Ecology

Lucas, C. H. et al. Gelatinous zooplankton biomass in the global oceans: Geographic variation and environmental drivers. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 23, 701–714. https://doi.org/10.1111/Geb.12169 (2014).Article 

Google Scholar 
Condon, R. H. et al. Recurrent jellyfish blooms are a consequence of global oscillations. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 110, 1000–1005. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1210920110 (2013).ADS 
Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Graham, W. M. et al. Linking human well-being and jellyfish: Ecosystem services, impacts, and societal responses. Front. Ecol. Environ. 12, 515–523. https://doi.org/10.1890/130298 (2014).Article 

Google Scholar 
Lucas, C. H., Gelcich, S. & Uye, S. I. Living with jellyfish: Management and adaptation strategies. In Jellyfish Blooms (eds Pitt, K. A. & Lucas, C. H.) 129–150 (Springer, 2014).Chapter 

Google Scholar 
De Donno, A. et al. Impact of stinging jellyfish proliferations along south Italian coasts: Human health hazards, treatment and social costs. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 11, 2488–2503 (2014).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Bosch-Belmar, M. et al. Consequences of stinging plankton blooms on finfish mariculture in the Mediterranean Sea. Front. Mar. Sci. 4, 240. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2017.0024 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
Mayer, A. G. Medusae of the World: The Hydromedusae 132–498 (Carnegie institution of Washington, 1910).Book 

Google Scholar 
Kramp, P. L. Synopsis of the medusae of the world. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK 40, 1–469 (1961).
Google Scholar 
Canepa, A. et al. Pelagia noctiluca in the Mediterranean Sea. In Jellyfish Blooms (eds Pitt, K. A. & Lucas, C. H.) 237–266 (Springer, 2014).Chapter 

Google Scholar 
Marambio, M. et al. Unfolding jellyfish bloom dynamics along the Mediterranean basin by transnational citizen science initiatives. Diversity 13, 274. https://doi.org/10.3390/d13060274 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
Mamish, S., Durgham, H. & Ikhtiyar, S. The first Pelagia noctiluca outbreak off the Syrian coast (the eastern Mediterranean Sea), five years after its first appearance. SSRG Int. J. Agric. Environ. Sci. 6, 72–75 (2019).
Google Scholar 
Daly Yahia, M. N. et al. Are outbreaks of Pelagia noctiluca (Forsskäl, 1775) more frequent in the Mediterranean Basin?. ICES Coop. Res. Rep. 300, 8–14 (2010).
Google Scholar 
Aissi, M., Touzri, C., Gueroun, S. K. M., Kefi-Daly Yahia, O. & Daly Yahia, M. N. Persistent occurrence and life cycle of Pelagia noctiluca in the channel of Bizerte (Northern Tunisia). Ecol. Environ. Conserv. 20, 1453–1460 (2014).
Google Scholar 
Kogovsĕk, T., Bogunović, B. & Malej, A. Recurrence of bloom forming scyphomedusae: Wavelet analysis of a 200-year time series. Hydrobiologia 645, 81–96 (2010).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Pestoric, B. et al. Scyphomedusae and ctenophora of the eastern adriatic: Historical overview and new data. Diversity 13, 186. https://doi.org/10.3390/d13050186 (2021).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
UNEP (United Nations Environmental Programme). Workshop on Jellyfish Blooms in the Mediterranean, Athens (1984).UNEP (United Nations Environmental Programme). Jellyfish blooms in the Mediterranean Sea. Proceedings of II Workshop on Jellyfish in the Mediterranean Sea, Athens (1991).Goy, J., Morand, P. & Etienne, M. Long term fluctuations of Pelagia noctiluca (Cnidaria, Scyphomedusa) in the western Mediterranean. Sea Prediction by climatic variables. Deep-Sea Res. A 36, 269–279 (1989).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Bernard, P., Berline, L. & Gorsky, G. Long term (1981–2008) monitoring of the jellyfish Pelagia noctiluca (Cnidaria, Scyphozoa) on the French Mediterranean Coasts. J. Oceanogr. Res. Data 4, 1–10 (2011).
Google Scholar 
Brotz, L., Cheung, W. W. L., Kleisner, K., Pakhomov, E. & Pauly, D. Increasing jellyfish population: Trends in large marine ecosystems. Hydrobiologia 690, 3–20 (2012).Article 

Google Scholar 
Rosa, S., Pansera, M., Granata, A. & Guglielmo, L. Interannual variability, growth, reproduction and feeding of Pelagia noctiluca (Cnidaria: Scyphozoa) in the Straits of Messina (Central Mediterranean Sea): Linkages with temperature and diet. J. Mar. Syst. 111–112, 97–107 (2013).Article 

Google Scholar 
Aoutien, M., Bekkali, R., Nachit, D., Luan, K. & Mrhraoui, M. Predicting jellyfish strandings in the Moroccan North-West Mediterranean coastline. Eur. Sci. J. 15, 72–84. https://doi.org/10.19044/esj.2019.v15n2p72 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
Lynam, C. P., Hay, S. J. & Brierley, A. S. Interannual variability in abundance of North Sea jellyfish and links to the North Atlantic Oscillation. Limnol. Oceanogr. 49, 637–643 (2004).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Lynam, C. P. et al. Have jellyfish in the Irish Sea benefited from climate change and overfishing?. Glob. Change Biol. 17, 767–782 (2011).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Brodeur, R. D. et al. Rise and fall of jellyfish in the eastern Bering Sea in relation to climate regime shifts. Prog. Oceanogr. 77, 103–111 (2008).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Molinero, J. C. et al. Climate control on the longterm anomalous changes of zooplankton communities in the Northwestern Mediterranean. Glob. Change Biol. 14, 11–26 (2008).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Licandro, P. et al. A blooming jellyfish in the northeast Atlantic and Mediterranean. Biol. Let. 6, 688–691 (2010).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Ferraris, M. et al. Distribution of Pelagia noctiluca (Cnidaria, Scyphozoa) in the Ligurian Sea (NW Mediterranean Sea). J. Plankton Res. 34, 874–885 (2012).Article 

Google Scholar 
Malačič, V., Petelin, B. & Malej, A. Advection of the jellyfish Pelagia noctiluca (Scyphozoa) studied by the Lagrangian tracking of water mass in the climatic circulation of the Adriatic Sea. Geophys. Res. Abstr. 9, 02802 (2007).
Google Scholar 
Rubio, P. & Muñoz, J. M. Predicción estival del riesgo de blooms de Pelagia noctiluca (litoral central catalán). In Situaciones de riesgo climático en España (ed. Novau, J. C.) 281–287 (Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología, 1997).
Google Scholar 
Berline, L., Zakardjian, B., Molcard, A., Ourmieres, Y. & Guihou, K. Modeling jellyfish Pelagia noctiluca transport and stranding in the Ligurian Sea. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 70, 90–99 (2013).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Olds, A. D. et al. Quantifying the conservation value of seascape connectivity: A global synthesis. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 25, 3–15 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
Vodopivec, M., Peliz, A. J. & Malej, A. Offshore marine constructions as propagators of moon jellyfish dispersal. Environ. Res. Lett. 12, 084003 (2017).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Chen, J. Z., Huang, S. L. & Han, Y. S. Impact of long-term habitat loss on the Japanese eel Anguilla japonica. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 151, 361–369 (2014).ADS 
CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Fernandez-Arcaya, U. et al. Ecological role of submarine canyons and need for canyon conservation: A review. Front. Mar. Sci. 4, 5. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2017.00005 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
Würtz, M. Towards a Mediterranean canyon inventory. Workshop (EBSAs), 7 to 11 April 2014, Málaga, Spain, 1–4 (2014).Sacchetti, F. Il ritorno di MeteoMedusa. Focus (Madison) 237, 92–94 (2012).
Google Scholar 
Benedetti-Cecchi, L. et al. Deterministic factors overwhelm stochastic environmental fluctuations as drivers of jellyfish outbreaks. PLoS ONE 10, e0141060. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0141060 (2015).CAS 
Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Malej, A. & Malej, M. Population dynamics of the jellyfish Pelagia noctiluca (Forsskäl, 1775). In Proceedings of the 25th EMBS, Marine Eutrophication and Population Dynamics (ed. Colombo, G.A.) 215–219 (Olsen & Olsen, 1992).Rottini-Sandrini, L., Avian, M., Axiak, V. & Malej, A. The breeding period of Pelagia noctiluca (Scyphozoa, Semaeostomeae) in the Adriatic and central Mediterranean Sea. Nova Thalass. 6, 65–75 (1983).
Google Scholar 
Milisenda, G. et al. Reproductive and bloom patterns of Pelagia noctiluca in the Strait of Messina, Italy. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 201, 29–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2016.01.002 (2018).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Magazzù, G. et al. Picoplankton: Contribution to phytoplankton production in the Strait of Messina. Mar. Ecol. 8, 21–31 (1987).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Guglielmo, L., Crescenti, N., Costanzo, G. & Zagami, G. Zooplankton and micronekton communities in the Straits of Messina. In The Straits of Messina ecosystem, present knowledge for an ecohydrodynamical approach. Proceedings of Symposium held in Messina, 4–6 April 1991, Messina (eds. Guglielmo, L., Manganaro, A. & De Domenico, E.) 247–270 (Dipartimento di Biologia Animale ed Ecologia, 1995).Guglielmo, L. et al. The Strait of Messina: A key area for Pelagia noctiluca (Cnidaria, Scyphozoa). In Jellyfish: Ecology, Distribution Patterns and Human Interactions (ed. Mariottini, G. L.) 71–90 (Nova Science Publishers Inc., 2017).
Google Scholar 
Astraldi, M. & Gasparini, G. P. The seasonal characteristics of the circulation in the Tyrrhenian Sea. In: Seasonal and Interannual Variability of the Western Mediterranean Sea, Coast. Estuar. Studies, Vol. 46, 115–134 (American Geophysical Union, 1994).Krivosheya, V. G. Water circulation and structure in the Tyrrhenian Sea. Oceanology 23, 166–171 (1983).
Google Scholar 
Millot, C. Circulation in the Western Mediterranean Sea. J. Mar. Syst. 20, 423–442. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-7963(98)00078-5 (1999).Article 

Google Scholar 
Vetrano, A., Napolitano, E., Iacono, R., Schroeder, K. & Gasparini, G. P. Tyrrhenian Sea circulation and water mass fluxes in spring 2004: Observations and model results. J. Geophys. Res. 115, C06023 (2010).ADS 

Google Scholar 
Iacono, R., Napolitano, E., Marullo, S., Artale, V. & Vetrano, A. Seasonal variability of the Tyrrhenian Sea surface geostrophic circulation as assessed by altimeter data. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 43, 1710–1732. https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-12-0112.1 (2013).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Boero, F. et al. CoCoNet: Towards coast to coast networks of Marine Protected Areas (from the shore to the high and deep sea), coupled with sea-based wind energy potential. Sci. Res. Inf. Technol. 6(Suppl.), 1–95 (2016).
Google Scholar 
Rio, M. H. et al. A mean dynamic topography of the Mediterranean Sea computed from altimetric data, in-situ measurements and a general circulation model. J. Mar. Syst. 65, 484–508 (2007).Article 

Google Scholar 
Cucco, A. et al. Hydrodynamic modelling of coastal seas: The role of tidal dynamics in the Messina Strait, Western Mediterranean Sea. Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. 16, 1553–1569 (2016).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Hopkins, T. S., Salusti, E. & Settimi, D. Tidal forcing of the water mass interface in the Straits of Messina. J. Geophys. Res. 89, 2013–2024 (1984).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Bignami, F. & Salusti, E. Tidal currents and transient phenomena in the Strait of Messina: A review. In: The Physical Oceanography of Sea Straits (ed. Pratt, L. J.) 95–124 (Kluwer Academic, 1990).Azzaro, F., Decembrini, F., Raffa, F. & Crisafi, E. Seasonal variability of phytoplankton fluorescence in relation to the Straits of Messina (Sicily) tidal upwelling. Ocean Sci. Discuss. 4, 415–440 (2007).ADS 

Google Scholar 
De Domenico, E., Cortese, G. & Pulicanò, G. Chemical characteristics of the waters in the Straits of Messina. In The Straits of Messina ecosystem, present knowledge for an ecohydrodynamical approach. Proceedings of Symposium held in Messina, 4–6 April 1991, Messina (eds. Guglielmo, L., Manganaro, A., & De Domenico, E.) 155–167 (Dipartimento di Biologia Animale ed Ecologia Marina, 1995).Guglielmo, L. Distribuzione di Chetognati nell’area idrografica dello Stretto di Messina. Pubbl. Staz. Zool. Napoli 40, 34–72 (1976).
Google Scholar 
Sitran, R., Bergamasco, A., Decembrini, F. & Guglielmo, L. Temporal succession of tintinnids in the northern Ionian Sea, Central Mediterranean. J. Plankton Res. 29, 495–508 (2007).Article 

Google Scholar 
AA.VV. Final Scientific Report of the Project Cluster 10—SAM “Realizzazione ed attivazione di una rete integrata di piattaforme costiere e mezzo mobile attrezzati per Sistemi Avanzati di Monitoraggio delle acque (SAM)”, funded by the Italian Ministry of University and Scientifical and Technological Research (MURST), Internal Data File, Istituto Sperimentale Talassografico, National Research Council, Messina, Italy (2005).Sitran, R. Caratterizzazione dei popolamenti microzooplanctonici nell’area idrografica dello Stretto di Messina, University of Messina, Ph.D. Thesis XVII cycle (2006) (in Italian).Bergamasco, A. et al. A laboratory for the observation of a highly-energetic coastal marine system: The Straits of Messina. In Volume DTA/06–2011, “Marine Research at CNR” 2185–2202 (Department of Earth and Environment of National Research Council, 2011).Doyle, T. K. et al. Widespread occurrence of the jellyfish Pelagia noctiluca in Irish coastal and shelf waters. J. Plankton Res. 30, 963–968 (2008).Article 

Google Scholar 
Guglielmo, L. Spiaggiamenti di eufausiacei lungo la costa messinese dello Stretto dal dicembre 1968 al dicembre 1969. Boll. Pesca Piscic. Idrobiol. 24, 71–77 (1969).
Google Scholar 
Guglielmo, L., Costanzo, G. & Berdar, A. Ulteriore contributo alla conoscenza dei crostacei spiaggiati lungo il litorale messinese dello Stretto. Atti Soc. Pelorit. 19, 129–156 (1973).
Google Scholar 
Scotto Di Carlo, B., Costanzo, G., Fresi, E., Guglielmo, L. & Ianora, A. Feeding ecology and stranding mechanisms in two lanternfishes, Hygophum benoiti and Myctophum punctatum. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser 9, 13–24 (1982).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Battaglia, P., Ammendolia, G., Cavallaro, M., Consoli, P. & Esposito, V. Influence of lunar phases, winds and seasonality on the stranding of mesopelagic fish in the Strait of Messina (Central Mediterranean Sea). Mar. Ecol. 38, e12459. https://doi.org/10.1111/maec.12459 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
Umgiesser, G., Canu, D. M., Cucco, A. & Solidoro, C. A finite element model for the Venice Lagoon. Development, set up, calibration and validation. J. Mar. Syst. 51, 123–145 (2004).Article 

