. Exp. Biol. 213, 912–920 (2010).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Gunderson, A. R. & Stillman, J. H. Plasticity in thermal tolerance has limited potential to buffer ectotherms from global warming. Proc. R. Soc. B 282, 20150401 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
Barley, J. M. et al. Limited plasticity in thermally tolerant ectotherm populations: evidence for a trade-off. Proc. R. Soc. B 288, 202110765 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
Sunday, J. M., Bates, A. E. & Dulvy, N. K. Thermal tolerance and the global redistribution of animals. Nat. Clim. Change 2, 686–690 (2012).Article 

Google Scholar 
Grummer, J. A. et al. Aquatic landscape genomics and environmental effects on genetic variation. Trends Ecol. Evol. 34, 641–654 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
Kinlan, B. P. & Gaines, S. D. Propagule dispersal in marine and terrestrial environments: a community perspective. Ecology 84, 2007–2020 (2003).Article 

Google Scholar 
Lester, S. E., Ruttenberg, B. I., Gaines, S. D. & Kinlan, B. P. The relationship between dispersal ability and geographic range size. Ecol. Lett. 10, 745–758 (2007).Article 

Google Scholar 
Kinlan, B. P., Gaines, S. D. & Lester, S. E. Propagule dispersal and the scales of marine community process. Diversity Distrib. 11, 139–148 (2005).Article 

Google Scholar 
Mayr, E. Animal Species and Evolution (Harvard Univ. Press, 2014).Haldane, J. B. S. The relation between density regulation and natural selection. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 145, 306–308 (1956).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Marshall, D. J., Monro, K., Bode, M., Keough, M. J. & Swearer, S. Phenotype–environment mismatches reduce connectivity in the sea. Ecol. Lett. 13, 128–140 (2010).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Burgess, S. C., Treml, E. A. & Marshall, D. J. How do dispersal costs and habitat selection influence realized population connectivity? Ecology 93, 1378–1387 (2012).Article 

Google Scholar 
Sanford, E. & Kelly, M. W. Local adaptation in marine invertebrates. Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci. 3, 509–535 (2011).Article 

Google Scholar 
Caplat, P. et al. Looking beyond the mountain: dispersal barriers in a changing world. Front. Ecol. Environ. 14, 261–268 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
Nickols, K. J., Wilson White, J., Largier, J. L. & Gaylord, B. Marine population connectivity: reconciling large-scale dispersal and high self-retention. Am. Nat. 185, 196–211 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
Pinsky, M. L., Comte, L. & Sax, D. F. Unifying climate change biology across realms and taxa. Trends Ecol. Evol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2022.04.011 (2022).Fourcade, Y. et al. Habitat amount and distribution modify community dynamics under climate change. Ecol. Lett. 24, 950–957 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
Kappes, H., Tackenberg, O. & Haase, P. Differences in dispersal- and colonization-related traits between taxa from the freshwater and the terrestrial realm. Aquat. Ecol. 48, 73–83 (2014).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Kinlan, B. P. & Gaines, S. D. Propagule dispersal in marine and terrestrial environments: a community perspective. Ecology 84, 2007–2020 (2003).Article 

Google Scholar 
Kappes, H. & Haase, P. Slow, but steady: dispersal of freshwater molluscs. Aquat. Sci. 74, 1–14 (2012).Article 

Google Scholar 
Sasaki, M. & Dam, H. G. Global patterns in copepod thermal tolerance. J. Plankton Res. 43, 598–609 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
Cereja, R. Critical thermal maxima in aquatic ectotherms. Ecol. Indic. 119, 106856 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Vinagre, C. et al. Upper thermal limits and warming safety margins of coastal marine species – Indicator baseline for future reference. Ecol. Indic. 102, 644–649 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
Muñoz, M. M. The Bogert effect, a factor in evolution. Evolution 76, 49–66 (2022).Article 

