More stories

  • in

    Comparison of multi-class and fusion of multiple single-class SegNet model for mapping karst wetland vegetation using UAV images

    Hu, S., Niu, Z., Chen, Y., Li, L. & Zhang, H. Global wetlands: Potential distribution, wetland loss, and status. Sci. Total Environ. 586, 319–327 (2017).ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Guo, M., Li, J., Sheng, C., Xu, J. & Wu, L. A review of wetland remote sensing. Sensors 17, 777 (2017).ADS 
    PubMed Central 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Mingwu, Z., Haijiang, J., Desuo, C. & Chunbo, J. The comparative study on the ecological sensitivity analysis in Huixian karst wetland, China. Procedia Environ. Sci. 2, 386–398 (2010).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Li, Z., Jin, Z. & Li, Q. Changes in Land Use and their Effectson Soil Properties in Huixian KarstWetland System. Pol. J. Environ. Stud. 26, 699–707 (2017).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Jiang, X., Xiong, Z., Liu, H., Liu, G. & Liu, W. Distribution, source identification, and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in wetland soils of a river–reservoir system. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 24, 436–444 (2016).Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Fu, B. et al. Comparison of optimized object-based RF-DT algorithm and SegNet algorithm for classifying Karst wetland vegetation communities using ultra-high spatial resolution UAV data. Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf. 104, 102553 (2021).
    Google Scholar 
    Xu, D. et al. Distribution, speciation, environmental risk, and source identification of heavy metals in surface sediments from the karst aquatic environment of the Lijiang River, Southwest China. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 23, 9122–9133 (2016).CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Gao, P. et al. Spatial and temporal changes of P and Ca distribution and fractionation in soil and sediment in a karst farmland-wetland system. Chemosphere 220, 644–650 (2019).ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Gil-Márquez, J. M., Barberá, J. A., Andreo, B. & Mudarra, M. Hydrological and geochemical processes constraining groundwater salinity in wetland areas related to evaporitic (karst) systems. A case study from Southern Spain. J. Hydrol. 544, 538–554 (2017).Chamberlin, C. A. et al. Mass balance implies Holocene development of a low-relief karst patterned landscape. Chem. Geol. 527, 118782 (2019).ADS 
    CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Watts, A. C. et al. Evidence of biogeomorphic patterning in a low-relief karst landscape. Earth Surf. Proc. Land. 39, 2027–2037 (2014).ADS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Fan, Z., Li, J., Yue, T., Zhou, X. & Lan, A. Scenarios of land cover in Karst area of Southwestern China. Environ. Earth Sci. 74, 6407–6420 (2015).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Wang, S., Zhang, L., Zhang, H., Han, X. & Zhang, L. Spatial-temporal wetland landcover changes of poyang lake derived from landsat and HJ-1A/B data in the dry season from 1973–2019. Remote Sens. 12, 1595 (2020).ADS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Szabó, L., Deák, B., Bíró, T., Dyke, G. J. & Szabó, S. NDVI as a proxy for estimating sedimentation and vegetation spread in artificial lakes—monitoring of spatial and temporal changes by using satellite images overarching three decades. Remote Sens. 12, 1468 (2020).ADS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Malekmohammadi, B. & Rahimi Blouchi, L. Ecological risk assessment of wetland ecosystems using multi criteria decision making and geographic information system. Ecol. Indic. 41, 133–144 (2014).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Tian, Y. et al. Monitoring invasion process of spartina alterniflora by seasonal sentinel-2 imagery and an object-based random forest classification. Remote Sens. 12, 1383 (2020).ADS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Lane, C. et al. Improved wetland classification using eight-band high resolution satellite imagery and a hybrid approach. Remote Sens. 6, 12187–12216 (2014).ADS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Betbeder, J., Rapinel, S., Corgne, S., Pottier, E. & Hubert-Moy, L. TerraSAR-X dual-pol time-series for mapping of wetland vegetation. ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote. Sens. 107, 90–98 (2015).ADS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Franklin, S. E., Skeries, E. M., Stefanuk, M. A. & Ahmed, O. S. Wetland classification using Radarsat-2 SAR quad-polarization and Landsat-8 OLI spectral response data: A case study in the Hudson Bay Lowlands Ecoregion. Int. J. Remote Sens. 39, 1615–1627 (2017).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Cao, J. et al. Object-based mangrove species classification using unmanned aerial vehicle hyperspectral images and digital surface models. Remote Sens. 10, 89 (2018).ADS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Liu, T. & Abd-Elrahman, A. Multi-view object-based classification of wetland land covers using unmanned aircraft system images. Remote Sens. Environ. 216, 122–138 (2018).ADS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Churches, C. E., Wampler, P. J., Sun, W. & Smith, A. J. Evaluation of forest cover estimates for Haiti using supervised classification of Landsat data. Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf. 30, 203–216 (2014).ADS 

    Google Scholar 
    Gerke, M. & Xiao, J. Fusion of airborne laserscanning point clouds and images for supervised and unsupervised scene classification. ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote. Sens. 87, 78–92 (2014).ADS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Maulik, U. & Chakraborty, D. Learning with transductive SVM for semisupervised pixel classification of remote sensing imagery. ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote. Sens. 77, 66–78 (2013).ADS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Crasto, N. et al. A LiDAR-based decision-tree classification of open water surfaces in an Arctic delta. Remote Sens. Environ. 164, 90–102 (2015).ADS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    O’Neil, G. L., Goodall, J. L. & Watson, L. T. Evaluating the potential for site-specific modification of LiDAR DEM derivatives to improve environmental planning-scale wetland identification using Random Forest classification. J. Hydrol. 559, 192–208 (2018).ADS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Howard, A. G. Some improvements on deep convolutional neural network based image classification. arXiv.org https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1805.07836 (2013).Yao, X. et al. Land use classification of the deep convolutional neural network method reducing the loss of spatial features. Sensors 19, 2792 (2019).ADS 
    PubMed Central 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Chen, Y., Fan, R., Yang, X., Wang, J. & Latif, A. Extraction of urban water bodies from high-resolution remote-sensing imagery using deep learning. Water 10, 585 (2018).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Gu, J. et al. Recent advances in convolutional neural networks. Pattern Recogn. 77, 354–377 (2018).ADS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Srinivas, S., Subramanya, A. & Babu, R. V. Training Sparse Neural Networks. in 2017 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops (CVPRW) (IEEE, 2017).Liang, S., Lan, Y., Jiang, S., Li, Y. & Lu, Z. The activities of microbial communities in Huixian Wetland sediments under the interactive toxicity of Cu(II) and pentachloronitrobenzene. Acta Ecol. Sin. 37, 379–391 (2017).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Feng, W. Fish diversity in huixian wetland in guangxi. Wetland Science 44, (2017).Breiman, L. Random forests. Mach. Learn. 45, 5–32 (2001).MATH 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Mutanga, O., Adam, E. & Cho, M. A. High density biomass estimation for wetland vegetation using WorldView-2 imagery and random forest regression algorithm. Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf. 18, 399–406 (2012).ADS 

    Google Scholar 
    van Beijma, S., Comber, A. & Lamb, A. Random forest classification of salt marsh vegetation habitats using quad-polarimetric airborne SAR, elevation and optical RS data. Remote Sens. Environ. 149, 118–129 (2014).ADS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Badrinarayanan, V., Kendall, A. & Cipolla, R. SegNet: A deep convolutional encoder-decoder architecture for image segmentation. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 39, 2481–2495 (2017).PubMed 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Ioffe, S. & Szegedy, C. Batch normalization: Accelerating deep network training by reducing internal covariate shift. Int. Conf. Mach. Learn. 37, 448–456 (2015).