Google Scholar 
Ferrarin, C., Bergamasco, A., Umgiesser, G. & Cucco, A. Hydrodynamics and spatial zonation of the Capo Peloro coastal system (Sicily) through 3-D numerical modeling. J. Mar. Syst. 117, 96–107 (2013).Article 

Google Scholar 
Umgiesser, G., Ferrarin, C., Cucco, A., De Pascalis, F. & Bellafiore, D. Comparative hydrodynamics of 10 Mediterranean lagoons by means of numerical modeling. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans 119, 2212–2226 (2014).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Cucco, A., Quattrocchi, G., Satta, A., Antognarelli, F. & De Biasio, F. Predictability of wind-induced sea surface transport in coastal areas. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans 121, 5847–5871. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JC011643 (2016).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Cucco, A., Quattrocchi, G. & Zecchetto, S. The role of temporal resolution in modeling the wind induced sea surface transport in coastal seas. J. Mar. Syst. 193, 46–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2019.01.004 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
Quattrocchi, G. et al. An operational numerical system for oil stranding risk assessment in a high-density vessel traffic area. Front. Mar. Sci. 8, 585396. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.585396 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
Cucco, A. et al. A high-resolution real-time forecasting system for predicting the fate of oil spills in the Strait of Bonifacio (western Mediterranean Sea). Mar. Pollut. Bull. 64, 1186–1200 (2012).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Cucco, A. & Umgiesser, G. The Trapping Index: How to integrate the Eulerian and the Lagrangian approach for the computation of the transport time scales of semi-enclosed basins. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 98, 210–220 (2015).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Quattrocchi, G. et al. Optimal design of a Lagrangian observing system for hydrodynamic surveys. J. Oper. Oceanogr. 9(suppl.), s77–s88. https://doi.org/10.1080/1755876X.2015.1114805 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
Quattrocchi, G. et al. Hydrodynamic controls on connectivity of the high commercial value shrimp Parapenaeus longirostris (Lucas, 1846) in the Mediterranean Sea. Sci. Rep. 9, 16935. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-53245-8 (2019).ADS 
CAS 
Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Pastor-Prieto, M. et al. Spatial heterogeneity of Pelagia noctiluca ephyrae linked to water masses in the Western Mediterranean. PLoS ONE 16, e0249756. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249756 (2021).CAS 
Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Haeckel, E. Das system der medusen. Monographie der Medusen 499–510 (Gustav Fischer Verlag, 1880).
Google Scholar 
Avian, M. Temperature influence on in vitro reproduction and development of Pelagia noctiluca (Forsskäl, 1775). Boll. Zool. 53, 385–391 (1986).Article 

Google Scholar 
Fossette, S. et al. Current-oriented swimming by jellyfish and its role in bloom maintenance. Curr. Biol. 25, 342–347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2014.11.050 (2015).CAS 
Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Pinardi, N. et al. Mediterranean Sea large-scale low-frequency ocean variability and water mass formation rates from 1987 to 2007: A retrospective analysis. Prog. Oceanogr. 132, 318–332 (2015).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Demirov, E. & Pinardi, N. Simulation of the Mediterranean Sea circulation from 1979 to 1993: Part I. The interannual variability. J. Mar. Syst. 33–34, 23–50 (2002).Article 

Google Scholar 
Menna, M. et al. New insights of the Sicily channel and Southern Tyrrhenian sea variability. Water 11, 1355 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
Avian, M. & Rottini Sandrini, L. Oocyte development in four species of scyphomedusa in the northern Adriatic Sea. Hydrobiologia 216/217, 189–195 (1991).Article 

Google Scholar 
Malej, A. Behaviour and trophic ecology of the jellyfish Pelagia noctiluca (Forsskäl, 1775). J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 126, 259–270 (1989).Article 

Google Scholar 
Lo Bianco, S. Notizie biologiche riguardanti specialmente il periodo di maturità sessuale degli animali del golfo di Napoli. Mitt. Zool. Stn. Neapel 19, 513–761 (1909).
Google Scholar 
Purcell, J. E., Malej, A. & Benović, A. Potential links of jellyfish to eutrophication and fisheries. In Coastal and Estuarine Studies, Ecosystem at the Land-Sea Margin Drainage Basin to Coastal Sea (eds Malone, T. C. et al.) 241–263 (American Geophysical Union, 1999).Chapter 

Google Scholar 
Spezie, G. C., Sansone, E., Budillon, G. & Gallarato, A. Caratterizzazione idrodinamica del sistema Eolie e dei bacini limitrofi di Cefalù e Gioia. Campagna oceanografica 1994. Caratterizzazione ambientale marina del sistema Eolie e dei bacini limitrofi di Cefalù e Gioia (EUCUMM94). In Data Rep., (eds. Faranda, F. M. & Povero, P.) 1–82 (1995).Spezie, G. C. et al. Rilievi idrodinamici nel sistema Eolie e nei bacini limitrofi di Cefalù e Gioia. Campagna oceanografiche 1995. Caratterizzazione ambientale marina del sistema Eolie e dei bacini limitrofi di Cefalù e Gioia (EUCUMM95). In Data Rep. (eds. Faranda, F. M. & Povero, P.) 1–98 (1996).Carrada, G. C., Ribera D’Alcalà, M. & Saggiomo, V. The pelagic system of the Southern Tyrrhenian Sea. Some comments and working hypotheses. In Proceedings IX Proceedings XII Italian Association of Oceanography and Limnology Congress 151–166 (1992).Povero, P., Misic, C., Acconero, A. & Fabiano M. Distribuzione e caratterizzazione biochimica della sostanza organica particellata nelle acque del Tirreno Sud Orientale. In Acts 12 Congress of the Italian Association of Oceanology and Limnology 227–237 (1998).Brancato, G., Minutoli, R., Granata, A., Sidoti, O. & Guglielmo L. Diversity and vertical migration of euphausiids across the Straits of Messina area. In: Mediterranean Ecosystem: Structures and Processes (eds. Faranda, F. M., Guglielmo, L. & Spezie, G.) 131–141 (Springer, 2001).Sitran, R., Bergamasco, A., Decembrini, F. & Guglielmo, L. Microzooplankton (tintinnid ciliates) diversity: Coastal community structure and driving mechanisms in the Southern Tyrrhenian Sea (Western Mediterranean). J. Plankton Res. 31, 153–170 (2009).Article 

Google Scholar 
Fonda Umani, S., Monti, M., Minutoli, R. & Guglielmo, L. Recent advances in the Mediterranean researches on zooplankton: from spatial–temporal patterns of distribution to processes oriented studies. Adv. Oceanogr. Limnol. 1, 295–356 (2010).Article 

Google Scholar 
Giordano, D. et al. Summer larval fish assemblages in the Southern Tyrrhenian Sea (Western Mediterranean Sea). Mar. Ecol. 36, 104–117. https://doi.org/10.1111/maec.12123 (2015).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Fonda Umani, S., Milani, L. & Martecchini, E. Distribuzione dei popolamenti microzooplanctonici durante la campagna oceanografica Eolie 1994. Caratterizzazione ambientale marina del sistema Eolie e dei bacini limitrofi di Cefalù e Gioia (EUCUMM95). In Data Rep. (eds. Faranda, F. M. & Povero, P.) 199–222 (1995).Carrada, G. C., Mangoni, O. & Sgrosso, S. Distribuzione spaziale di clorofilla a e di feopigmenti in diverse frazioni dimensionali del fitoplancton. Caratterizzazione ambientale marina del sistema Eolie e dei bacini limitrofi di Cefalù e Gioia (EUCUMM95). In Data Rep. (eds. Faranda, F. M. & Povero, P.) 197–216 (1996).Guglielmo, L. et al. Distribuzione verticale e migrazione giornaliera dello zooplancton e del micronecton nel Tirreno meridionale (Isole Eolie). Caratterizzazione ambientale marina del sistema Eolie e dei bacini limitrofi di Cefalù e Gioia (EUCUMM95). In Data Rep. (eds. Faranda, F. M. & Povero, P.) 217–246 (1996).Innamorati, M., Lazzara, L., Massi, L., Biondi, N. & Nuccio, C. Fitoplancton, luce e produzione primaria nella’Arcipelago delle Isole Eolie, in estate. Caratterizzazione ambientale marina del sistema Eolie e dei bacini limitrofi di Cefalù e Gioia (EUCUMM95). In Data Rep. (eds. Faranda, F. M. & Povero, P.) 161–196 (1996).Zunini Sertorio, T., Licandro, P., Giallain, M. & Bernat, P. Distribuzione verticale della biomassa zooplanctonica su una stazione delle Isole Eolie (Luglio 1995). Caratterizzazione ambientale marina del sistema Eolie e dei bacini limitrofi di Cefalù e Gioia (EUCUMM95). In Data Rep. (eds. Faranda, F. M. & Povero, P.) 247–254 (1996).Sabates, A. et al. Pathways for Pelagia noctiluca jellyfish intrusions onto the Catalan shelf and their interactions with early life fish stages. J. Mar. Syst. 187, 52–61 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
Mosetti, F. Currents in the Straits of Messina. In The Straits of Messina ecosystem (eds Guglielmo, L. et al.) 13–29 (University of Messina, Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, 1995).
Google Scholar 
Zavodnik, D. Spatial aggregations of the swarming jellyfish Pelagia noctiluca (Scyphozoa). Mar. Biol. 94, 265–269 (1987).Article 

Google Scholar 
El Rahi, J., Weeber, M. P. & El Serafy, G. Modelling the effect of behavior on the distribution of the jellyfish Mauve stinger (Pelagia noctiluca) in the Balearic Sea using an individual-based model. Ecol. Model. 433, 109230 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Axiak, V. & Civili, F. S. Jellyfish blooms in the Mediterranean: causes, mechanisms, impact on man and the environment. A programme review. In: UNEP: Jellyfish blooms in the Mediterranean. Proceedings of the II Workshop on Jellyfish in the Mediterranean Sea. MAP Tech. Rep. Ser. Vol. 47, 1–10 (UNEP, 1991).Keesing, J. K. et al. Role of winds and tides in timing of beach strandings, occurrence, and significance of swarms of the jellyfish Crambione mastigophora Mass 1903 (Scyphozoa: Rhizostomeae: Catostylidae) in north-western Australia. Hydrobiologia 768, 19–36. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-015-2525-5 (2016).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Aglieri, G. et al. First evidence of inbreeding, relatedness and chaotic genetic patchiness in the holoplanktonic jellyfish Pelagia noctiluca (Scyphozoa, Cnidaria). PLoS ONE 9, e99647. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0099647 (2014).ADS 
CAS 
Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Alpers, W., Brandt, P. & Rubino, A. Internal waves generated in the Strait of Gibraltar and Messina: Observations from space. In Remote Sensing of the European Seas (eds. Barale, V. & Gade, M.) 319–330 (Springer, 2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6772.Droghei, R. et al. The role of Internal Solitary Waves on deep-water sedimentary processes: The case of up-slope migrating sediment waves off the Messina Strait. Sci. Rep. 6, 36376. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep36376 (2016).ADS 
CAS 
Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
La Forgia, G. et al. Sediment resuspension and bedform generation induced by internal solitary waves. Geophys. Res. Abs. Vol. 21, EGU2019-9121, EGU General Assembly (2019).Lohmann, H. Die Stromunger in der Strasse von Messina und die verteilung des planktons in derselben. Int. Rev. Ges. Hydrobiol. 2, 505–556 (1909).Article 

Google Scholar 
Magazzù, G. & Andreoli, C. Trasferimenti fitoplanctonici attraverso lo Stretto di Messina in relazione alle condizioni idrologiche. Boll. Pesca Piscic. Idrobiol. 26, 125–193 (1971).
Google Scholar 
Palanques, A. et al. General patterns of circulation, sediment fluxes and ecology of the Palamòs (La Fonera) submarine canyon, northwestern Mediterranean. Progr. Oceanogr. 66, 89–119 (2005).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Granata, A. et al. Vertical distribution and diel migration of zooplankton and micronekton in Polcevera submarine canyon of the Ligurian mesopelagic zone (NW Mediterranean Sea). Progr. Oceanogr. 183, 102298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Zagami, G. et al. Spring copepod vertical zonation pattern and diel migration in the open Ligurian Sea (north-western Mediterranean). Progr. Oceanogr. 183, 102297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Danovaro, R. & Boero, F. Italian seas. In: World Seas: An Environmental Evaluation. Vol. I Europe, The Americas and West Africa. (ed. Sheppard, C.) 283–306 (Elsevier Ltd., 2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-805068-2.00044-9Lo Iacono, C., Sulli, A. & Agate, M. Submarine canyons of north-western Sicily (Southern Tyrrhenian Sea): Variability in morphology, sedimentary processes and evolution on a tectonically active margin. Deep-Sea Res. 104, 93–105 (2014).
Google Scholar  More

Försterra, G. et al. Animal forests in the Chilean fiord region: Discoveries and perspectives in shallow and deep waters. In Marine Animal Forests. Orejas Saco del Valle (eds Rossi, S. et al.) 1–35 (Springer, 2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17001-5_3-1.Chapter 