Google Scholar 
Muñoz, M. M. & Bodensteiner, B. L. Janzen’s hypothesis meets the Bogert effect: connecting climate variation, thermoregulatory behavior, and rates of physiological evolution. Integr. Org. Biol. 1, oby002 (2019).Spence, A. R. & Tingley, M. W. The challenge of novel abiotic conditions for species undergoing climate-induced range shifts. Ecography 43, 1571–1590 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Burrows, M. T. et al. The pace of shifting climate in marine and terrestrial ecosystems. Science 334, 652–655 (2011).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Steele, J. H., Brink, K. H. & Scott, B. E. Comparison of marine and terrestrial ecosystems: suggestions of an evolutionary perspective influenced by environmental variation. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 76, 50–59 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
Sexton, J. P., McIntyre, P. J., Angert, A. L. & Rice, K. J. Evolution and ecology of species range limits. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 40, 415–436 (2009).Article 

Google Scholar 
Chuang, A. & Peterson, C. R. Expanding population edges: theories, traits, and trade-offs. Glob. Change Biol. 22, 494–512 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
Bennett, J. M. et al. The evolution of critical thermal limits of life on Earth. Nat. Commun. 12, 1198 (2021).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Gaston, K. J. et al. Macrophysiology: a conceptual reunification. Am. Nat. 174, 595–612 (2009).Article 

Google Scholar 
Button, K. S. et al. Power failure: why small sample size undermines the reliability of neuroscience. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 14, 365–376 (2013).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Gurevitch, J., Koricheva, J., Nakagawa, S. & Stewart, G. Meta-analysis and the science of research synthesis. Nature 555, 175–182 (2018).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Cooper, H., Hedges, L. V. & Valentine, J. C. The Handbook of Research Synthesis and Meta-Analysis (Russel Sage Foundation, 2009).Gleser, L. & Olkin, I. in The Handbook of Research Synthesis and Meta-Analysis (eds Cooper, H. et al.) Ch. 19 (Russel Sage Foundation, 2009).Huey, R. B., Hertz, P. E. & Sinervo, B. Behavioral drive versus behavioral inertia in evolution: a null model approach. Am. Nat. 161, 357–366 (2003).Article 

Google Scholar 
Bogert, C. M. Thermoregulation in reptiles, a factor in evolution. Evolution 3, 195–211 (1949).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Kearney, M., Shine, R. & Porter, W. P. The potential for behavioral thermoregulation to buffer ‘cold-blooded’’ animals against climate warming. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 10, 3835–3840 (2009).Article 

Google Scholar 
Denney, D. A., Jameel, M. I., Bemmels, J. B., Rochford, M. E. & Anderson, J. T. Small spaces, big impacts: contributions of micro-environmental variation to population persistence under climate change. AoB Plants 12, plaa005 (2020).Deutsch, C. A. et al. Impacts of climate warming on terrestrial ectotherms across latitude. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 105, 6668–6672 (2008).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Clusella-Trullas, S., Garcia, R. A., Terblanche, J. S. & Hoffmann, A. A. How useful are thermal vulnerability indices? Trends Ecol. Evol. 36, 1000–1010 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
Wanders, N., van Vliet, M. T. H., Wada, Y., Bierkens, M. F. P. & van Beek, L. P. H. High-resolution global water temperature modeling. Water Resour. Res. 55, 2760–2778 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
Todgham, A. E. & Stillman, J. H. Physiological responses to shifts in multiple environmental stressors: relevance in a changing world. Integr. Comp. Biol. 53, 539–544 (2013).Article 

