Ecology

I’m a coral-reef ecologist at the University of the West Indies at Cave Hill in Barbados. Every five years, as often as our funding allows, my team and I survey coral reefs for the government. I was born in Spain and earned my PhD at McGill University in Montreal, Canada. But I decided to work in the Caribbean, where I think I am more useful.We monitor the abundance and diversity of corals, algae, sponges and fish. Barbados no longer has populations of large fish, such as groupers and snappers, because of overfishing. The populations of parrotfish, Barbados’s most important species ecologically and economically, have seemed stable for the past decade.Reefs are under threat globally, and the biggest losses of corals here occurred in the 1970s and 1980s. Since the 1990s, the shallow reefs have stabilized, but the deeper reefs have continued to deteriorate. And numbers of sponges and algae, which can damage corals when too abundant, have gradually increased in the deeper reefs. Still, there are positive signs. Staghorn corals (Acropora cervicornis), which nearly went extinct here in the 1970s, are making a slow comeback.This photo was taken in early September and the water was 28 °C or 29 °C. But I still wore a wetsuit with a hood, because after 90 minutes of scuba diving, you get cold.We survey 43 sites in two months, doing one or two dives a day, three times a week. Four of us dive together; we are like a well-oiled machine.I wish we could do surveys more frequently; in a rapidly changing environment, we need to know what is happening. But there’s not enough money. Still, new technology can model reefs in 3D. Those tools are becoming more affordable, and I think we’ll be using them in the next decade. Then, we could monitor more sites more often with the same resources.I’ve wanted to be a biologist since I was a young boy. And it doesn’t get any better than studying coral reefs in your backyard. More

Surface energy fluxes and componentsIn our study, we focused on the circumpolar land north of 60° latitude, and specifically on the extent of the circumpolar Arctic vegetation map (CAVM20, Supplementary Fig. 1–3). We obtained half-hourly and hourly in situ observations of energy fluxes and meteorological variables from the monitoring networks FLUXNET28 (fluxnet.org; FLUXNET2015 dataset), AmeriFlux29 (ameriflux.lbl.gov), AON31,32 (aon.iab.uaf.edu), ICOS (icos-cp.eu), GEM35,36 (g-e-m.dk), GC-Net33,34 (cires1.colorado.edu/steffen/gcnet) and PROMICE30; (promice.dk; Supplementary Table 3). We did not include observations from the Baseline Surface Radiation Network (BSRN; bsrn.awi.de) and Global Energy Balance Archive (GEBA; geba.ethz.ch) because they typically lack information on non-radiative energy fluxes. Finally, we did not include observations from the European Flux Database Cluster (EFDC, europe-fluxdata.eu) because these data are largely located outside the domain of the CAVM20.We aggregated surface energy fluxes and components (Supplementary Table 1) to daily resolution as follows: (i) we extracted only directly measured data and excluded gap-filled data by filtering according to quality information; (ii) we performed a basic outlier filtering (excluding shortwave and longwave radiation flux values >1400 Wm−2 and in case of incoming/outgoing radiation More

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The success of biological control agents — organisms used to reduce the success of other, usually non-native invasive species — is complicated by ongoing climate change. Chosen for their host-specificity and introduced into new locations, biological agents can succumb to both direct and indirect climate-related stressors, compromising their biology and activity against target organisms. Adding to this is the fact that environmental stressors often occur in concert, making it hard to predict the efficacy of biological control programs. More

Lerato Shikwambana from the South African National Space Agency and the University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa, and colleagues also from South Africa compared the wildfire emissions of a strong El Niño event in 2015–2016 and a pronounced La Niña event in 2010–2011. They find that both a strong El Niño and La Niña event can increase emissions from wildfires compared with average years, but they affect different regions, with the effect of La Niña reaching farther south than El Niño. Overall, emissions are stronger during the El Niño phase, mainly driven by higher air temperatures. ENSO variability is expected to increase with future warming, which would also make strong El Niño events more likely. Therefore, these findings indicate that the exposure to wildfire air pollution could grow in southern Africa. More

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