Google Scholar 
Castilla, J. C. et al. (eds) Conservación en la Patagonia Chilena: Evaluación del conocimiento, oportunidades y desafíos (Ediciones Universidad Católica, 2021).
Google Scholar 
Iriarte, J. L. et al. Oceanographic Processes in Chilean Fjords of Patagonia: From small to large-scale studies. Prog. Oceanogr. 129, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2014.10.004 (2014).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Iriarte, J. L. Natural and human influences on marine processes in Patagonian Subantarctic coastal waters. Front. Mar. Sci. 5, 360. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2018.00360 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
Strub, P. T. et al. Ocean circulation along the southern Chile transition region (38°–46°S): Mean, seasonal and interannual variability, with a focus on 2014–2016. Prog. Oceanogr. 172, 159–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2019.01.004 (2019).ADS 
Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Häussermann, V. et al. Macrobentos de fondos duros de la Patagonia chilena: Énfasis en la conservación de bosques sublitorales de invertebrados y algas. In Conservación en la Patagonia Chilena: Evaluación del conocimiento, oportunidades y desafíos (eds Castilla, J. C. et al.) (Ediciones Universidad Católica, 2021).
Google Scholar 
Kol, P. H. Los Riesgos de la Expansión Salmonera en la Patagonia Chilena. Estado de la Salmonicultura Intensiva en la Región de Magallanes (AIDA, 2018).Iversen, A. et al. Production cost and competitiveness in major salmon farming countries 2003–2018. Aquaculture 522, 735089. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.735089 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Cárdenas-Retamal, R. et al. Impact assessment of salmon farming on income distribution in remote coastal areas: The Chilean case. Food Policy 101, 102078. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2021.102078 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
Chavez, C. et al. Main issues and challenges for sustainable development of salmon farming in Chile: A socio-economic perspective. Rev. Aquac. 11, 403–421. https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.12338 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
Quiñones, R. A. et al. Environmental issues in Chilean salmon farming: A review. Rev. Aquac. 11, 375–402. https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.12337 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
Mardones, J. I. et al. Disentangling the environmental processes responsible for the world’s largest farmed fish-killing harmful algal bloom: Chile, 2016. Sci. Total Environ. 76, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144383 (2021).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Navedo, J. G. et al. Upraising a silent pollution: Antibiotic resistance at coastal environments and transference to long-distance migratory shorebirds. Sci. Total Environ. 777, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146004 (2021).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
SUBPESCA. Listado de concesiones de acuicultura d salmónidos por agrupación de concesiones en las regiones X, XI y XII (Julio 2021). https://www.subpesca.cl/portal/619/w3-article-103129.html (2021).Gorny, M. et al. Las comunidades marinas bentónicas de la Reserva Nacional Katalalixar (Chile). Oceanografía, 29–44 (2020).Friedlander, A. M. et al. Marine communities of the newly created Kawésqar National Reserve, Chile: From glaciers to the Pacific Ocean. PLoS One 16(4), e0249413. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249413 (2021).CAS 
Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Mardones, J. I. et al. Toxic dinoflagellate blooms of Alexandrium catenella in Chilean fjords: A resilient winner from climate change. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 74(4), 988–995. https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsw164 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
Alvarez-Garreton, C. et al. The CAMELS-CL dataset: Catchment attributes and meteorology for large sample studies—Chile dataset. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 22, 5817–5846. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-5817-2018 (2018).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Novak, B. J. et al. Transforming ocean conservation: Applying the genetic rescue toolkit. Genes 11, 209. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes11020209 (2020).CAS 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Outeiro, L. et al. Using ecosystem services mapping for marine spatial planning in southern Chile under scenario assessment. Ecosyst. Serv. 16, 341–353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2015.03.004 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
Anbleyth-Evans, J. et al. Toward marine democracy in Chile: Examining aquaculture ecological impacts through common property local ecological knowledge. Mar. Policy 113, 103690. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2019.103690 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
Kershaw, F. et al. Geospatial genetics: Integrating genetics into marine protection and spatial planning. Aquat. Conserv. Mar Freshw. Ecosyst. https://doi.org/10.1002/aqc.3622 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
Jenkins, T. L. & Stevens, J. R. Assessing connectivity between MPAs: Selecting taxa and translating genetic data to inform policy. Mar. Policy 94, 165–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2018.04.022 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
Paredes, J. et al. Population genetic structure at the northern edge of the distribution of Alexandrium catenella in the Patagonian fjords and its expansion along the open Pacific Ocean coast. Front. Mar. Sci. 5, 532. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2018.00532 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
Canales-Aguirre, C. B. C. et al. Population genetic structure of Patagonian toothfish (Dissostichus eleginoides) in the Southeast Pacific and Southwest Atlantic Ocean. PeerJ 6, e4173. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4173 (2018).Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Canales-Aguirre, C. B. C. et al. High genetic diversity and low-population differentiation in the Patagonian sprat (Sprattus fuegensis) based on mitochondrial DNA. Mitochondrial DNA Part A 29(8), 1148–1155. https://doi.org/10.1080/24701394.2018.1424841 (2018).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Pérez-Alvarez, M. et al. Historical dimensions of population structure in a continuously distributed marine species: The case of the endemic Chilean dolphin. Sci. Rep. 6, 35507. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep35507 (2016).ADS 
CAS 
Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Pérez-Alvarez, J. M. et al. Phylogeography and demographic inference of the endangered sei whale, with implications for conservation. Aquat. Conserv. Mar. Freshw. Ecosyst. https://doi.org/10.1002/aqc.3717 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
Addamo, A. M. et al. Global-scale genetic structure of a cosmopolitan cold-water coral species. Aquat. Conserv. Mar. Freshw. Ecosyst. 31(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1002/aqc.3421 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
Addamo, A. M. et al. Genetic conservation management of marine resources and ecosystems of Patagonian Fjords. Front. Mar. Sci. 8, 612195. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.612195 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
Addamo, A. M. et al. Development of microsatellite markers in the deep-sea cup coral Desmophyllum dianthus and cross-species amplifications in the Scleractinia Order. J. Hered. 106(3), 322–330. https://doi.org/10.1093/jhered/esv010 (2015).CAS 
Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Miller, K. J. & Gunasekera, R. M. A comparison of genetic connectivity in two deep sea corals to examine whether seamounts are isolated islands or stepping stones for dispersal. Sci. Rep. 7, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep46103 (2017).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Holloley, C. E. & Geerts, P. G. Multiplex Manager 1.0: A cross-platform computer program that plans and optimizes multiplex PCR. Biotechniques 46, 511–517. https://doi.org/10.2144/000113156 (2009).Article 

Google Scholar 
Brookfield, J. F. Y. A simple new method for estimating null allele frequency from heterozygote deficiency. Mol. Ecol. 5, 453–455. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294X.1996.00098.x (1996).CAS 
Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Van Oosterhout, C. et al. Micro-Checker: Software for identifying and correcting genotyping errors in microsatellite data. Mol. Ecol. Notes 4, 535–538. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-8286.2004.00684.x (2004).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Chapuis, M.-P. & Estoup, A. Microsatellite null alleles and estimation of population differentiation. Mol. Biol. Evol. 24(3), 621–631 (2007).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Peakall, R. & Smouse, P. E. GenAlEx 6.5: Genetic analysis in Excel. Population genetic software for teaching and research—An update. Bioinformatics 28, 2537–2539. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/bts460 (2012).CAS 
Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Rousset, F. Genepop’007: A complete re-implementation of the Genepop software for Windows and Linux. Mol. Ecol. Resour. 8, 103–106. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-8286.2007.01931.x (2008).Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Holm, S. A simple sequentially rejective multiple test procedure. Scand. J. Stat. 6, 65–70 (1979).MathSciNet 
MATH 

Google Scholar 
Excoffier, L. & Lischer, H. E. L. Arlequin suite ver 3.5: A new series of programs to perform population genetics analyses under Linux and Windows. Mol. Ecol. Resour. 10, 564–567. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-0998.2010.02847.x (2010).Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Falush, D. et al. Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data: Linked loci and correlated allele frequencies. Genetics 164, 1567–1587. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-8286.2007.01758.x (2003).CAS 
Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Earl, D. A. & vonHoldt, B. M. STRUCTURE HARVESTER: A website and program for visualizing STRUCTURE output and implementing the Evanno method. Conserv. Genet. Resour. 4, 359–361. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12686-011-9548-7 (2012).Article 

Google Scholar 
Li, Y. L. & Liu, J. X. StructureSelector: A web based software to select and visualize the optimal number of clusters using multiple methods. Mol. Ecol. Resour. 18, 176–177. https://doi.org/10.1111/1755-0998.12719 (2018).Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Kopelman, N. M. et al. CLUMPAK: A program for identifying clustering modes and packaging population structure inferences across K. Mol. Ecol. Resour. 15, 1179–1191. https://doi.org/10.1111/1755-0998.12387 (2015).CAS 
Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Pritchard, J. K. et al. Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data. Genetics 155, 945–959 (2000).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Evanno, G. et al. Detecting the number of clusters of individuals using the software STRUCTURE: A simulation study. Mol. Ecol. 14, 2611–2620. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02553.x (2005).CAS 
Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Puechmaille, S. J. The program structure does not reliably recover the correct population structure when sampling is uneven: Subsampling and new estimators alleviate the problem. Mol. Ecol. Resour. 16, 608–627. https://doi.org/10.1111/1755-0998 (2016).Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Piry, S. et al. GeneClass2: A software for genetic assignment and first-generation migrant detection. J. Hered. 95, 536–539. https://doi.org/10.1093/jhered/esh074 (2004).CAS 
Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Cornuet, J. M. & Luikart, G. Description and power analysis of two tests for detecting recent population bottlenecks from allele frequency data. Genetics 144, 2001–2014 (1997).Article 

Google Scholar 
Wickham, H. et al. Welcome to the tidyverse. J. Open Source Softw. 4(43), 1686. https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.01686 (2019).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Wickham, H. et al. dplyr: A grammar of data manipulation. https://dplyr.tidyverse.org, https://github.com/tidyverse/dplyr (2022).Wickham, H. ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis (Springer, 2022). https://ggplot2.tidyverse.org. ISBN 978-3-319-24277-4.Addamo, A. M. et al. Microsatellites of Desmophyllum dianthus—Comau Fjord. Front. Mar. Sci. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.612195. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4435966 (2021).Tecklin, D. Sensing the limits of fixed marine property rights in changing coastal ecosystems: Salmon aquaculture concessions, crises, and governance challenges in Southern Chile. J. Int. Wildl. Law Policy 19(4), 284–300. https://doi.org/10.1080/13880292.2016.1248647 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
Buschmann, A. H. et al. Salmon aquaculture and coastal ecosystem health in Chile: Analysis of regulations, environmental impacts and bioremediation systems. Ocean Coast. Manag. 52, 243–249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2009.03.002 (2009).Article 

Google Scholar 
Pantoja, S. et al. Oceanography of the Chilean Patagonia. Cont. Shelf Res. 31, 149–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2010.10.013 (2011).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Molina, V. & Fernández, C. Bacterioplankton response to nitrogen and dissolved organic matter produced from salmon mucus. Microbiol. Open 9(12), e1132. https://doi.org/10.1002/mbo3.1132 (2020).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Försterra, G. & Häussermann, V. First report on large scleractinian (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) accumulations in cold-temperate shallow water of south Chilean fjords. Zool. Verh. 345, 117–128 (2003).
Google Scholar 
Brown, S. M. et al. Limited population structure, genetic drift and bottlenecks characterise an endangered bird species in a dynamic, fire-prone ecosystem. PLoS One 8(4), e59732. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0059732 (2013).ADS 
CAS 
Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Takahashi, Y. et al. Lack of genetic variation prevents adaptation at the geographic range margin in a damselfly. Mol. Ecol. 25, 4450–4460. https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.13782 (2016).Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Thiel, M. et al. The Humboldt Current system of Northern and Central Chile. Oceanographic processes, ecological interactions and socioeconomic feedback. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Annu. Rev. 45, 195–344 (2007).
Google Scholar 
Giesecke, R. et al. General Hydrography of the Beagle Channel, a Subantarctic Interoceanic Passage at the Southern Tip of South America. Front. Mar. Sci. Coast. Ocean Process. 8, 621822. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.621822 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
Chaigneau, A. Surface circulation and fronts of the South Pacific Ocean, east of 120°. Geophys. Res. Lett. 32, L08605. https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL022070 (2005).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Aiken, C. M. A reanalysis of the Chilean ocean circulation: Preliminary results for the region between 20°S to 40°S. Lat. Am. J. Aquat. Res. 45(1), 193–198. https://doi.org/10.3856/vol45-issue1-fulltext-19 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
González, H. E. et al. Primary production and plankton dynamics in the Reloncaví Fjord and the Interior Sea of Chiloé, Northern Patagonia, Chile. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 402, 13–30. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps08360 (2010).ADS 
CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
González, H. E. et al. Seasonal plankton variability in Chilean Patagonia fjords: Carbon flow through the pelagic food web of Aysen Fjord and plankton dynamics in the Moraleda Channel basin. Cont. Shelf Res. 31, 225–243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2010.08.010 (2011).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Feehan, K. A. et al. Highly seasonal reproduction in deep-water emergent Desmophyllum dianthus (Scleractinia: Caryophylliidae) from the Northern Patagonian Fjords. Mar. Biol. 166(4), 52. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-019-3495-3 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
Försterra, G. et al. Mass die off of the cold-water coral Desmophyllum dianthus in the Chilean Patagonian Fjord Region. Bull. Mar. Sci. 90(3), 895–899 (2014).Article 

Google Scholar 
Mora-Soto, A. et al. A song of wind and ice: Increased frequency of marine cold-spells in southwestern Patagonia and their possible effects on giant kelp forests. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans 127, e2021JC017801. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JC017801 (2022).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Brown, J. H. On the relationship between abundance and distribution of species. Am. Nat. 124, 255–279 (1984).Article 

Google Scholar 
Verberk, W. Explaining general patterns in species abundance and distributions. Nat. Sci. Educ. 3(10), 38 (2011).
Google Scholar 
Devenish, C. et al. Extreme and complex variation in range-wide abundances across a threatened Neotropical bird community. Divers. Distrib. 23, 910–921. https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12577 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
Iriarte, J. L. et al. Influence of seasonal freshwater streamflow regimes on phytoplankton blooms in a Patagonian fjord. N. Z. J. Mar. Freshw. Res. 51(2), 304–315. https://doi.org/10.1080/00288330.2016.1220955 (2016).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Silva, N. et al. Características oceanográficas físicas y químicas de canales australes chilenos entre Puerto Montt y Laguna San Rafael (Crucero Cimar-Fiordo 1). Cienc. Tecnol. Mar. 20, 23–106 (1997).
Google Scholar 
Iriarte, J. L. et al. Low spring primary production and microplankton carbon biomass in Sub-Antarctic Patagonian channels and fjords (50–53°S). Arct. Antarct. Alp. Res. 50(1), e1525186. https://doi.org/10.1080/15230430.2018.1525186 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
Höfer, J. et al. All you can eat: The functional response of the cold-water coral Desmophyllum dianthus feeding on krill and copepods. PeerJ 6, e5872. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5872 (2018).CAS 
Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Montero, P. et al. A winter dinoflagellate bloom drives high rates of primary production in a Patagonian fjord ecosystem. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 199, 105e116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2017.09.027 (2017).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Quiroga, E. et al. Seasonal benthic patterns in a glacial Patagonian fjord: The role of suspended sediment and terrestrial organic matter. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 561, 31–50. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps11903 (2016).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Escribano, R. et al. Seasonal and inter-annual variation of mesozooplankton in the coastal upwelling zone off central-southern Chile. Prog. Oceanogr. 75, 470–485. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2007.08.027 (2007).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Gori, A. et al. Physiological response of the cold-water coral Desmophyllum dianthus to thermal stress and ocean acidification. PeerJ 4, e1606. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1606 (2016).CAS 
Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Martínez-Dios, A. et al. Effects of low pH and feeding on calcification rates of the cold-water coral Desmophyllum dianthus. PeerJ 8, e8236. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8236 (2020).CAS 
Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
López-Márquez, V. et al. Asexual reproduction in bad times? The case of Cladocora caespitosa in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. Coral Reefs 40, 663–677. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-020-02040-3 (2021).Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Silva, N. & Calvete, C. Características oceanográficas físicas y químicas de canales australes chilenos entre el Golfo de Penas y el Estrecho de Magallanes (Crucero Cimar-Fiordo 2). Cienc. Tecnol. Mar. 20, 23–88 (2002).
Google Scholar 
Häussermann, V. et al. Species that fly at a higher game: Patterns of deep–water emergence along the Chilean coast, including a global review of the phenomenon. Front. Mar. Sci. 8, 688316. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.688316 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
Fillinger, L. & Richter, C. Vertical and horizontal distribution of Desmophyllum dianthus in Comau Fjord, Chile: A cold-water coral thriving at low pH. PeerJ 1, e194. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.194 (2013).CAS 
Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Addamo, A. M. et al. Biodiversity and distribution of corals in Chile. Mar. Biodivers. 52, 33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-022-01271-7 (2022).Article 