Google Scholar 
Hoffmann, A. A. & Sgró, C. M. Climate change and evolutionary adaptation. Nature 470, 479–485 (2011).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Pespeni, M. H. & Palumbi, S. R. Signals of selection in outlier loci in a widely dispersing species across an environmental mosaic. Mol. Ecol. 22, 3580–3597 (2013).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Hoey, J. A. & Pinsky, M. L. Genomic signatures of environmental selection despite near-panmixia in summer flounder. Evolut. Appl. 11, 1732–1747 (2018).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Dirzo, R. et al. Defaunation in the Anthropocene. Science 345, 401–406 (2014).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Young, H. S., McCauley, D. J., Galetti, M. & Dirzo, R. Patterns, causes, and consequences of Anthropocene defaunation. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 47, 333–358 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
Morelli, T. L. et al. Managing Climate Change refugia for climate adaptation. PLoS ONE 11, e0159909 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
Cowen, R. K. & Sponaugle, S. Larval dispersal and marine population connectivity. Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci. 1, 443–466 (2009).Article 

Google Scholar 
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G. & PRISMA Group Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. Ann. Internal Med. 151, 264–270 (2009).Article 

Google Scholar 
O’Dea, R. E. et al. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses in ecology and evolutionary biology: a PRISMA extension. Biol. Rev. https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12721 (2021).Page, M. J. et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ 372, 89 (2021).Bennett, J. M. et al. GlobTherm, a global database on thermal tolerances for aquatic and terrestrial organisms. Sci. Data 5, 180022 1198 (2018).Lancaster, L. T. & Humphreys, A. M. Global variation in the thermal tolerances of plants. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 117, 13580–13587 (2020).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Rohatgi, A. WebPlotDigitizer (2020); https://automeris.io/WebPlotDigitizerAssis, J. et al. Bio-ORACLE v2.0: extending marine data layers for bioclimatic modelling. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 27, 277–284 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
Karger, D. N. et al. Climatologies at high resolution for the Earth’s land surface areas. Sci. Data 4, 170122 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
Dee, D. P. et al. The ERA–interim reanalysis: configuration and performance of the data assimilation system. Q. J. R. Meteorolog. Soc. 137, 553–597 (2011).Article 

Google Scholar 
Helmuth, B. et al. Climate change and latitudinal patterns of intertidal thermal stress. Science 298, 1015–1017 (2002).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Helmuth, B. Thermal biology of rocky intertidal mussels: quantifying body temperature using climatological data. Ecology 80, 15–34 (1999).Article 

Google Scholar 
Bell, E. C. Environmental and morphological influences on thallus temperature and desiccation of the intertidal alga Mastocarpus papillatus Kützing. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 191, 29–55 (1995).Article 

Google Scholar 
R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2020).Viechtbauer, W. Conducting meta-analyses in R with the metafor package. J. Stat. Software 36, 1–48 (2010).Article 

Google Scholar 
Sasaki, M. et al. Data for ‘greater local adaptation to temperature in the ocean than on land’. figshare https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.20173571 (2022). More

Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.This is a summary of: Sasaki, M. et al. Greater evolutionary divergence of thermal limits within marine than terrestrial species. Nat. Clim. Change https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-022-01534-y (2022). More