    Google Scholar 
    Long, J., Shelhamer, E. & Darrell, T. Fully convolutional networks for semantic segmentation. in Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) 3431–3440 (IEEE, 2015).Chen, L.-C., Barron, J. T., Papandreou, G., Murphy, K. & Yuille, A. L. semantic image segmentation with task-specific edge detection using CNNs and a discriminatively trained domain transform. in Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) 4545–4546 (IEEE, 2016).Eigen, D. & Fergus, R. Predicting depth, surface normals and semantic labels with a common multi-scale convolutional architecture. in 2015 IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV) (IEEE, 2015).Hu, Y. et al. Deep learning classification of coastal wetland hyperspectral image combined spectra and texture features: A case study of Huanghe (Yellow) River Estuary wetland. Acta Oceanol. Sin. 38, 142–150 (2019).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Liu, F. & Fang, M. Semantic segmentation of underwater images based on improved Deeplab. J. Marine Sci. Eng. 8, 188 (2020).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Dronova, I. Object-based image analysis in wetland research: A review. Remote Sens. 7, 6380–6413 (2015).ADS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Zhang, Z. & Sabuncu, M. R. Generalized cross entropy loss for training deep neural networks with noisy labels. arXiv.org https://arxiv.org/abs/1805.07836 (2018).Ruder, S. An overview of gradient descent optimization algorithms. arXiv.org https://arxiv.org/abs/1609.04747 (2016).Song, S. et al. Intelligent object recognition of urban water bodies based on deep learning for multi-source and multi-temporal high spatial resolution remote sensing imagery. Sensors 20, 397 (2020).ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed Central 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Sun, G. et al. Fusion of multiscale convolutional neural networks for building extraction in very high-resolution images. Remote Sens. 11, 227 (2019).ADS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Al-Najjar, H. A. H. et al. Land cover classification from fused DSM and UAV images using convolutional neural networks. Remote Sens. 11, 1461 (2019).ADS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Villoslada, M. et al. Fine scale plant community assessment in coastal meadows using UAV based multispectral data. Ecol. Ind. 111, 105979 (2020).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Zhao, H. & Liu, H. Multiple classifiers fusion and CNN feature extraction for handwritten digits recognition. Granul. Comput. 5, 411–418 (2019).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Hu, K., Zhang, S. & Zhao, X. Context-based conditional random fields as recurrent neural networks for image labeling. Multimedia Tools Appl. 79, 17135–17145 (2019).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Wang, M. et al. Assessing texture features to classify coastal wetland vegetation from high spatial resolution imagery using completed local binary patterns (CLBP). Remote Sens. 10, 778 (2018).ADS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Szantoi, Z., Escobedo, F., Abd-Elrahman, A., Smith, S. & Pearlstine, L. Analyzing fine-scale wetland composition using high resolution imagery and texture features. Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf. 23, 204–212 (2013).ADS 

    Google Scholar 
    Bhatnagar, S., Gill, L., Regan, S., Waldren, S. & Ghosh, B. A nested drone-satellite approach to monitoring the ecological conditions of wetlands. ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote. Sens. 174, 151–165 (2021).ADS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar  More

  • in

    Iron mobilization during lactation reduces oxygen stores in a diving mammal

    Trivers, R. L. Parent-offspring conflict. Am. Zool. 14, 249–264 (1974).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Gittleman, J. L. & Thompson, S. D. Energy allocation in mammalian reproduction. Am. Zool. 28, 863–875 (1988).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Kerby, J. & Post, E. Capital and income breeding traits differentiate trophic match-mismatch dynamics in large herbivores. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 368, 20120484 (2013).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Costa, D. P. Reproductive and foraging energetics of pinnipeds: Implications for life history patterns. In The Behaviour of Pinnipeds (ed. D. Renouf) 300–344 (Springer, Netherlands, 1991).Costa, D. P., Boeuf, B. J. L., Huntley, A. C. & Ortiz, C. L. The energetics of lactation in the Northern elephant seal, Mirounga angustirostris. J. Zool. 209, 21–33 (1986).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Crocker, D. E., Williams, J. D., Costa, D. P. & Le Boeuf, B. J. Maternal traits and reproductive effort in northern elephant seals. Ecology 82, 3541–3555 (2001).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Shero, M. R., Krotz, R. T., Costa, D. P., Avery, J. P. & Burns, J. M. How do overwinter changes in body condition and hormone profiles influence Weddell seal reproductive success? Funct. Ecol. 29, 1278–1291 (2015).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Lönnerdal, B. Bioactive proteins in human milk—potential benefits for preterm infants. Clin. Perinatol. 44, 179–191 (2017).PubMed 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Fields, D. A. et al. Associations between human breast milk hormones and adipocytokines and infant growth and body composition in the first 6 months of life. Pediatr. Obes. 12, 78–85 (2017).PubMed 