Google Scholar 
Figuerola, B. et al. A review and meta-analysis of potential impacts of ocean acidification on marine calcifiers from the Southern Ocean. Front. Mar. Sci. 8, 584445. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.584445 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
SGS SIGA. 4.15 Pobreza multidimensional y pobreza por ingresos de la Region de los Lagos. Agosto 2018. Subsecreteria de Desarollo Regional y Administrativo, Gobierno de Chile (2018).FAO. The state of world fisheries and aquaculture. http://www.fao.org/3/a-i720e.pdf (2014).Niklitschek, E. J. et al. Southward expansion of the Chilean salmon industry in the Patagonian Fjords: Main environmental challenges. Rev. Aquac. 4, 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.1201 (2013).Article 

Google Scholar 
Soto, M. V. et al. Natural hazards and exposure of strategic connectivity in extreme territories. Comau Fjord, North Patagonia, Chile. Rev. Geogr. Norte Grande 73, 57–75 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
Montes, R. M. et al. Quantifying harmful algal bloom thresholds for farmed salmon in southern Chile. Harmful Algae 77, 55–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2018.05.004 (2018).Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Lembeye, G. Harmful algal blooms in the austral Chilean channels and fjords. In Progress in the Oceanographic Knowledge of Chilean Interior Waters, from Puerto Montt to Cape Horn (eds Silva, N. & Palma, S.) 99–103 (Comité Oceanográfico, 2008).
Google Scholar 
Häussermann, V. et al. Largest baleen whale mass mortality during strong El Niño event is likely related to harmful toxic algal bloom. PeerJ 5, e3123. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3123 (2017).Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Google IncGoogle Earth. Retrieved from https://www.google.com/earth/versions/#download-pro (2009). More

Zeebe, R. E. & Wolf-Gladrow, D. CO2 in Seawater: Equilibrium, Kinetics, Isotopes (Elsevier, 2001).Ridgwell, A. & Zeebe, R. The role of the global carbonate cycle in the regulation and evolution of the Earth system. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 234, 299–315 (2005).Article 

Google Scholar 
Moore, C. M. et al. Processes and patterns of oceanic nutrient limitation. Nat. Geosci. 6, 701–710 (2013).Article 

Google Scholar 
Klausmeier, C. A., Litchman, E., Daufresne, T. & Levin, S. A. Optimal nitrogen-to-phosphorus stoichiometry of phytoplankton. Nature 429, 171–174 (2004).Article 

Google Scholar 
Krumhardt, K. M., Lovenduski, N. S., Iglesias-Rodriguez, M. D. & Kleypas, J. A. Coccolithophore growth and calcification in a changing ocean. Prog. Oceanogr. 159, 276–295 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
Zondervan, I. The effects of light, macronutrients, trace metals and CO2 on the production of calcium carbonate and organic carbon in coccolithophores—a review. Deep Sea Res. Part 2 54, 521–537 (2007).Article 

Google Scholar 
Gibbs, S. J., Sheward, R. M., Bown, P. R., Poulton, A. J. & Alvarez, S. A. Warm plankton soup and red herrings: calcareous nannoplankton cellular communities and the Palaeocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 376, 20170075 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
Aloisi, G. Covariation of metabolic rates and cell size in coccolithophores. Biogeosciences 12, 6215–6284 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
Boudreau, B. P., Middelburg, J. J. & Luo, Y. The role of calcification in carbonate compensation. Nat. Geosci. 11, 894–900 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
Suchéras-Marx, B. & Henderiks, J. Downsizing the pelagic carbonate factory: impacts of calcareous nannoplankton evolution on carbonate burial over the past 17 million years. Glob. Planet. Change 123, 97–109 (2014).Article 

Google Scholar 
Beaufort, L. et al. Sensitivity of coccolithophores to carbonate chemistry and ocean acidification. Nature 476, 80–83 (2011).Article 

Google Scholar 
McClelland, H. L. O., Bruggeman, J., Hermoso, M. & Rickaby, R. E. M. The origin of carbon isotope vital effects in coccolith calcite. Nat. Commun. 8, 14511 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
Bolton, C. T. et al. Decrease in coccolithophore calcification and CO2 since the middle Miocene. Nat. Commun. 7, 10284 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
McClelland, H. L. O. et al. Calcification response of a key phytoplankton family to millennial-scale environmental change. Sci. Rep. 6, 34263 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
Duchamp-Alphonse, S. et al. Enhanced ocean–atmosphere carbon partitioning via the carbonate counter pump during the last deglacial. Nat. Commun. 9, 2396 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
Si, W. & Rosenthal, Y. Reduced continental weathering and marine calcification linked to late Neogene decline in atmospheric CO2. Nat. Geosci. 12, 833–838 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
Meier, K. J. S., Berger, C. & Kinkel, H. Increasing coccolith calcification during CO2 rise of the penultimate deglaciation (Termination II). Mar. Micropaleontol. 112, 1–12 (2014).Article 

Google Scholar 
Su, X., Liu, C. & Beaufort, L. Late Quaternary coccolith weight variations in the northern South China Sea and their environmental controls. Mar. Micropaleontol. 154, 101798 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Berger, C., Meier, K. J. S., Kinkel, H. & Baumann, K.-H. Changes in calcification of coccoliths under stable atmospheric CO2. Biogeosciences 11, 929–944 (2014).Article 

Google Scholar 
Zachos, J., Dickens, G. R. & Zeebe, R. E. An early Cenozoic perspective on greenhouse warming and carbon-cycle dynamics. Nature 451, 279–283 (2008).Article 

Google Scholar 
Foster, G. L., Royer, D. L. & Lunt, D. J. Future climate forcing potentially without precedent in the last 420 million years. Nat. Commun. 8, 14845 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
Anagnostou, E. et al. Proxy evidence for state-dependence of climate sensitivity in the Eocene greenhouse. Nat. Commun. 11, 4436 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Holtz, L.-M., Wolf-Gladrow, D. & Thoms, S. Stable carbon isotope signals in particulate organic and inorganic carbon of coccolithophores—a numerical model study for Emiliania huxleyi. J. Theor. Biol. 420, 117–127 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
Hermoso, M., Horner, T. J., Minoletti, F. & Rickaby, R. E. M. Constraints on the vital effect in coccolithophore and dinoflagellate calcite by oxygen isotopic modification of seawater. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 141, 612–627 (2014).Article 

Google Scholar 
Hermoso, M., Chan, I. Z. X., McClelland, H. L. O., Heureux, A. M. C. & Rickaby, R. E. M. Vanishing coccolith vital effects with alleviated carbon limitation. Biogeosciences 13, 301–312 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
Rickaby, R. E. M., Henderiks, J. & Young, J. N. Perturbing phytoplankton: response and isotopic fractionation with changing carbonate chemistry in two coccolithophore species. Clim. Past 6, 771–785 (2010).Article 

Google Scholar 
Ziveri, P. et al. Stable isotope ‘vital effects’ in coccolith calcite. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 210, 137–149 (2003).Article 

Google Scholar 
Bolton, C. T. & Stoll, H. M. Late Miocene threshold response of marine algae to carbon dioxide limitation. Nature 500, 558–562 (2013).Article 

Google Scholar 
Henderiks, J. Coccolithophore size rules—reconstructing ancient cell geometry and cellular calcite quota from fossil coccoliths. Mar. Micropaleontol. 67, 143–154 (2008).Article 

Google Scholar 
Sheward, R. M., Poulton, A. J., Gibbs, S. J., Daniels, C. J. & Bown, P. R. Physiology regulates the relationship between coccosphere geometry and growth phase in coccolithophores. Biogeosciences 14, 1493–1509 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
Gibbs, S. J. et al. Species-specific growth response of coccolithophores to Palaeocene–Eocene environmental change. Nat. Geosci. 6, 218–222 (2013).Article 

Google Scholar 
Herrmann, S. & Thierstein, H. R. Cenozoic coccolith size changes—evolutionary and/or ecological controls? Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 333–334, 92–106 (2012).Article 

Google Scholar 
Young, J. R. & Ziveri, P. Calculation of coccolith volume and its use in calibration of carbonate flux estimates. Deep-Sea Research II 22, 1679–1700 (2000).Article 

Google Scholar 
Daniels, C. J., Sheward, R. M. & Poulton, A. J. Biogeochemical implications of comparative growth rates of Emiliania huxleyi and Coccolithus species. Biogeosciences 11, 6915–6925 (2014).Article 

Google Scholar 
Westerhold, T. et al. An astronomically dated record of Earth’s climate and its predictability over the last 66 million years. Science 369, 1383–1387 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Pälike, H. et al. A Cenozoic record of the equatorial Pacific carbonate compensation depth. Nature 488, 609–614 (2012).Article 

Google Scholar 
Misra, S. & Froelich, P. N. Lithium isotope history of cenozoic seawater: changes in silicate weathering and reverse weathering. Science 335, 818–823 (2012).Article 

Google Scholar 
Ravizza, G. E. & Zachos, J. C. in Treatise on Geochemistry Vol. 6 (ed. Elderfield, H.) 551–581 (Elsevier, 2003).McArthur, J. M., Howarth, R. J. & Bailey, T. R. Strontium isotope stratigraphy: LOWESS version 3: best fit to the marine Sr‐isotope curve for 0–509 Ma and accompanying look‐up table for deriving numerical age. J. Geol. 109, 155–170 (2001).Article 

Google Scholar 
Pegram, W. J., Krishnaswami, S., Ravizza, G. E. & Turekian, K. K. The record of sea water 1870s/1860s variation through the Cenozoic. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 113, 569–576 (1992).Article 

Google Scholar 
Shipboard Scientific Party, 2004. Leg 208 summary. In Zachos, J. C., Kroon, D. & Blum, P., et al., Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Initial Reports, 208, 1–112: College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program) (2004).Brummer, G. J. A. & van Eijden, A. J. M. “Blue-ocean” paleoproductivity estimates from pelagic carbonate mass accumulation rates. Mar. Micropaleontol. 19, 99–117 (1992).Article 

Google Scholar 
Gafar, N. A., Eyre, B. D. & Schulz, K. G. A conceptual model for projecting coccolithophorid growth, calcification and photosynthetic carbon fixation rates in response to global ocean change. Front. Mar. Sci. 4, 433 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
Gafar, N. A. & Schulz, K. G. A three-dimensional niche comparison of Emiliania huxleyi and Gephyrocapsa oceanica: reconciling observations with projections. Biogeosciences 15, 3541–3560 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
Gafar, N. A., Eyre, B. D. & Schulz, K. G. A comparison of species specific sensitivities to changing light and carbonate chemistry in calcifying marine phytoplankton. Sci. Rep. 9, 2486 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
Zhang, Y. G. et al. Refining the alkenone–pCO2 method I: lessons from the Quaternary glacial cycles. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 260, 177–191 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
Freeman, K. H. & Pagani, M. in A History of Atmospheric CO2 and Its Effects on Plants, Animals, and Ecosystems Vol. 177 (eds Baldwin, I. T. et al.) 35–61 (Springer-Verlag, 2005).Pagani, M. The alkenone–CO2 proxy and ancient atmospheric carbon dioxide. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 360, 609–632 (2002).Article 

Google Scholar 
Beerling, D. J. & Royer, D. L. Convergent Cenozoic CO2 history. Nat. Geosci. 4, 418–420 (2011).Article 

Google Scholar 
Henehan, M. J. et al. Revisiting the Middle Eocene Climatic Optimum ‘Carbon Cycle Conundrum’ with new estimates of atmospheric pCO2 from boron isotopes. Paleoceanogr. Paleoclimatol. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019PA003713 (2020).Zachos, J., Pagani, M., Sloan, L. C., Thomas, E. & Billups, K. Trends, rhythms, and aberrations in global climate 65 Ma to present. Science 292, 686–693 (2001).Article 

Google Scholar 
Stap, L., Sluijs, A., Thomas, E. & Lourens, L. Patterns and magnitude of deep sea carbonate dissolution during Eocene Thermal Maximum 2 and H2, Walvis Ridge, southeastern Atlantic Ocean, Paleoceanography 24, PA1211, https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2008PA001655 (2009).Sluijs, A. et al. Warm and wet conditions in the Arctic region during Eocene Thermal Maximum 2. Nat. Geosci. 2, 777–780 (2009).Article 

Google Scholar 
Stap, L. et al. High-resolution deep-sea carbon and oxygen isotope records of Eocene Thermal Maximum 2 and H2. Geology 38, 607–610 (2010).Article 

Google Scholar 
Bohaty, S. M. & Zachos, J. C. Significant Southern Ocean warming event in the late middle Eocene. Geology 31, 1017 (2003).Article 

Google Scholar 
van der Ploeg, R. et al. Middle Eocene greenhouse warming facilitated by diminished weathering feedback. Nat. Commun. 9, 2877 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
Bach, L. T., Riebesell, U., Gutowska, M. A., Federwisch, L. & Schulz, K. G. A unifying concept of coccolithophore sensitivity to changing carbonate chemistry embedded in an ecological framework. Prog. Oceanogr. 135, 125–138 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
Monteiro, F. M. et al. Why marine phytoplankton calcify. Sci. Adv. 2, e1501822–e1501822 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
Shipboard Scientific Party, 2004. Site 1263. In Zachos, J. C., Kroon, D., Blum, P., et al., Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Initial Reports, 208, 1–87 College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program) (2004).Bice, K. L., Sloan, L. C. & Barron, E. J. in Warm Climates in Earth History (eds Huber, B. T., Macleod, K. G., & Wing, S. L.) 79–129 (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2000).Handoh, I. C., Bigg, G. R. & Jones, E. J. W. Evolution of upwelling in the Atlantic Ocean basin. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 202, 31–58 (2003).Article 

Google Scholar 
Minoletti, F., Hermoso, M. & Gressier, V. Separation of sedimentary micron-sized particles for palaeoceanography and calcareous nannoplankton biogeochemistry. Nat. Protoc. 4, 14–24 (2009).Article 

Google Scholar 
Zhang, H., Stoll, H., Bolton, C., Jin, X. & Liu, C. A refinement of coccolith separation methods: Measuring the sinking characters of coccoliths. Biogeosciences Discussions (2018): 1–30 https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2018-82 (2020).Hermoso, M. et al. Towards the use of the coccolith vital effects in palaeoceanography: a field investigation during the middle Miocene in the SW Pacific Ocean. Deep Sea Res. Part 1 160, 103262 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Lauretano, V., Hilgen, F. J., Zachos, J. C. & Lourens, L. J. Astronomically tuned age model for the early Eocene carbon isotope events: a new high-resolution δ13Cbenthic record of ODP site 1263 between ~49 and ~54 Ma. Newsl. Stratigr. 49, 383–400 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
Westerhold, T., Röhl, U., Frederichs, T., Bohaty, S. M. & Zachos, J. C. Astronomical calibration of the geological timescale: closing the middle Eocene gap. Clim. Past 11, 1181–1195 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
Westerhold, T. et al. Astronomical Calibration of the Ypresian Time Scale: Implications for Seafloor Spreading Rates and the Chaotic Behaviour of the Solar System? Preprint at Clim. Past Discuss. https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2017-15 (2017).Gatuso, J. P., Epitalon, J. M., Lavigne, H. & Orr, J. seacarb: Seawater Carbonate Chemistry (2021); https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=seacarb More