Research Group for Genomic Epidemiology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs, Lyngby, DenmarkPatrick Munk, Christian Brinch, Frederik Duus Møller, Thomas N. Petersen, Rene S. Hendriksen, Anne Mette Seyfarth, Jette S. Kjeldgaard, Christina Aaby Svendsen & Frank M. AarestrupCentre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UKBram van Bunnik & Mark WoolhouseCentre for Antibiotic Resistance Research (CARe), University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, SwedenFanny Berglund & D. G. Joakim LarssonDepartment of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsMarion KoopmansInstitute of Public Health, Tirana, AlbaniaArtan BegoUniversidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, ArgentinaPablo PowerMelbourne Water Corporation, Melbourne, AustraliaCatherine Rees & Kris CoventryCharles Darwin University, Darwin, AustraliaDionisia LambrinidisUniversity of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, DenmarkElizabeth Heather Jakobsen Neilson & Yaovi Mahuton Gildas HounmanouCharles Darwin University, Darwin Northern Territory, AustraliaKaren GibbCanberra Hospital, Canberra, AustraliaPeter CollignonALS Water, Scoresby, AustraliaSusan CassarAustrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Vienna, AustriaFranz AllerbergerUniversity of Dhaka, Dhaka, BangladeshAnowara Begum & Zenat Zebin HossainEnvironmental Protection Department, Bridgetown, St. Michael, BarbadosCarlon WorrellLaboratoire Hospitalier Universitaire de Bruxelles (LHUB-ULB), Brussels, BelgiumOlivier VandenbergAQUAFIN NV, Aartselaar, BelgiumIlse PietersPolytechnic School of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, BeninDougnon Tamègnon VictorienUniversidad Catσlica Boliviana San Pablo, La Paz, BoliviaAngela Daniela Salazar Gutierrez & Freddy SoriaPublic Health Institute of the Republic of Srpska, Faculty of Medicine University of Banja Luka, Banja Luka, Bosnia and HerzegovinaVesna Rudić GrujićPublic Health Institute of the Republic of Srpska, Banja Luka, Bosnia and HerzegovinaNataša MazalicaBotswana International University of Science and Technology, Palapye, BotswanaTeddie O. RahubeUniversidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, BrazilCarlos Alberto Tagliati & Larissa Camila Ribeiro de SouzaOswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de Janeiro, BrazilDalia RodriguesVale Institute of Technology, Belιm, PA, BrazilGuilherme OliveiraNational Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Sofia, BulgariaIvan IvanovUniversity of Ouagadougou, Ouagadougou, Burkina FasoBonkoungou Isidore Juste & Traoré OumarInstitut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, CambodiaThet Sopheak & Yith VuthyCentre Pasteur du Cameroun, Yaoundι, CameroonAntoinette Ngandijo, Ariane Nzouankeu & Ziem A. Abah Jacques OlivierUniversity of Regina, Regina, CanadaChristopher K. YostEau Terre Environnement Research Centre (INRS-ETE), Quebec City G1K 9A9, Canada and Indian Institute of Technology, Jammu, IndiaPratik KumarEau Terre Environnement Research Centre (INRS-ETE), Quebec City G1K 9A9, Canada and Lassonde School of Enginerring, York University, Toronto, CanadaSatinder Kaur BrarUniversity of N’Djamena, N’Djamena, ChadDjim-Adjim TaboEscuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, ChileAiko D. AdellInstitute of Public Health, Santiago, ChileEsteban Paredes-Osses & Maria Cristina MartinezCentro de Biotecnologνa de los Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Talca, ChileSara Cuadros-OrellanaGuangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, ChinaChangwen Ke, Huanying Zheng & Li BaishengThe Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, ChinaLok Ting Lau & Teresa ChungShantou University Medical College, Shantou, ChinaXiaoyang JiaoNanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, ChinaYongjie YuCenter for Disease Control and Prevention of Henan province, Zhengzhou, ChinaZhao JiaYongColombian Integrated Program for Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance – Coipars, CI Tibaitatα, Corporaciσn Colombiana de Investigaciσn Agropecuaria (AGROSAVIA), Tibaitatα – Mosquera, Cundinamarca, ColombiaJohan F. Bernal Morales, Maria Fernanda Valencia & Pilar Donado-GodoyInstitut Pasteur de Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d’IvoireKalpy Julien CoulibalyUniversity of Zagreb, Zagreb, CroatiaJasna HrenovicAndrija Stampar Teaching Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, CroatiaMatijana JergovićVeterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech RepublicRenáta KarpíškováCentre de Recherche en Sciences Naturelles de Lwiro (CRSN-LWIRO), Bukavu, Democratic Republic of CongoZozo Nyarukweba DeogratiasBIOFOS A/S, Copenhagen K, DenmarkBodil ElsborgTechnical University of Denmark, Kgs., Lyngby, DenmarkLisbeth Truelstrup Hansen & Pernille Erland JensenSuez Canal University, Ismailia, EgyptMohamed AbouelnagaUniversity of Sadat City, Sadat City, EgyptMohamed Fathy SalemMinistry of Health, Environmental Microbiology, Tallinn, EstoniaMarliin KoolmeisterAddis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, EthiopiaMengistu Legesse & Tadesse EgualeUniversity of Helsinki, Helsinki, FinlandAnnamari HeikinheimoFrench Institute Search Pour L’exploitation De La Mer (Ifremer), Nantes, FranceSoizick Le Guyader & Julien SchaefferInstituto Nacional de Investigaciσn en Salud Pϊblica-INSPI (CRNRAM), Galαpagos, Quito, EcuadorJose Eduardo VillacisNational Public Health Laboratories, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Kotu, GambiaBakary SannehNational Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, GeorgiaLile MalaniaRobert Koch Institute, Berlin, GermanyAndreas Nitsche & Annika BrinkmannTechnische Universitδt Dresden, Institute of Hydrobiology, Dresden, GermanySara Schubert, Sina Hesse & Thomas U. BerendonkUniversity for Development Studies, Tamale, GhanaCourage Kosi Setsoafia SabaUniversity of Ghana, Accra, GhanaJibril MohammedKwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, PMB, GhanaPatrick Kwame FegloCouncil for Scientific and Industrial Research Water Research Institute, Accra, GhanaRegina Ama BanuVeterinary Research Institute of Thessaloniki, Hellenic Agricultural Organisation-DEMETER, Thermi, GreeceCharalampos KotzamanidisAthens Water Supply and Sewerage Company (EYDAP S.A.), Athens, GreeceEfthymios LytrasUniversidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, Guatemala City, GuatemalaSergio A. LickesSemmelweis University, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Budapest, HungaryBela KocsisUniversity of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, HungaryNorbert SolymosiUniversity of Iceland, Reykjavνk, IcelandThorunn R. ThorsteinsdottirCochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin, IndiaAbdulla Mohamed HathaKasturba Medical College, Manipal, IndiaMamatha BallalApollo Diagnostics, Mangalore, IndiaSohan Rodney BangeraShiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IranFereshteh FaniShahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranMasoud AlebouyehNational University of Ireland Galway, Galway, IrelandDearbhaile Morris, Louise O’Connor & Martin CormicanBen Gurion University of the Negev and Ministry of Health, Beer-Sheva, IsraelJacob Moran-GiladIstituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana, Rome, ItalyAntonio Battisti, Elena Lavinia Diaconu & Patricia AlbaCNR – Water Research Institute, Verbania, ItalyGianluca Corno & Andrea Di CesareNational Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, JapanJunzo Hisatsune, Liansheng Yu, Makoto Kuroda, Motoyuki Sugai & Shizuo KayamaNational Center of Expertise, Taldykorgan, KazakhstanZeinegul ShakenovaMount Kenya University, Thika, KenyaCiira KiiyukiaKenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, KenyaEric Ng’enoUniversity of Prishtina “Hasan Prishtina” & National Institute of Public Health of Kosovo, Pristina, KosovoLul RakaKuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Kuwait City, KuwaitKazi Jamil, Saja Adel Fakhraldeen & Tareq AlaatiInstitute of Food Safety, Riga, LatviaAivars Bērziņš, Jeļena Avsejenko, Kristina Kokina, Madara Streikisa & Vadims BartkevicsAmerican University of