    PubMed Central 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Klein, L. D. et al. Concentrations of trace elements in human milk: comparisons among women in Argentina, Namibia, Poland, and the United States. PLoS ONE 12, e0183367 (2017).PubMed 
    PubMed Central 
    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Burns, J. M. & Hammill, M. O. Does iron availability limit oxygen store development in seal pups? In 4th CPB Meeting in Africa: Mara 2008. “Molecules to migration: The pressures of life” International Proceedings 417–428 (Medimond Publishing Co., 2008).Burns, J. M., Lestyk, K., Folkow, L. P., Hammill, M. O. & Blix, A. S. Size and distribution of oxygen stores in harp and hooded seals from birth to maturity. J. Comp. Physiol. B 177, 687–700 (2007).CAS 
    PubMed 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Kooyman, G. L. Diverse divers: Physiology and behavior. (Springer-Verlag, 1989).Butler, P. J. & Jones, D. R. Physiology of diving of birds and mammals. Physiol. Rev. 77, 837–899 (1997).CAS 
    PubMed 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Kanatous, S. B., DiMichele, L. V., Cowan, D. F. & Davis, R. W. High aerobic capacities in skeletal muscles of pinnipeds: adaptations to diving hypoxia. J. Appl. Physiol. 86, 1247–1256 (1999).CAS 
    PubMed 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Shero, M. R., Andrews, R. D., Lestyk, K. C. & Burns, J. M. Development of the aerobic dive limit and muscular efficiency in northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus). J. Comp. Physiol. B 182, 425–436 (2012).CAS 
    PubMed 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Shero, M. R., Costa, D. P. & Burns, J. M. Scaling matters: Incorporating body composition into Weddell seal seasonal oxygen store comparisons reveals maintenance of aerobic capacities. J. Comp. Physiol. B 185, 811–824 (2015).CAS 
    PubMed 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Shero, M. R., Reiser, P. J., Simonitis, L. & Burns, J. M. Links between muscle phenotype and life history: differentiation of myosin heavy chain composition and muscle biochemistry in precocial and altricial pinniped pups. J. Compar. Physiol. B, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00360-019-01240-w (2019).Burns, J. M., Lestyk, K., Freistroffer, D. & Hammill, M. O. Preparing muscles for diving: age-related changes in muscle metabolic profiles in Harp (Pagophilus groenlandicus) and hooded (Cystophora cristata) seals. Physiol. Biochem. Zool. 88, 167–182 (2015).CAS 
    PubMed 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Kooyman, G. L., Wahrenbrock, E. A., Castellini, M. A., Davis, R. W. & Sinnett, E. E. Aerobic and anaerobic metabolism during voluntary diving in Weddell seals: evidence of preferred pathways from blood chemistry and behavior. J. Comp. Physiol. 138, 335–346 (1980).CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Wallace, D. F. The regulation of iron absorption and homeostasis. Clin. biochemist. Rev. 37, 51–62 (2016).
    Google Scholar 
    Juan, S.-H. & Aust, S. D. Studies on the interaction between ferritin and ceruloplasmin. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 355, 56–62 (1998).CAS 
    PubMed 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Hagler, L. et al. Influence of dietary iron deficiency on hemoglobin, myoglobin, their respective reductases, and skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiration. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 34, 2169–2177 (1981).CAS 