Blanton, L. S. The rickettsioses: A practical update. Infect. Dis. Clin. North Am. 33, 213–229 (2019).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Parola, P. et al. Update on tick-borne rickettsioses around the world: A geographic approach. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 26, 657–702 (2013).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Robinson, M. T., Satjanadumrong, J., Hughes, T., Stenos, J. & Blacksell, S. D. Diagnosis of spotted fever group Rickettsia infections: The Asian perspective. Epidemiol. Infect. 147, e286 (2019).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Graves, S. & Stenos, J. Rickettsioses in Australia. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1166, 151–155 (2009).ADS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Niang, M. et al. Prevalence of antibodies to Rickettsia conorii, Ricketsia africae, Rickettsia typhi and Coxiella burnetii in Mauritania. Eur. J. Epidemiol. 14, 817–818 (1998).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Parola, P. Tick-borne rickettsial diseases: Emerging risks in Europe. Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 27, 297–304 (2004).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Nanayakkara, D. M., Rajapakse, R. P. V. J., Wickramasinghe, S. & Kularatne, S. A. M. Serological evidence for exposure of dogs to Rickettsia conorii, Rickettsia typhi, and Orientia tsutsugamushi in Sri Lanka. Vector Borne Zoon. Dis. Larchmt. N 13, 545–549 (2013).Article 

Google Scholar 
Brown, L. D. & Macaluso, K. R. Rickettsia felis, an emerging flea-borne rickettsiosis. Curr. Trop. Med. Rep. 3, 27–39 (2016).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Newton, P. N. et al. A prospective, open-label, randomized trial of doxycycline versus azithromycin for the treatment of uncomplicated murine typhus. Clin. Infect. Dis. 68, 738–747 (2019).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Vallee, J. et al. Contrasting spatial distribution and risk factors for past infection with scrub typhus and murine typhus in Vientiane City, Lao PDR. 4 (2010).Akram, S. M., Jamil, R. T. & Gossman, W. G. Rickettsia Akari (2021).Dong, X., El Karkouri, K., Robert, C., Raoult, D. & Fournier, P.-E. Genome sequence of Rickettsia australis, the agent of Queensland tick typhus. J. Bacteriol. 194, 5129 (2012).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Fournier, P.-E. & Raoult, D. Current knowledge on phylogeny and taxonomy of Rickettsia spp. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1166, 1–11 (2009).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Legendre, K. P. & Macaluso, K. R. Rickettsia felis: A review of transmission mechanisms of an emerging pathogen. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2, E64 (2017).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Murray, G. G. R., Weinert, L. A., Rhule, E. L. & Welch, J. J. The phylogeny of rickettsia using different evolutionary signatures: How tree-like is bacterial evolution?. Syst. Biol. 65, 265–279 (2016).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Shpynov, S. N., Fournier, P., Pozdnichenko, N. N., Gumenuk, A. S. & Skiba, A. A. New approaches in the systematics of rickettsiae. New Microbes New Infect. 23, 93–102 (2018).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Shpynov, S. et al. Detection of a rickettsia closely related to Rickettsia aeschlimannii, ‘Rickettsia heilongjiangensis’, Rickettsia sp. strain RpA4, and Ehrlichia muris in ticks collected in Russia and Kazakhstan. J. Clin. Microbiol. 42, 2221–2223 (2004).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Aung, A. K., Spelman, D. W., Murray, R. J. & Graves, S. Review article: Rickettsial infections in Southeast Asia: Implications for local populace and febrile returned travelers. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 91, 451–460 (2014).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Rodkvamtook, W. et al. Scrub typhus outbreak in Chonburi Province, Central Thailand, 2013. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 24, 361–365 (2018).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Robinson, M. T., Vongphayloth, K., Hertz, J. C., Brey, P. & Newton, P. N. Tick-transmitted human infections in Asia. Microbiol. Aust. 39, 203–206 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
Bartoshevic, E. To the issue of rickettsioses. Health Care Kazakhstan 3, 20–24 (1952) (in Russian).
Google Scholar 
Kereyev, N. Human natural focal diseases in Kazakhstan. Alma-ata (1961) (in Russian).Arkhangelskiy, D. Experimental study of tick-borne rickettsial pathogen in Almaty region. In Collection of Scientific Papers of the Institute of Microbiology and Virologoy Vol 4. Physiology and ecology of micro-organisms. Almta-ata 176–85 (1961) (in Russian).Kyraubayev, K. et al. Study of Dermacentor marginatus ticks for Rickettsiae in Central Kazakhstan. Proc. ASM (2014).Shpynov, S. et al. Detection and identification of spotted fever group Rickettsiae in dermacentor ticks from Russia and Central Kazakhstan. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 20, 903–905 (2001).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Shpynov, S., Rudakov, N. & Yastrebov, V. Identification of new genotypes of rickettsia tick-borne spotted fever group in the south of the Ural, Siberia, Far East and Kazakhstan. Epidemiol. Infect. Dis. 1, 23–27 (2005).
Google Scholar 
Hay, J. et al. Biosurveillance in Central Asia: Successes and challenges of tick-borne disease research in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. Front. Public Health 4, 4 (2016).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Yegemberdiyeva, R. & Shapieva, Z. Clinical and epidemiological characteristic of tick-borne rickettsiosis in Kazakhstan. Abstract Book of the International Conference on Zoonoses. Ulaanbaatar 48–51 (2008).Rudakov, N. V., Shpynov, S. N., Samoilenko, I. E. & Tankibaev, M. A. Ecology and epidemiology of spotted fever group Rickettsiae and new data from their study in Russia and Kazakhstan. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 990, 12–24 (2003).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Sansyzbayev, Y. et al. Survey for Rickettsiae within fleas of Great Gerbils, Almaty Oblast, Kazakhstan. Vector Borne Zoon. Dis. Larchmt. N 17, 172–178 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
Kazakhstan Scientific Practical Center of Sanitary Epidemiological Expertise and Monitoring. Almaty. Epidemiological situation of infectious diseases in the Republic of Kazakhstan from 2016. Annual Report (2016) (in Russian).CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/omsk/index.html (2022).Turebekov, N. et al. Prevalence of Rickettsia species in ticks including identification of unknown species in two regions in Kazakhstan. Parasit. Vectors 12, 1–16 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
Jones, K. E. et al. Global trends in emerging infectious diseases. Nature 451, 990–993 (2008).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Tomassone, L. et al. Neglected vector-borne zoonoses in Europe: Into the wild. Vet. Parasitol. 251, 17–26 (2018).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Schex, S., Dobler, G. & Riehm, J. Rickettsia spp. in wild small mammals in Lower Bavaria, South-Eastern Germany. Vector Borne Zoon. Dis. 11, 493–502 (2011).Article 

Google Scholar 
Tukhanova, N. et al. Molecular characterisation and phylogeny of Tula virus in Kazakhstan. Viruses 14, 1258 (2022).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Wölfel, R., Essbauer, S. & Dobler, G. Diagnostics of tick-borne rickettsioses in Germany: A modern concept for a neglected disease. Int. J. Med. Microbiol. 298, 368–374 (2008).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Fournier, P. E., Roux, V. & Raoult, D. Phylogenetic analysis of spotted fever group Rickettsiae by study of the outer surface protein rOmpA. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 48(Pt 3), 839–849 (1998).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Jado, I. et al. Molecular method for identification of Rickettsia species in clinical and environmental samples. J. Clin. Microbiol. 44, 4572–4576 (2006).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Hall, T. A. BioEdit a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT. Nucleic Acids Symp. Ser. 41, 95–98 (1999).CAS 

Google Scholar 
Kumar, S., Stecher, G., Li, M., Knyaz, C. & Tamura, K. MEGA X: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis across computing platforms. Mol. Biol. Evol. 35, 1547–1549 (2018).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Turebekov, N. et al. Occurrence of anti-Rickettsia spp. antibodies in hospitalized patients with undifferentiated febrile illness in the southern region of Kazakhstan. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 104, 2000–2008 (2021).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
SPC SEEM. Kazakhstan Scientific Practical Center of Sanitary Epidemiological Expertise and Monitoring, Almaty, Kazakhstan (2021).Yamamoto, Y. PCR in diagnosis of infection: detection of bacteria in cerebrospinal fluids. Clin. Vaccine Immunol. 9, 508–514 (2002).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Turebekov, N. et al. Prevalence of Rickettsia species in ticks including identification of unknown species in two regions in Kazakhstan. Parasit. Vectors 12, 197 (2019).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Gajda, E. et al. Spotted fever Rickettsiae in wild-living rodents from south-western Poland. Parasit. Vectors 10, 413 (2017).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Essbauer, S., Hofmann, M., Kleinemeier, C., Wölfel, S. & Matthee, S. Rickettsia diversity in southern Africa: A small mammal perspective. Ticks Tick-Borne Dis. 9, 288–301 (2018).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Weinert, L. A., Werren, J. H., Aebi, A., Stone, G. N. & Jiggins, F. M. Evolution and diversity of Rickettsia bacteria. BMC Biol. 7, 6 (2009).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
El Karkouri, K., Ghigo, E., Raoult, D. & Fournier, P.-E. Genomic evolution and adaptation of arthropod-associated Rickettsia. Sci. Rep. 12, 3807 (2022).ADS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Zemtsova, G. E., Montgomery, M. & Levin, M. L. Relative sensitivity of conventional and real-time PCR assays for detection of SFG Rickettsia in blood and tissue samples from laboratory animals. PLoS One 10, e0116658 (2015).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Burri, C., Schumann, O., Schumann, C. & Gern, L. Are Apodemus spp. mice and Myodes glareolus reservoirs for Borrelia miyamotoi, Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis, Rickettsia helvetica, R. monacensis and Anaplasma phagocytophilum?. Ticks Tick-Borne Dis. 5, 245–251 (2014).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Tadin, A. et al. Molecular survey of zoonotic agents in rodents and other small mammals in Croatia. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 94, 466–473 (2015).PubMed 
Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Karbowiak, G., Biernat, B., Stańczak, J., Szewczyk, T. & Werszko, J. The role of particular tick developmental stages in the circulation of tick-borne pathogens affecting humans in Central Europe. 3. Rickettsiae. Ann. Parasitol. 62, 89–100 (2016).PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Zemtsova, G., Killmaster, L. F., Mumcuoglu, K. Y. & Levin, M. L. Co-feeding as a route for transmission of Rickettsia conorii israelensis between Rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 52, 383–392 (2010).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Rehácek, J., Urvölgyi, J., Kocianová, E. & Jedlicka, L. Susceptibility of some species of rodents to Rickettsiae. Folia Parasitol. (Praha) 39, 265–284 (1992).
Google Scholar 
Rehácek, J., Zupancicová, M., Kovácová, E., Urvölgyi, J. & Brezina, R. Study of rickettsioses in Slovakia. III. Experimental infection of Apodemus flavicollis Melch. by Rickettsiae of the spotted fever (SF) group isolated in Slovakia. J. Hyg. Epidemiol. Microbiol. Immunol. 21, 306–313 (1976).PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Biernat, B., Stańczak, J., Michalik, J., Sikora, B. & Wierzbicka, A. Prevalence of infection with Rickettsia helvetica in Ixodes ricinus ticks feeding on non-rickettsiemic rodent hosts in sylvatic habitats of west-central Poland. Ticks Tick-Borne Dis. 7, 135–141 (2016).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Stańczak, J. et al. Prevalence of infection with Rickettsia helvetica in feeding ticks and their hosts in western Poland. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Off. Publ. Eur. Soc. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 15(Suppl 2), 328–329 (2009).
Google Scholar 
Barandika, J. F. et al. Tick-borne zoonotic bacteria in wild and domestic small mammals in northern Spain. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 73, 6166–6171 (2007).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Spitalská, E., Boldis, V., Kostanová, Z., Kocianová, E. & Stefanidesová, K. Incidence of various tick-borne microorganisms in rodents and ticks of central Slovakia. Acta Virol. 52, 175–179 (2008).PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Guo, L.-P. et al. Rickettsia raoultii in Haemaphysalis erinacei from marbled polecats, China-Kazakhstan border. Parasit. Vectors 8, 461 (2015).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar  More

The Ecomobility is a cross-sectoral, global partnership, an environmentally friendly and socially inclusive way of transportation, seeking the promotion integration of cycling, walking, and passenging (Being a passenger in another’s car or a carpool)1, and wheeling (wheelchairs, non-motorized scooters, walking aids, skates, push scooters, trailer, hand carts, shopping carts/ trolleys, carrying aids)2. In this section, the study introduces the main pillars that will build on them to reach the objectives. Passenging, energy efficiency, partnership for sustainable urban development, and streets’ design (with more focus as one of the core prerequisites of the methods) are discussed here. Although this research approaches the clean and green environment from the window of excluding the fossil-fuel motorized means of transportation, if there is still a necessity, passenging owns a pack of advantages over private cars. As a main passenging option, Carpooling has a lot of benefits to the environment, human health, and social lives, e.g., saving money, better for the environment, Convenience, etc., which are briefed below.PassengingBeing a passenger in another’s car or carpooling that increases efficiency. The concept becomes more apparent, listing the benefits of carpooling as follows3:

1.

Saving money: sharing the cost of gas and parking, cutting expenses by nearly 50%; the more occupants in carpooling, the more saving, and is socially economical. Also, there will be a reduction in constructing new roads, maintenance, and air pollution-related health costs.

2.

Better environment: fewer cars on roads mean reduced Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions and better air quality.

3.

Better health: helps reduce some health risks for a human being, such as cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, allergies, and neurological effects.

4.

Convenience: provides commuting Convenience, less stress, and added advantage of companionship while commuting.

5.

Better commuting options: works better for people living where transit service may be non-existent or limited.