Beirut, Beirut, LebanonGhassan M. MatarCentral Michigan University & Michigan Health Clinics, Saginaw, MI, USAZiad DaoudNational Food and Veterinary Risk Assessment Institute, Vilnius, LithuaniaAsta Pereckienė & Ceslova Butrimaite-AmbrozevicieneLuxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Belvaux, LuxembourgChristian PennyInstitut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, MadagascarAlexandra Bastaraud & Jean-Marc CollardUniversity of Antananarivo, Centre d’Infectiologie Charles Mιrieux, Antananarivo, MadagascarTiavina Rasolofoarison, Luc Hervé Samison & Mala Rakoto AndrianariveloUniversity of Malawi, Blantyre, MalawiDaniel Lawadi BandaMalaysian Genomics Resource Centre Berhad, Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaArshana AminAIMST University, COMBio, Kedah, MalaysiaHeraa Rajandas & Sivachandran ParimannanWater Services Corporation, Luqa, MaltaDavid SpiteriEnvironmental Health Directorate, St. Venera, MaltaMalcolm Vella HaberUniversity of Mauritius, Reduit, MauritiusSunita J. SantchurnInstitute for Public Health Montenegro, Podgorica, MontenegroAleksandar Vujacic & Dijana DjurovicInstitut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, MoroccoBrahim Bouchrif & Bouchra KarraouanCentro de Investigaηγo em Saϊde de Manhiηa (CISM), Maputo, MozambiqueDelfino Carlos VubilAgriculture and Forestry University, Kathmandu, NepalPushkar PalNational Institute for Public, Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The NetherlandsHeike Schmitt & Mark van PasselUniversity of Otago, Dunedin, New ZealandGert-Jan Jeunen & Neil GemmellUniversity of Otago, Christchurch, New ZealandStephen T. ChambersUniversity of Central America, Managua, NicaraguaFania Perez Mendoza & Jorge Huete-PιrezUniversidad Nacional Autσnoma de Nicaragua-Leσn, Leσn, NicaraguaSamuel VilchezUniversity of Ilorin, Ilorin, NigeriaAkeem Olayiwola Ahmed, Ibrahim Raufu Adisa & Ismail Ayoade OdetokunUniversity of Ibadan, Ibadan, NigeriaKayode FashaeNorwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, NorwayAnne-Marie Sørgaard & Astrid Louise WesterVEAS, Slemmestad, NorwayPia Ryrfors & Rune HolmstadUniversity of Agriculture, Faisalabad, PakistanMashkoor MohsinAga Khan University, Karachi, PakistanRumina Hasan & Sadia ShakoorLaboratorio Central de Salud Publica, Asuncion, ParaguayNatalie Weiler Gustafson & Claudia Huber SchillInstituto Nacional de Salud, Lima, PeruMaria Luz Zamudio RojasUniversidad de Piura, Piura, PeruJorge Echevarria Velasquez & Felipe Campos YauceWHO Environmental and Occupational Health, Manila, PhilippinesBonifacio B. MagtibayMaynilad Water Services, Inc., Quezon City, PhilippinesKris Catangcatang & Ruby SibuloNational Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, PolandDariusz WasylUniversidade Catσlica Portuguesa, CBQF – Centro de Biotecnologia e Quνmica Fina – Laboratσrio Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Porto, PortugalCelia Manaia & Jaqueline RochaAguas do Tejo Atlantico, Lisboa, PortugalJose Martins & Pedro ÁlvaroGwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of KoreaDoris Di Yoong Wen, Hanseob Shin & Hor-Gil HurKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of KoreaSukhwan YoonInstitute of Public Health of the Republic of North Macedonia, Skopje, Republic of North MacedoniaGolubinka Bosevska & Mihail KochubovskiState Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Chișinău, Republic of MoldovaRadu CojocaruNational Agency for Public Health, Chișinău, Republic of MoldovaOlga BurduniucKing Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi ArabiaPei-Ying HongUniversity of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UKMeghan Rose PerryInstitut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, SenegalAmy GassamaInstitute of Veterinary Medicine of Serbia, Belgrade, SerbiaVladimir RadosavljevicNanyang Technological University, Singapore, SingaporeMoon Y. F. Tay, Rogelio Zuniga-Montanez & Stefan WuertzPublic Health Authority of the Slovak Republic, Bratislava, SlovakiaDagmar Gavačová, Katarína Pastuchová & Peter TruskaNational Laboratory of Health, Environment