    PubMed 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Kooyman, G. L. Weddell seal: Consummate Diver. (Cambridge University Press, 1981).Heerah, K. et al. Ecology of Weddell seals during winter: Influence of environmental parameters on their foraging behaviour. Deep Sea Res. Part II: Topical Stud. Oceanogr. 88–89, 23–33 (2013).ADS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Hindell, M. A., Harcourt, R., Waas, J. R. & Thompson, D. Fine-scale three-dimensional spatial use by diving, lactating female Weddell seals Leptonychotes weddellii. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 242, 275–284 (2002).ADS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Sato, K. et al. Deep foraging dives in relation to the energy depletion of Weddell seal (Leptonychotes weddellii) mothers during lactation. Polar Biol. 25, 696–702 (2002).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Wheatley, K. E., Bradshaw, C. J., Davis, L. S., Harcourt, R. G. & Hindell, M. A. Influence of maternal mass and condition on energy transfer in Weddell seals. J. Anim. Ecol. 75, 724–733 (2006).PubMed 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Walcott, S. M. Evaluating the dynamics of physiological, environmental and behavioral parameters to the cost of the annual pelage molt in a polar pinniped: the Weddell seal (Leptonychotes weddellii) MSc thesis, University of Alaska Anchorage, (2019).Beltran, R. S. et al. Seasonal resource pulses and the foraging depth of a Southern Ocean top predator. Proc. R. Soc. B: Biol. Sci. 288, 20202817 (2021).CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Shero, M. R., Goetz, K. T., Costa, D. P. & Burns, J. M. Temporal changes in Weddell seal dive behavior over winter: Are females increasing foraging effort to support gestation? Ecol. Evol. 8, 11857–11874 (2018).PubMed 
    PubMed Central 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Looker, A. C. & Johnson, C. L. Prevalence of elevated serum transferrin saturation in adults in the United States. Ann. Intern. Med. 129, 940–945 (1998).CAS 
    PubMed 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Eleftheriadis, T., Liakopoulos, V., Antoniadi, G. & Stefanidis, I. Which is the best way for estimating transferrin saturation. Ren. Fail. 32, 1022–1023 (2010).PubMed 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    McLaren, C. E. et al. Distribution of transferrin saturation in an Australian population: relevance to the early diagnosis of hemochromatosis. Gastroenterology 114, 543–549 (1998).CAS 
    PubMed 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Emmett, B. & Hochachka, P. W. Scaling of oxidative and glycolytic enzymes in mammals. Respir. Physiol. 45, 261–272 (1981).CAS 
    PubMed 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Clark, C. A., Burns, J. M., Schreer, J. F. & Hammill, M. O. Erythropoietin concentration in developing harbor seals (Phoca vitulina). Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 147, 262–267 (2006).CAS 
    PubMed 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Richmond, J. P., Burns, J. M., Rea, L. D. & Mashburn, K. L. Postnatal ontogeny of erythropoietin and hematology in free-ranging Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus). Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 141, 240–247 (2005).CAS 
    PubMed 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Hadley, G. L., Rotella, J. J. & Garrott, R. A. Influence of maternal characteristics and oceanographic conditions on survival and recruitment probabilities of Weddell seals. Oikos 116, 601–613 (2006).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Hall, A. C., McConnell, B. J. & Barker, R. J. Factors affecting first-year survival in grey seals and their implications for life history strategies. J. Anim. Ecol. 70, 138–149 (2001).
    Google Scholar 
    Proffitt, K. M., Garrott, R. A. & Rotella, J. J. Long-term evaluation of body mass at weaning and postweaning survival rates of Weddell seals in Erebus Bay, Antarctica. Mar. Mamm. Sci. 24, 677–689 (2008).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Burns, J. M. & Castellini, M. A. Physiological and behavioral determinants of the aerobic dive limit in Weddell seal (Leptonychotes weddellii) pups. J. Comp. Physiol. B 166, 473–483 (1996).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Costa, D. P., Kuhn, C. E., Weise, M. J., Shaffer, S. A. & Arnould, J. P. Y. When does physiology limit the foraging behaviour of freely diving mammals? Int. Congr. Ser. 1275, 359–366 (2004).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Hadley, G. L., Rotella, J. J. & Garrott, R. A. Evaluation of reproductive costs for Weddell seals in Erebus Bay, Antarctica. J. Anim. Ecol. 76, 448–458 (2007).PubMed 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Young, S. P., Fahmy, M. & Golding, S. Ceruloplasmin, transferrin and apotransferrin facilitate iron release from human liver cells. FEBS Lett. 411, 93–96 (1997).CAS 
    PubMed 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Mazzaro, L. M., Dunn, J. L., St. Aubin, D. J., Andrews, G. A. & Chavey, P. S. Serum indices of body stores of iron in northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus) and their relationship to hemochromatosis. Zoo. Biol. 23, 205–218 (2004).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Yalçn, S. S., Baykan, A., Yurdakök, K., Yalçn, S. & Gücüs, A. I. The factors that affect milk-to-serum ratio for iron during early lactation. J. Pediatr. Hematol. Oncol. 31, 85–90 (2009).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Geiseler, S. J., Blix, A. S., Burns, J. M. & Folkow, L. P. Rapid postnatal development of myoglobin from large liver iron stores in hooded seals. J. Exp. Biol. 216, 1793–1798 (2013).CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 