Energy efficiencyA study was performed in China to reduce GHG; the study claimed that China targeted the peak around 20304. However, it is expected that the peak may come earlier than expected, which is reflected in the CO2 emission (from coal consumption and fossil fuels) to have its peak also before 2030. Another study evaluated the economic impacts of GHG emission reduction on the Brazilian economy reached that different sectoral targets may balance environmental benefits with the possible financial losses incurred by taxation policy or emission permits5.The energy efficiency studies touched key triggers to reduce carbon emissions, In parallel. An analytical study in China (2013) indicated that if greater intensity emission reduction measures were taken, the carbon emissions would reduce by 31.01 million tons by 2015 and 48.81 million tons by 20206. The previous results indicated the average reduction flow per time.Partnership for sustainable urban developmentSaving the environment is cooperative work that requires sharing experiences with other partners worldwide. The cooperation between the Gulf region and China in the last half of the decade is an example of a global partnership. The Gulf region has achieved a success story, economically and socially. Following a smart investment arrangement of natural resources, the region has succeeded in attracting and retaining international experience, therefore overcoming the discrepancy between its vast economy and small population-base lacking the instantly needed technical skills. The region has collected considerable wealth during the process, financially and else7.The primary purpose of Ecomobility, mentioned previously, is enhancing the opportunity for sustainable urban development. Also, it complies with John Elkington’s triple bottom line (TBL), or what is often referred to as the three “P’s”: people, planet, and prosperity8. Likewise, worldwide, large cities are applying guidelines to guarantee that environment, economics, and sociality are at the lead of urban design. The elevation of healthier streets has formed new chances for social and commercial interaction and more comprehensive outcomes9. Overall, it is the transformation of the earlier global Coalitions of Ecomobility that aims at engaging public and private sectors, promoting and advocating Ecomobility at a worldwide level in Industrialized and developing countries.Streets’ designA potential approach to fostering pedestrian Ecomobility is the streets’ design, which is a core focus of this research. Urban spaces are a vital city part, forming the basic structure of public life. Specific urban planning and design criteria make these spaces “quality public spaces”10. In this perspective, determining and evaluating these criteria will transform those public urban spaces into quality spaces. The last research adopted criteria that came to a head in the relevant reviews and were accepted by most researchers. Also, in the current research, the study chose following these criteria since they have been collected and validated by several researchers over decades (around 17 references; Table 1), and cover the possible aspects of successful streets; they will be presented and used in the next section (Methods).Table 1 Respondents’ statistics (N = 257).Full size tableA noteworthy point is the gap between municipal policies and the guidance provided to street design decision-makers. A study across cities in the United States highlighted some issues regarding the mechanism of developing policies related, as they aim to challenge auto-centrical street design standards in favor of “complete streets,” which are safe for users of all abilities. Also, they address the demands of non-motorized street users and sustainable transportation. Moreover, those policies do not lead to the negotiation of tradeoffs among users inside the street right-of-way; They are broad and defer to optimistic safety goals accommodating all user types equally without recognizing the accommodation’s implicit hierarchy11.Also, the transformative potential of experimentations proposed attaining “streets for people” rather than “streets for traffic” remains under-investigated. There is little to no comparative assessment of already present trials and no critical reflection on their explicit added value for systemic change. While street research aims to create basically diverse arrangements of urban mobility, their potential as triggers of a larger systemic change is blurred12.In the age of autonomous vehicles (AVs), a study reached that with the promise of Avs, which will use less street-right of way and uncouple parking from land uses in the cities; it is time to take back streets and make them serve people first, arranging cycling, walking, and transit. This action will take place precisely in the design process for livable streets. Also, it is time to act and make sure that designers and planners can get at the forefront of the rapidly changing technologies of vehicles13.The street design process had a different approach through medical and psychological professionals. According to the Irvine-Minnesota audit, expert observers calculated street users for four streets, which differed in walkability. From 7 am to 7 pm all days, the whole streets had significant quadratic trends of increasing followed by decreasing use. Furthermore, the two most walkable streets showed substantial linear increases in users across the day. Part of a street’s identity is its temporal activity rhythm, and both walkability and rhythms can report to urban design and restoration14. The study, through its test, searched what makes streets and neighborhoods walkable and found that more walkable streets had more users overall and linear increases in use starting from morning to early evening.This paper focuses on Ecomobility in Riyadh city streets that promote the integration of passenging, cycling, wheeling, and walking. A previous study discussed the pedestrian mobility status in the same city, focusing on the transformation to sustainable mobility. That research case study was applied to the PSU community and argued that the current mobility is unsustainable, as it profoundly relies on privately-owned cars run with fossil fuel. It unveiled that a substantial percentage of the survey sample (72%) traveled by car from home to the campus. However, the assessment results showed that the transformation to sustainable mobility is expected soon by launching the new mega projects related to public transportation like Riyadh Metro and busses, which is considered a key indicator of sustainable mobility15.Riyadh city in Saudi Arabia is a part of a hot-weather zone (almost 7 months a year: April–October), as seen in Fig. 116. As a result, studying the pedestrian thermal comfort affected by street design is a core point. Almost similar conditions were present in a case study in the Australian North Melbourne (southeast) at street level for pedestrians (Subtropical Zone), as seen in Fig. 217. That study assessed modeled existing and future scenarios for different street profiles and the consequences of microclimatic parameters and thermal comfort. The target was to assist urban planners in developing policies that can efficiently reduce the exposure to heat stress at the pedestrian level18.Figure 1The climate in Riyadh16.Full size imageFigure 2World climate zones17.Full size imageA comparison study was also applied to two gulf cities that share the hot weather: Dubai and Abu Dhabi. It compared the efficiency of the early suburbs and the newer ones to provide quick and direct access to destinations (connectivity). The study argued that better connectivity is required for usefulness in hot, dry regions. In this regard, it explored how the abandoned system of alleys could be cultivated to enhance connectivity efficiency19.In residential streets, developers’ width is not a choice but somewhat a constraint enforced through planners’ concluded subdivision standards. Residents can generally compromise by choosing smaller yards or homes in a swap for other facilities or a lower price, but they cannot select a smaller street20.Recently, in Riyadh city, a study highlighted that the rising fuel prices would create a positive atmosphere for implementing the complete streets’ concept, defined as streets’ design that can safely accommodate all transport modes for all society segments. It includes, but is not limited to, public transportation, humanizing neighborhoods, and promoting walking as a healthy lifestyle21.Research problemLacking the dependency on the Ecomobility traveling modes (as mentioned in the results) leads to poor health conditions, air pollution, noise, high greenhouse gas (and CO2) emissions, higher expenses, and excessive energy consumption.Research questionsThe study is seeking through its parts to answer the following questions:

1.

What are the reasons behind the lack of using the ecomobility means of transportation by the community?

2.

What are the community responses for the transformation to ecomobility if the reported barriers are removed or minimized? More

Perched among the fronds of the world’s loneliest tree, Viswambharan Sarasan had an important decision to make. Sarasan had worked for years to get access to this palm — the last living member of the species Hyophorbe amaricaulis, which grows in Curepipe Botanic Gardens, Mauritius.He reached up towards a cluster of its walnut-sized, olive-green fruit. Sarasan, a botanist at the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew, near London, had been through sensitive negotiations for permission to take the fruit, each with one crucial seed inside. He then had to wait for the tree, nicknamed the lonesome palm, to produce them. Nine metres up, 50 fruit dangling within his grasp, he had to decide how many to take: enough to give himself a chance of culturing them back at Kew, while leaving enough for local scientists to work with.“It was the only shot I could get,” he says of his visit in June 2006. “But I didn’t want to take all the seeds and then it turns out badly.”He picked ten fruit. It was not his lucky number.When the plight of trees gets publicity, deforestation is generally the reason, but it is not the only crisis they face. Nearly one-third of trees — more than 17,500 species — are threatened with extinction. This is more than twice the number of threatened mammals, birds, amphibians and reptiles combined1. Mass plantings of trees, paradoxically, often add to the problem by using single species. Now, hundreds of plant conservationists globally are fighting to save the trees speeding towards extinction.“We shouldn’t be giving up on any tree species,” says Paul Smith, head of Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI), a London-based charity that co-leads the campaign to secure the future of the world’s threatened tree species.But time is short, the obstacles are formidable and both climate change and fashions in ecology are moving against them.Peter Bridgewater, a specialist in biodiversity governance at the University of Canberra, Australia, says that finding a natural home for every tree species is impossible because climate change is altering ecosystems so fundamentally. Scientists who think this goal is realistic are “living in their own cloud cuckoo land”, he says.

The ‘lonesome palm’, which lives in the Curepipe Botanic Gardens in Mauritius, is the last surviving member of the species Hyophorbe amaricaulis. Researchers have tried for years to help it reproduce, without success.Credit: Vincent Florens

Neglected trees Inextricably linked with the problem of climate change, and equally as damaging, is the disappearance of species from Earth. The rate of extinction is at historic levels and accelerating, with around one million animals and plants under threat.The plight of trees can get lost among the tales of endangered mammals or birds. To get trees more visibility, in 2016 the BGCI, working with the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), organized the largest conservation assessment in the IUCN’s history: the Global Tree Assessment. Hundreds of plant conservationists searched rainforests, mountains and strife-torn regions, sometimes with no more than a crinkly herbarium specimen or the testimony of a long-dead explorer to guide them.In a 2021 report, they announced that they had found 58,497 tree species, of which 17,510 were threatened2. Since then, almost 2,800 of those have been labelled as critically endangered. Some 142 species are thought to be extinct in the wild (see ‘Trees under threat’). This year, a separate group of modellers estimated that a further 9,000 tree species are undiscovered3.

Source: Ref. 2

It is not just the number of trees, but also their diversity that matters. A single species can be the foundation of an entire ecological network, and its disappearance could cause a cascade of extinctions that might lead to an ecosystem collapse.Strong, diverse ecosystems are also better at sequestering carbon, says Jean-Christophe Vié, director-general of the Franklinia Foundation, a private organization in Geneva, Switzerland, that funds tree conservation and supports the Global Tree Assessment. No tree species should be viewed as dispensable, says Vié, because it would set a precedent for every developer, farmer or logger to justify removing any threatened tree.But tree conservation has become lost in international biodiversity targets — partly because trees get subsumed into general plant-conservation goals, and because plants are generally less showy than birds and animals. Trees need to be assessed for ecologists to champion them, says Malin Rivers, head of conservation prioritization at the BGCI.“If you look at mammals, birds, reptiles, they have data to bring to the table when there is a policy discussion,” she says. “Taxonomy gives the species a name; conservation assessment gives it a voice.”Protect and propagateArmed with the Global Tree Assessment’s catalogue of threatened species, conservationists have begun prioritizing species and taxonomic groups. The best approach, says Smith, is to protect vulnerable trees in their natural habitats. If that’s not possible, researchers try growing them from seed in a laboratory, greenhouse or botanic garden.The Global Tree Assessment revealed that nearly two-thirds of threatened trees are found in areas that are already protected, and stressed that one important task is to strengthen or expand these havens.That might mean controlling grazing, implementing a national logging ban for a particular species or establishing plots on which the tree can be cultivated for fruit or flowers without harming the larger population. On the eastern Caribbean island of Dominica, for instance, where harvesting resin for incense was killing lansan trees (Protium attenuatum), a tweak to the tapping method has halted the damage.Sometimes, however, so few trees are left that protecting an area isn’t enough.

In its forest habitat in Tanzania, Karomia gigas is threatened by a seed-killing fungus.Credit: Kirsty Shaw/BGCI

In Tanzania, seed-biology specialist Fandey Mashimba works with a tiny population of a towering species called Karomia gigas. These trees, with their large oval leaves and distinctive, papery fruit, were thought to have gone extinct in the 1980s, but around six of them were discovered in 2011 by botanists from the University of Dar es Salaam. Protecting the habitat isn’t enough, because a fungus destroys their immature fruit. Mashimba, who oversees seed production for Tanzania’s Forest Service Agency, tries to whisk the fruit away before the fungus infects them, to sterilize and multiply the seeds for planting.Mashimba and his colleagues tried germinating hundreds of K. gigas seeds. The result: just three treasured plants, which Mashimba monitors through his office window as their giant leaves wave in the breeze. In 2018, the forestry service also dispatched 6,000 fruit to the Missouri Botanical Garden in St Louis. There, botanist Roy Gereau oversaw the extraction and cultivation of 24,000 seeds. The seeds produced only 30 plants. Last year, one sapling unfurled a small, pale purple flower, which perished within a day. When two trees flower simultaneously, botanists will attempt cross-pollination.

One of the 30 K. gigas plants at Missouri Botanical Garden flowered for a single day last year.Credit: Cassidy Moody/Missouri Botanical Garden

Mashimba is lucky in one respect: at least K. gigas produces seeds. Some trees produce none because their pollinators are gone; sometimes only one sex of a tree remains. For instance, most of the surviving specimens of the catkin yew (Amentotaxus argotaenia) in southern China are male. After a global search, a single female was discovered in the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, UK; scientists there dispatched cuttings for planting near the surviving males. When they flower, reproduction can begin, says Gunter Fischer, a restoration ecologist at Missouri Botanical Garden. But this could take 30 years.Even if scientists do manage to acquire seeds from trees that are near extinction, germinating them can be tricky. Some go into dormancy, a protective state that, depending on the species, might be broken only through heating, cooling or scarring. Natural dormancy can last for years. Scientists try to circumvent it by culturing the embryo — the small section of a plant seed that will become the roots and stems — in a process known as embryo rescue.Every trick in the book The lonesome palm in the Curepipe Botanic Gardens — elderly, damaged and spindly — has seed problems, germination problems and more. It has resisted multiple rescuers since the 1980s. One obstacle is that the palm produces male and female flowers at different times, to avoid self-fertilization. Using a ladder and a brush, scientists override this process to collect, store and transfer pollen.It was the fruit of one such assisted-pollination project, each containing a single seed, that Sarasan carried back to Kew in 2006. He knew that lonesome palm seeds don’t grow if they are planted, so he used embryo rescue. With so few seeds, he felt there was no scope for experimenting with different culture media, so he made his best guess as to which blend to use.“I was so protective,” he says. “It was the responsibility, the excitement and also the fear of losing it.”The plantlets grew to 25 centimetres long. Then, one day, their fine white roots turned brown and they died, doubtless because of some nuance of the culture medium, he says.Other efforts have been derailed by mishap. In 2010, Kew horticultural scientist Carlos Magdalena negotiated to collect some freshly picked palm fruit while he was visiting Mauritius. Owing to a misunderstanding, two of the five fruit stored in a nearby fridge were eaten by a garden labourer who did not know their significance. Back at Kew, the seeds from the others failed to germinate.The failure rankles with Magdalena, who has a string of plant rescues to his name. As he roves the Kew greenhouses, steamy sanctuaries for plants that are bereft of a place in the wild, he sometimes feels he is all that stands between a species and its permanent loss.José Luis Marcelo Peña knows how he feels. In 2018, Marcelo Peña, a taxonomist at the National University of Jaén in Peru, was trekking through a steep, parched forest in Peru’s Marañón valley when he discovered a tree with light green flowers: Pradosia argentea, thought to be extinct.“It was a unique happiness that cannot be described,” says Marcelo Peña. Surveys yielded 200 more trees in the area, all of which were imminently threatened by agriculture.COVID-19 lockdowns began just as he attempted to save them. Without university facilities, but with remote help from the BGCI, he extracted 400 seeds from the purple fruit at home. More than 60 germinated: 20 survived. The following year, he tried again using fresh seeds, but a fungus got them all.As he finishes his story, he removes his glasses to wipe tears away. “It’s a big responsibility,” he says. And even with 20 little successes in the nursery, Marcelo Peña is concerned about the next step — reintroduction to the wild. Local people were unaware of P. argentea until recently, he says. They now support protecting the remaining trees — but they also need space to farm, which could put those survivors at risk.Back to the wildThriving in the wild is a distant dream for K. gigas, too. Tanzania’s forest agency and its partners are developing seed-propagation sites and nurseries for the species. But its future is uncertain, mostly because new trees could succumb to the same mysterious fungus.“We might have to content ourselves with saying, well, we have these lovely creatures in the zoo,” says Gereau.

A project at Missouri Botanical Garden produced 30 K. gigas plants.Credit: Cassidy Moody/Missouri Botanical Garden

Reintroductions can be spectacularly successful, however. The BGCI highlights a project on Malawi’s Mount Mulanje, the only natural home of the cypress Widdringtonia whytei. In 2019, just seven mature trees remained, the others victims of illegal felling. By 2022, thanks to a collaboration with Malawi’s Forestry Research Institute and local people, the slopes are alive again with 500,000 seedlings, and many locals now make a living through this endeavour.Propagation itself turned out to be fairly simple, says Smith. In Mauritius, by contrast, ecologists have a tougher task. The Mauritian Wildlife Foundation, with help from botanists elsewhere, is attempting to save multiple critically endangered species at once, but success at propagation varies widely. There have been some dramatic restorations, including of some species from which only a single tree remained. But the lonesome palm, now part of this project, continues to resist.