and Food, Ljubljana, SloveniaMarija TrkovIndependent consultant, Johannesburg, South AfricaKaren KeddyDaspoort Waste Water Treatment Works, Pretoria, South AfricaKerneels EsterhuyseKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South KoreaMin Joon SongSchool of Veterinary Sciences, Lugo, SpainMarcos Quintela-BalujaLabaqua, Santiago de Compostela, SpainMariano Gomez LopezIRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, SpainMarta Cerdà-CuéllarUniversity of Kelaniya, Ragama, Sri LankaR. R. D. P. Perera, N. K. B. K. R. G. W. Bandara & H. I. PremasiriMedical Research Institute, Colombo, Sri LankaSujatha PathirageCaribbean Public Health Agency, Catries, Saint LuciaKareem CharlemagneThe Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, SwedenCarolin RutgerssonSwedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, SwedenLeif Norrgren & Stefan ÖrnFederal Food Safety and Veterinary Office (FSVO), Bern, SwitzerlandRenate BossAra Region Bern AG, Herrenschwanden, SwitzerlandTanja Van der HeijdenCenters for Disease Control, Taipei, TaiwanYu-Ping HongKilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi, TanzaniaHappiness Houka KumburuSokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, TanzaniaRobinson Hammerthon MdegelaFaculty of Science and Technology, Suratthani Rajabhat University, Surat Thani, ThailandKaknokrat ChonsinFaculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok, ThailandOrasa SuthienkulFaculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Bangkok, ThailandVisanu ThamlikitkulNational Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, NetherlandsAna Maria de Roda HusmanNational Institute of Hygiene, Lomι, TogoBawimodom BidjadaAgence de Mιdecine Prιventive, Dapaong, TogoBerthe-Marie Njanpop-LafourcadeDivision of Integrated Surveillance of Health Emergencies and Response, Lomι, TogoSomtinda Christelle Nikiema-PessinabaPublic Health Institution of Turkey, Ankara, TurkeyBelkis LeventHatay Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, TurkeyCemil KurekciMakerere University, Kampala, UgandaFrancis Ejobi & John Bosco KaluleAbu Dhabi Public Health Center, Abu Dhai, United Arab EmiratesJens ThomsenDubai municipality, WWTP Al Aweer, Dubai, UAEOuidiane ObaidiRashid Hospital, Dubai, UAELaila Mohamed JassimNorthumbrian Water, Northumbria House, Abbey Road, Pity Me, Durham, UKAndrew MooreUniversity of Exeter Medical School, Cornwall, UKAnne Leonard, Lihong Zhang & William H. GazeNewcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UKDavid W. Graham & Joshua T. BunceBrightwater Treatment Plant, Woodinville, WA, USABrett LeforDepartment of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USADrew Capone & Joe BrownUniversity of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USAEmanuele Sozzi & Mark D. SobseyUniversity of Washington, Seattle, WA, USAJohn Scott Meschke, Nicola Koren Beck, Pardi Sukapanpatharam & Phuong TruongBaylor University, Waco, USAMichael DavisColumbia Boulevard WWTP, Portland, USARonald LilienthalEastern Illinois University, Charleston, USASanghoon KangThe Ohio State University, Columbus Ohio, USAThomas E. WittumLaboratorio Tecnolσgico del Uruguay, Montevideo, UruguayNatalia Rigamonti & Patricia BaklayanInstitute of Public Health in Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh, VietnamChinh Dang Van, Doan Minh Nguyen Tran & Nguyen Do PhucUniversity of Zambia, Lusaka, ZambiaGeoffrey KwendaF.M.A., M.K., and M.W. conceived the study and secured funding. R.S.H., A.M.S., C.A.A.S., and J.S.K. organized sample collection, material transfer, and logistics. F.D.M., P.M., and C.B. did quality control, sample selection, and outlier detection. P.M., C.B., F.D.M., T.N.P., and F.B. performed bioinformatics analyses. P.M. and C.B. carried out data and statistical analyses and visualization. P.M. and F.M.A. drafted the initial manuscript with input from C.B., B.v.B., D.G.J.L., M.W., and M.K. The Global Sewage Consortium authors carried out sewage sampling, filled in metadata and shipped the samples to DTU. All authors helped to review and improve the manuscript. More