Scientists affix protective netting around hand-pollinated flowers on H. amaricaulis in Mauritius.Credit: Atmah Toocaram

A fourth attempt has begun. Nets hang around the tree to catch the male flowers and store their pollen for hand fertilization when the female flowers appear. In France, botanist Stéphane Buord at the National Botanical Conservatory of Brest hopes to overcome the problem that faced Sarasan — too few seeds — by tapping into the large quantities of seeds produced by Hyophorbe vaughanii, a close Mauritian relative of the lonesome palm. He and his team have spent years working out a complex technical protocol that coaxes its embryos into rooted seedlings that survive outside a test tube. Now he is waiting to try this approach on the seeds of the lonesome palm.If he succeeds, the palm might eventually be reintroduced into a national park or into the wild. Kersley Pynee, a conservation scientist at the Mauritius National Parks and Conservation Service, has reintroduced other trees and shrubs and says it is an uphill struggle. Plants can fall victim to fungi, pests and other assailants. After one recent planting of 1,000 seedlings of the flowering shrub Nesocodon mauritianus, just 5 now remain, he says.This is to be expected, says Smith. In nature, trees produce vast quantities of seeds, of which only a fraction germinate and survive because of natural dangers such as infestations, fire or competition for light or nutrients.Tree museumThe Global Trees Campaign has so far planted out hundreds of thousands of seedlings from 300 threatened tree species. But for trees that can no longer survive in the wild, the only other options are to keep a specimen in a living collection, or to store its seeds in a bank.One target of the 2011 Global Strategy for Plant Conservation, part of the Convention on Biological Diversity, was to conserve at least 75% of threatened plants in living collections or seed banks by 2020 — a goal that has not been met. What’s more, simply drying and freezing seeds doesn’t always work. Technologies such as cryopreservation — fast freezing at ultra-low temperatures — could offer an alternative, although it is expensive and impractical for many countries. And in 2018, conservationists warned4 that the seeds of one-third of tree species cannot be banked, largely because they don’t survive drying.Smith rejects this bleak diagnosis. Between seed banks, cryopreservation, nurseries, botanic gardens and arboreta, there are plenty of options to “buy us time”, he says.One trend that could help is mass tree-planting, in which governments and corporations plant trees to sequester carbon to meet emissions targets. Done badly, as many of these projects are, mass plantings can destroy biodiversity. Done well, they could rescue many species, says Smith. “This is a bandwagon we really need to jump on.”

This specimen of Encephalartos woodii, found in South Africa, was relocated in the late 1800s to the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew, near London. It is the only one of this species to ever have been found in the wild.Credit: Andrew McRobb/RBG Kew

To help boost the usefulness of such projects to biodiversity, the BGCI and its partners have drawn up a certification programme for tree-planting projects called the Global Biodiversity Standard.Species conservation could also piggyback on the growing ecosystem-restoration movement. There are now more than 100,000 of these projects globally, helping ecosystems to capture carbon and provide essential services.Smith argues that including native species strengthens such projects. But restoration ecologists are often more concerned with overall function than with individual species, says Curt Meine, a historian of ecology at the Aldo Leopold Foundation in Baraboo, Wisconsin. And they want ecosystems to provide multiple services to humans, including sustainable livelihoods. Some acknowledge that tree conservation should have a place. “I do think it’s important work and we could learn a lot,” says Robin Chazdon, a restoration ecologist at the University of Connecticut in Storrs.But there are more threatened tree species than there are restoration projects to absorb them. “It’s not going to be the way of protecting all of those tree species,” she says.Some ecologists have deeper concerns. Bridgewater says that the efforts of conservationists and of restoration ecologists don’t factor in climate change.“They all in the end assume that nothing is going to be changing,” he says. But many trees, and whole ecosystems, just won’t survive in their current ranges, he says.“You could save every tree species but it will not be what people think — it will be in botanical gardens and larger managed conservation areas, and planting where it’s suitable for survival, not where it’s currently growing.”But the tree saviours are driven by something visceral: panic at the permanent loss of the rich, unique, irreplaceable and often-undeciphered identity of each species.“I don’t feel I am, as a humble human, here for a few decades on this planet, authorized to just cut off millions of years of evolutionary history,” says Vié. “Every species has a value.” More

Ngo, L. T., Okogun, J. I. & Folk, W. R. 21st century natural product research and drug development and traditional medicines. Nat. Prod. Rep. 30, 584–592 (2013).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Li, S. P., Wu, D. T., Lv, G. P. & Zhao, J. Carbohydrates analysis in herbal glycomics. Trac-Trends Anal. Chem. 52, 155–169 (2013).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Lei, H. B. et al. A comprehensive quality evaluation of Fuzi and its processed product through integration of UPLC-QTOF/MS combined MS/MS-based mass spectral molecular networking with multivariate statistical analysis and HPLC-MS/MS. J. Ethnopharmacol. 266, 113455 (2021).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Zhao, Z. Z. et al. A unique issue in the standardization of Chinese materia medica: Processing. Planta Med. 76, 1975–1986 (2010).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Zotz, G. The systematic distribution of vascular epiphytes-a critical update. Bot. J. Lin. Soc. 171, 453–481 (2013).Article 

Google Scholar 
Li, X. et al. Genetic diversity analysis and conservation of the endangered Chinese endemic herb Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo (Orchidaceae) based on AFLP. Genetica 133, 159–166 (2008).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Xu, M. et al. Transcriptome sequencing and development of novel genic SSR markers for Dendrobium officinale. Mol. Breed 37, 1–7 (2017).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Ng, T. B. et al. Review of research on Dendrobium, a prized folk medicine. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 93(5), 1795–1803 (2012).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Zhao, Y. J., Han, B. X., Peng, H. S. & Peng, D. Y. Research on evolution and transition of quality evaluation of Shihu. China J. Chin. Mater. Med. 41, 1348–1353 (2016).
Google Scholar 
Kim, S. N. et al. Simultaneous quantification of 14 ginsenosides in Panax ginseng CA Meyer (Korean red ginseng) by HPLC-ELSD and its application to quality control. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 45, 164–170 (2007).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Csupor, D. et al. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of aconitine-type and lipo-alkaloids of Aconitum carmichaelii roots. J. Chromatogr. A 1216, 2079–2086 (2009).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Wan, J. Y. et al. Integrated evaluation of malonyl ginsenosides, amino acids and polysaccharides in fresh and processed ginseng. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 107, 89–97 (2015).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Li, S. L. et al. Chemical profiling of Radix Paeoniae evaluated by ultra-performance liquid chromatography/photo-diode-array/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 49, 253–266 (2009).PubMed 
Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Sumner, L. W., Lei, Z., Nikolau, B. J. & Saito, K. Modern plant metabolomics: Advanced natural product gene discoveries, improved technologies, and future prospects. Nat. Prod. Rep. 32, 212–229 (2015).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Hu, C. & Xu, G. Metabolomics and traditional Chinese medicine. TrAC-Trend Anal. Chem. 61, 207–214 (2014).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Zhang, A. et al. Metabolomics: Towards understanding traditional Chinese medicine. Planta Med. 76, 2026–2035 (2010).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Sun, H. et al. Metabolomics study on Fuzi and its processed products using ultra-performance liquid-chromatography/electrospray-ionization synapt high-definition mass spectrometry coupled with pattern recognition analysis. Analyst 137, 170–185 (2012).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Wang, X. et al. Metabolomics study on the toxicity of aconite root and its processed products using ultraperformance liquid-chromatography/electrospray-ionization synapt high-definition mass spectrometry coupled with pattern recognition approach and ingenuity pathways analysis. J. Proteome Res. 11, 1284–1301 (2012).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Geng, L. et al. Discrimination of raw and vinegar-processed Genkwa Flos using metabolomics coupled with multivariate data analysis: A discrimination study with metabolomics coupled with PCA. Fitoterapia 84, 286–294 (2013).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Chen, W. H. et al. Traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and quality control of Dendrobium offificinale Kimura et. Migo. Front Pharmacol. 12, 726528 (2021).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Wang, Y., Tong, Y., Adejobi, O. I., Wang, Y. H. & Liu, A. Z. Research advances in multi-omics on the traditional Chinese Herb Dendrobium offificinale. Front. Phant Sci. 12, 808288 (2022).
Google Scholar 
Yue, H., Zeng, H. & Ding, K. A review of isolation methods, structure features and bioactivities of polysaccharides from Dendrobium species. Chin. J. Nat. Med. 18, 1–27 (2020).CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Fahy, E. et al. Update of the LIPID MAPS comprehensive classification system for lipids1. J. Lipid Res. 50, S9–S14 (2009).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Surmacz, L. & Swiezewska, E. Polyisoprenoids–secondary metabolites or physiologically important superlipids?. Biochemi Biophys. Res. Commun. 407, 627–632 (2011).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Kidd, P. M. Vitamins D and K as pleiotropic nutrients: Clinical importance to the skeletal and cardiovascular systems and preliminary evidence for synergy. Altern. Med. Rev. 15, 199–222 (2010).PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Jiang, Q. Natural forms of vitamin E: Metabolism, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities and their role in disease prevention and therapy. Free Radic. Biol. Medi. 72, 76–90 (2014).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Bayat, P., Farshchi, M., Yousefian, M., Mahmoudi, M. & Yazdian-Robati, R. Flavonoids, the compounds with anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties, as promising tools in multiple sclerosis (MS) therapy: A systematic review of preclinical evidence. Int. Immunopharmacol. 95, 107562 (2021).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Heim, K. E., Tagliaferro, A. R. & Bobilya, D. J. Flavonoid antioxidants: Chemistry, metabolism and structure-activity relationships. J. Nutrit. Biochem. 13, 572–584 (2002).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Aquila, S., Giner, R. M., Recio, M. C., Spegazzini, E. D. & Ríos, J. L. Anti-inflammatory activity of flavonoids from Cayaponia tayuya roots. J. Ethnopharmacol. 121, 333–337 (2009).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Sharma, H., Kumar, P., Deshmukh, R. R., Bishayee, A. & Kumar, S. Pentacyclic triterpenes: New tools to fight metabolic syndrome. Phytomedicine 50, 166–177 (2018).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Hodon, J., Borkova, L., Pokorny, J., Kazakova, A. & Urban, M. Design and synthesis of pentacyclic triterpene conjugates and their use in medicinal research. Eur. J. Medi. Chem. 182, 111653 (2019).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Huang, J. et al. Pentacyclic triterpene carboxylic acids derivatives integrated piperazine-amino acid complexes for α-glucosidase inhibition in vitro. Bioorg. Chem. 115, 105212 (2021).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Toldrá, F. & Flores, M. The role of muscle proteases and lipases in flavor development during the processing of dry-cured ham. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 38, 331–352 (1998).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Imm, J., Zhang, G., Chan, L. Y., Nitteranon, V. & Parkin, K. L. [6]-Dehydroshogaol, a minor component in ginger rhizome, exhibits quinone reductase inducing and anti-inflammatory activities that rival those of curcumin. Food Res. Int. 43, 2208–2213 (2010).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Surh, Y. J. & Na, H. K. NF-kB and Nrf2 as prime molecular targets for chemoprevention and cytoprotection with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant phytochemicals. Genes Nutr. 2, 313–317 (2008).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Pan, M. H., Lai, C. S., Dushenkov, S. & Ho, C. T. Modulation of inflammatory genes by natural dietary bioactive compounds. J. Agric. Food Chem. 57, 4467–4477 (2009).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Privitera, R. & Anand, P. Capsaicin 8% patch Qutenza and other current treatments for neuropathic pain in chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN). Curr. Opin Support. Palliat. Car 15, 125–131 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
Vila, D. L., Nunes, N., Almeida, P., Gomes, J., Rosa, C., & Alvarez-Leite, J. I. Signaling targets related to antiobesity effects of capsaicin: A scoping review. Adv. Nutr. 1–12 (2021).Simpson, D. M., Estanislao, L., Brown, S. J. & Sampson, J. An open-label pilot study of high-concentration capsaicin patch in painful HIV neuropathy. J. Pain Symptom Manag. 35(3), 299–306 (2008).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Westphal, C., Cermax, J., Cole, R. O., Short, G. F., Perni, R., & Ponduru, S. Formulations and use of TRP channel activators in treatment of nervous system disorders. PCT Int. Appl. WO 2015160843 A1 (2015).Chen, C. L., Mao, C., Zhang, J. T. Application of vanilloid receptor agonist to prepare anti-Alzheimer’s medical products. Faming Zhuanli Shenqing. CN 1736485 A (2006).Andoh, R., Sakurada, S., Kisara, K., Takahashi, M. & Ohsawa, K. Effects of intra-arterially administered capsaicinoids on vocalization in guinea pigs and medial thalamic neuronal activity in cats. Nippon Yakurigaku Zasshi 79, 275–283 (1982).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Chen, M. et al. Ligustrum robustum (Roxb.) blume extract modulates gut microbiota and prevents metabolic syndrome in high-fat diet-fed mice. J. Ethnopharmacol. 268, 113695 (2021).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Kasai, T. & Sakamura, S. Acidic α-acylarginine derivatives in apple and pear trees. Phytochemistry 23, 19–22 (1984).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Kuley, E., Kuscu, M. M., Durmus, M. & Ucar, Y. Inhibitory activity of Co-microencapsulation of cell free supernatant from Lactobacillus plantarum with propolis extracts towards fish spoilage bacteria. LWT-Food. Sci. Technol. 146, 111433 (2021).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Adna, M. et al. Vincenzo, Phytochemistry, bioactivities, pharmacokinetics and toxicity prediction of Selaginella repanda with its anticancer potential against human lung, breast and colorectal carcinoma cell lines. Molecules 26, 768 (2021).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Edenharder, R., Keller, G., Platt, K. L. & Unger, K. K. Isolation and characterization of structurally novel antimutagenic flavonoids from spinach (Spinacia oleracea). J. Agric. Food Chem. 49, 2767–2773 (2001).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Kumar, V. et al. Chemopreventive effects of Melastoma malabathricum L. extract in mammary tumor model via inhibition of oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokines. Biomed. Pharmacother. 137, 111298 (2021).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Miceli, N. et al. Phytochemical profile and antioxidant activity of the aerial part extracts from matthiola incana subsp. rupestris and subsp. pulchella (Brassicaceae) endemic to sicily. Chem. Biodivers. 18, e2100167 (2021).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Pateliya, B., Burade, V. & Goswami, S. Enhanced antitumor activity of doxorubicin by naringenin and metformin in breast carcinoma: An experimental study. Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 394, 1949–1961 (2021).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Kuo, P. C. et al. Anti-inflammatory principles from the needles of Pinus taiwanensis Hayata and in silico studies of their potential anti-aging effects. Antioxidants 10, 598 (2021).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Waring, R., & Hunter, J. Methods and antibodies for detecting and measuring toxins in feces for diagnosis of equine laminitis and therapeutic applications. PCT Int. Appl. WO 2019186141 A1 (2019).Oliveira, I. et al. New lectins from Mediterranean flora. Activity against HT29 colon cancer cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 20, 3059 (2019).CAS 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Choi, A., Nam, Y. H., Baek, K. & Chung, E. J. Brevibacillus antibioticus sp. Nov., with a broad range of antibacterial activity, isolated from soil in the Nakdong River. J. Microbiol. 57, 991–996 (2019).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Adnan, M. et al. Evaluation of anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of the methanol extract of Holigarna caustica (Dennst.) Oken leaves. J. Ethnopharmacol. 236, 401–411 (2019).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
He, S. Z. et al. Hydroxysafflor yellow a inhibits staphylococcus aureus-induced mouse endometrial inflammation via TLR2-Mediated NF-kB and MAPK pathway. Inflammation 44, 835–845 (2021).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Zhou, W. et al. Network pharmacology to explore the anti-inflammatory mechanism of Xuebijing in the treatment of sepsis. Phytomedicine 85, 153543 (2021).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Zhao, F. et al. Hydroxysafflower yellow A: A systematical review on botanical resources, physicochemical properties, drug delivery system, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacological effects. Front. Pharmacol. 11, 579332 (2020).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Hu, L. J. et al. Dratanguticumides G and H, two new glucosides from Dracocephalum tanguticum Maxim relax vessels via NO pathway. Phytochem. Lett. 40, 42–48 (2020).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Guo, R. et al. A new sesquiterpenoid with cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory activity from the leaves of Datura metel L. Nat. Prod. Res. 35(4), 607–613 (2021).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Bai, Y. et al. Comparison of phenolic compounds, antioxidant and antidiabetic activities between selected edible beans and their different growth periods leaves. J. Funct. Food. 35, 694–702 (2017).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Ouyang, X. L., Wei, L. X., Wang, H. S. & Pan, Y. M. Antioxidant activity and phytochemical composition of Osmanthus fragrans’ pulps. S. Afr. J. Bot. 98, 162–166 (2015).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Li, Y. et al. Antidepressant-like effects of Cistanche tubulosa extract on chronic unpredictable stress rats through restoration of gut microbiota homeostasis. Front. Pharmacol. 9, 967 (2018).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Chen, Z. M., Yin, M. M., Wang, Z., Liu, H. Y., & Wang, M. L. Application of pharmaceutical composition for preparing medicine for treating gastric cancer based on regulation and control of tumor suppressor-related genes. Faming Zhuanli Shenqing. CN 112716935 A (2021).Leyva-Jimenez, F. J. et al. Incorporation of Lippia citriodora microwave extract into total-green biogelatin-phospholipid vesicles to improve its antioxidant activity. Nanomaterials 10, 765 (2020).CAS 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Wu, X. et al. Effect of phenolic hydroxyl groups on inhibitory activities of phenylpropanoid glycosides against lipase. J. Funct. Food 38, 510–518 (2017).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Lin, Y. E. et al. Antidepressant-like effects of water extract of Cordyceps militaris (Linn.) Link by modulation of ROCK2/PTEN/Akt signaling in an unpredictable chronic mild stress-induced animal model. J. Ethnopharmacol. 276, 114194 (2021).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Haron, M. H. et al. Effect of African potato (Hypoxis hemerocallidea) extract and its Constituents on PXR and CYP450 enzymes. Appl. In Vitro Toxicol. 5, 26–33 (2019).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Kamzolova, S. V., Samoilenko, V. A., LuninaIgor, J. N. & Morgunov, G. Effects of medium components on isocitric acid production by Yarrowia lipolytica yeast. Fermentation 6, 112 (2020).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Strzepek-Gomolka, M. et al. Identification of mushroom and murine tyrosinase inhibitors from Achillea biebersteinii Afan. Extract. Mol. 26, 964 (2021).CAS 

Google Scholar 
Lachowicz, S. et al. Impact mineralization of chokeberry and cranberry fruit juices using a new functional additive on the protection of bioactive compounds and antioxidative properties. Molecules 25, 659 (2020).CAS 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Badary, O. A., Nagi, M. N., Al-Sawaf, H. A., Al-Harbi, M. & Al-Bekairi, A. M. Effect of L-histidinol on cisplatin nephrotoxicity in the rat. Nephron 77, 435–439 (1997).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Badary, O. A. L-histidinol attenuates Fanconi syndrome induced by ifosfamide in rats. Exp. Nephrol. 7, 323–327 (1999).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Al-Gharably, N. M. & Al-Sawaf, H. A. Effects of L-histidinol on the antitumor activity and acute cardiotoxicity of doxorubicin in mice. Pharmacol. Res. 38, 225–230 (1998).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Eze, F. N. & Tola, A. J. Protein glycation and oxidation inhibitory activity of Centella asiatica phenolics (CAP) in glucose-mediated bovine serum albumin glycoxidation. Food Chem. 332, 127302 (2020).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Peng, Y. et al. Metabolomics study of the anti-inflammatory effects of endogenous omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. RSC Adv. 9, 41903–41912 (2019).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Li, H. G. et al. Study on the nutritional characteristics and antioxidant activity of dealcoholized sequentially fermented apple juice with Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Lactobacillus plantarum fermentation. Food Chem. 363, 130351 (2021).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Liu, Y. Research on jade fungus sport beverage and its anti-exercise fatigue function. Food Res. Dev. 38, 106–110 (2017).CAS 

Google Scholar 
Zeitoun, H., Khan, Z., Banerjee, K., Salameh, D. & Lteif, R. Antityrosinase activity of Combretum micranthum, Euphorbia hirta and Anacardium occidentale plants: Ultrasound assisted extraction optimization and profiling of associated predominant metabolites. Molecules 25, 2684 (2020).CAS 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Rajaram, R., Muralisankar, T., Paray, B. A. & Al-Sadoon, M. K. Phytochemical profiling and antioxidant capacity of Kappaphycus alvarezii (Doty) Doty collected from seaweed farming sites of tropical coastal environment. Aquac. Res. 52, 3438–3448 (2021).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Basholli-Salihu, M. et al. Phytochemical composition, anti-inflammatory activity and cytotoxic effects of essential oils from three Pinus spp. Pharm. Biol. 55, 1553–1560 (2017).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
He, Z.D. et al. Antioxidative glucosides from the fruits of Ligustrum lucidum. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 49, 780–784 (2001).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar  More

Our study method includes the following stages: (1) framing the investigation problem, (2) examining the literature, (3) developing and verifying two hypotheses, (4) collecting data, (5) the multiple criteria examination of 173 countries by means of the Degree of Project Utility and Investment Value Assessments (INVAR) method, (6) calculating correlations between 33 indicators and the success of 173 countries, (7) building 12 regression models, (8) compiling eight Maps (of which seven are CSS Maps) visualizing national success and sustainability, (9) spatial perspective analysis, and (10) performing integrated linear regression, multi-variant design and multiple criteria analysis of national policy alternatives, in order to identify rational decisions.This research is a quantitative study to examine the way national success affects 12 indicators of the three dimensions of sustainability in 173 countries, and uses the data from 2020, or the latest available.As investigation methods, our CSS Maps and Models can make it easier to study interdependencies between country success and sustainability. Supplementary Section 1, 4, and 5 presents our literature analysis which is carried out to gain deeper insights into our CSS Maps and Models, and to better understand their components in the worldwide research context.The following two core hypotheses have been proposed and verified for this research:

Hypothesis 1—The increasing success of a country is generally accompanied by increasing values for the three dimensions of sustainability indicators, and declines in these indicators lead to decreases in the country’s success. Improving some sustainability indicators tends to improve other sustainability indicators.

Hypothesis 2—Changes in the number of countries and their traditional key indicators system do not make a very significant difference to the relative national sustainability and success values. Likewise, the boundaries of the seven country clusters discussed in this research do not excessively depend on specific traditional key systems of indicators used in their analysis.

Along with different sets of national 17 success (Supplementary Table S1) and 12 sustainability (Supplementary Table S2) indicators, the INVAR method46 (Supplementary Section 2 and Fig. S1) was used to measure and map the success of the 173 countries selected as the focus for this research. The traditional statistical indicator systems defining country success and the three dimensions of sustainability are based on studies from various countries analyzed and combined. The INVAR method calculates an integrated criterion characterizing the overall success of the countries. This integrated criterion is directly proportional to the relative effect the values and weights of the given criteria make on the country’s success. The multiple-criteria INVAR analysis method has been applied to various countries, including Asian nations47, ex-Soviet states48, and a group of 169 countries49.This research used data from the framework of variables taken from various databases and websites, including Transparency International, Global Data, Eurostat-OECD, the World Bank, Knoema, the World Health Organization, Global Finance, Freedom House, Heritage, the Global Footprint Network, Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center, Our World in Data, Climate Change Knowledge Portal (World Bank Group), and The Institute for Economics and Peace, as well as global and national statistics and publications. All 173 countries analyzed in this article are listed in matrices, along with their 17 detailed success (Supplementary Table S1) and 12 sustainability (Supplementary Table S2) indicators (systems of indicators, their numbering, values, and weights). The INVAR method46 was applied to perform multiple criteria analysis of the 173 countries, and the results are presented in Supplementary Table S1 and Figs. 2, 3, 4 and 5. We use equal and different weights of 17 indicators to calculate the deviation of priorities for the 173 countries, which stands at 5.34% (Supplementary Section 2 and Fig. S2).Along with different sets of 12 national sustainability and 17 success indicators, the INVAR method46 was used to measure and map the success of the 173 countries selected as the focus of this research. The traditional statistical indicator systems defining country success and the three dimensions of sustainability are based on studies from various countries analyzed and combined. The INVAR method calculates an integrated criterion characterizing the overall success of the countries. This integrated criterion is directly proportional to the relative effect the values and weights of the given criteria make on the country’s success.Supplementary Table S3 shows the correlations between all measures determined by analyzing 173 countries. Supplementary Table S4 reveals the correlation coefficient matrix of the 17 success criteria for each of the 173 countries analyzed in this survey.Along the vertical axis y we analyze seven sustainability indicators, and along the horizontal axis x we analyze the success and priority indicators (9 CSS Map dimensions). The median correlation between the survival versus self-expression values and the nine CSS Map dimensions (the x-axis and y-axis) is moderate, whereas the median correlation between the traditional versus secular–rational values and the nine CSS Map dimensions is strong (Fig. 1).Tables S5-S8 show the descriptive statistics of 12 CSS Models (Supplementary Section 3). Supplementary Table S8 shows the extent to which a 1% increase or decrease in success of country’s features can push sustainability indicators up or down, expressed as a percentage. Supplementary Table S8 also shows the degree to which the percentage changes of success or the values of country’s features explain or fail to explain the dispersion of sustainability indicators. These CSS Models (Supplementary Section 3) show that when a country’s success increases by 1%, its 12 indicators related to the three dimensions of sustainability improve by on average 0.85% (Supplementary Table S8). Furthermore, the 17 variables of country success used in the CSS Models explain 80.8% on average of the dispersion of the three dimensions of sustainability and 98.2% of the dispersion of the country success variable (Supplementary Table S8).An increase of 1% in a country’s success is accompanied by a 0.39% average increase in its social and environmental (0.84% on average) sustainability indicators (Supplementary Table S8). On average, the CSS Sustainability Models explain 76.3% of the dispersions among the environmental sustainability indicators, 83.4% of the dispersions among the social sustainability indicators, and 94.5% of the dispersion among economic (i.e. the gross national income per capita) sustainability indicators (Supplementary Table S8).The study produced the eight Maps (of which seven are CSS Maps) of the World based on an analysis of 99–150 countries (the 2020 Inglehart–Welzel Cultural Map of the World focused on 103 analogical CSS Maps countries). The two dimensions of country success on the CSS Maps are represented in a system of 17 variables (Supplementary Table S1). When a country’s success grows, its performance related to the three dimensions of sustainable development increases as well, and the eight Maps (of which seven are CSS Maps) clearly illustrate this relationship (Figs. 2, 3, 4 and 5). The CSS Maps of the World developed as part of this study are described in Supplementary Section 5.Studies from various countries and our research suggest that country success and their features (x-axis) and sustainability indicators (y-axis) are generally strongly interrelated, and move in the same direction over time. This means that successful countries also perform better on sustainability dimensions.Stage 9 involved analysis of the spatial perspective research in place for explaining and predicting globally recognised physical, spatial, and human patterns in multiple ways. We apply 12 CSS Models, alternative design and multi-criteria analysis methods for spatial perspective analysis (Supplementary Section 4).The following additional two research objectives were set: (1) to determine the impact of a country’s success factors on sustainability metrics, and (2) to offer stakeholders recommendations regarding the strategies for improving sustainability indicators. The ways to improve sustainability indicators are determined by analysing 17 dependent variables (the main paper section “Practical applications and implications”, Table S9). As previously mentioned, in stage 10, national policy options have been examined by means of integrated linear regression, multi-variant design and multiple criteria analysis to identify rational decisions. Analysis of multiple alternative options and their detailed indicators, with a consideration of the existing state of the micro, meso, and macro environment, can ensure rational country success and sustainability. Below, a brief analysis of several best global practice examples of ways to identify rational policy, activities, and strategy follows. The examples presented below suggest that multiple possible alternatives must be designed, assessed against a system of micro, meso and macro indicators, and the most effective options selected to make countries more sustainable. In Isham and Jackson’s14 opinion, materialistic lifestyles and values have been associated with adverse effects on human health as well as having detrimental effects on our planet. Therefore, activities and lifestyles should be identified that promote human well-being, yet which at the same time protect ecological security. Isham and Jackson14 identify optimal activities (arts and crafts, reading, sports, meditating) with high levels of human well-being and low environmental costs. It is important to estimate pollution impacts on health in order to come up with the right policies for better health outcomes. Yet, the task is challenging because economic activity can lead to worse pollution, but can also improve health outcomes in its own right37. Humidity, temperature, dispersal by the wind, and other environmental factors contribute to pollution levels. Certain fine particulates can stay in the atmosphere for days, and travel long distances to be inhaled in places far away from the source, even in other continents. Local conditions must be reflected in emissions-control policies, and the global flows of air pollutants must be taken into account6. The explanation for the phenomenon of demographic transition could be improved public health in developed countries which results in a move toward a slower life strategy38. Studies show that children from wealthier backgrounds undergo puberty later than those from poor socio-economic backgrounds. Early puberty can lead to a variety of health problems and a shorter life. By the early adult years, the effects of exposure to trauma, post-traumatic stress disorder, and other conditions can become apparent in the form of diseases related to aging9. Education is a very important factor in economic growth, and is also strongly related to health. In addition to health benefits, substantial increases in education, especially of women, and shrinking gender gaps have an important effect on the roles and status of women in society36.The INVAR method, statistical analysis, and the CSS Maps and Models can help generate multiple policy recommendations for various stakeholders. The possibilities are as follows:

To create alternatives for ways to develop country success and sustainability, by performing countries’ multiple criteria and statistical analysis and identifying decisions that would be rational;

to perform quantitative and qualitative analysis of the existing data and to interpret it. The results obtained this way would prompt automatic recommendations designed for different stakeholders on ways to improve country sustainability. More