    Samokyszyn, V. M., Miller, D. M., Reif, D. W. & Aust, S. D. Inhibition of superoxide and ferritin-dependent lipid peroxidation by ceruloplasmin. J. Biol. Chem. 264, 21–26 (1989).CAS 
    PubMed 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Kohgo, Y., Ikuta, K., Ohtake, T., Torimoto, Y. & Kato, J. Body iron metabolism and pathophysiology of iron overload. Int. J. Hematol. 88, 7–15 (2008).CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Zhang, P. et al. The effect of serum iron concentration on iron secretion into mouse milk. J. Physiol. 522(Pt 3), 479–491 (2000).CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Erdogan, S., Celik, S. & Erdogan, Z. Seasonal and locational effects on serum, milk, liver and kidney chromium, manganese, copper, zinc, and iron concentrations of dairy cows. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 98, 51–61 (2004).CAS 
    PubMed 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Kaldor, I. & Morgan, E. H. Iron metabolism during lactation and suckling in a marsupial, the quokka (Setonix brachyurus). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part A: Physiol. 84, 691–694 (1986).CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Tedman, R. A. & Green, B. Water and sodium fluxes in suckling pups of Weddell seals (Leptonychotes weddelli). J. Zool. 212, 29–42 (1987).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    National Institutes of Health, Supplements, O. o. D. Iron Fact Sheet for Consumers, https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Iron-Consumer/ (2021).Saarinen, U. M., Siimes, M. A. & Dallman, P. R. Iron absorption in infants: high bioavailability ofbreast milk iron as indicated by the extrinsic tag method of iron absorption and by the concentration of serum ferritin. J. Pediatrics 91, 36–39 (1977).CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Loh, T.-T. Iron metabolism of the lactating mouse. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 137, 962–965 (1971).CAS 
    PubMed 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Folkow, L. P., Nordoy, E. S. & Blix, A. S. Distribution and diving behavior of harp seals (Pagophilus groenlandica) from the Greenland Sea stock. Polar Biol. 27, 281–298 (2004).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Beck, C. A., Bowen, W. D. & Iverson, S. J. Seasonal changes in buoyancy and diving behaviour of adult grey seals. J. Exp. Biol. 203, 2323–2330 (2000).CAS 
    PubMed 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Gentry, R. L. & Kooyman, G. L. Fur seals: maternal strategies on land and at sea. (Princeton University Press, 1986).McDonald, B. I. & Ponganis, P. J. Insights from venous oxygen profiles: oxygen utilization and management in diving California sea lions. J. Exp. Biol. 216, 3332–3341 (2013).CAS 
    PubMed 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Noren, S. R., Iverson, S. J. & Boness, D. J. Development of the blood and muscle oxygen stores in gray seals (Halichoerus grypus): Implications for juvenile diving capacity and the necessity of a terrestrial postweaning fast. Physiol. Biochem. Zool. 78, 482–490 (2005).PubMed 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Weise, M. J. & Costa, D. P. Total body oxygen stores and physiological diving capacity of California sea lions as a function of sex and age. J. Exp. Biol. 210, 278–289 (2007).PubMed 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Burns, J. M., Hindell, M. A., Bradshaw, C. J. A. & Costa, D. P. Fine-scale habitat selection by crabeater seals as determined by diving behavior. Deep Sea Res. II 55, 500–514 (2008).ADS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Burns, J. Crabeater seal oxygen stores. U.S. Antarctic Program (USAP) Data Center. https://doi.org/10.15784/601583 (2022).Nicol, S. et al. Southern Ocean iron fertilization by baleen whales and Antarctic krill. Fish. Fish. 11, 203–209 (2010).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Williams, T. M. The cost of foraging by a marine predator, the Weddell seal Leptonychotes weddellii: pricing by the stroke. J. Exp. Biol. 207, 973–982 (2004).PubMed 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Wheatley, K. E., Bradshaw, C. J. A., Harcourt, R. G. & Hindell, M. A. Feast or famine: evidence for mixed capital–income breeding strategies in Weddell seals. Oecologia 155, 11–20 (2008).ADS 
    PubMed 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Honda, K., Sahrul, M., Hidaka, H. & Tatsukawa, R. Organ and tissue distribution of heavy metals, and their growth-related changes in Antarctic Fish, Pagothenia borchgrevinki. Agric. Biol. Chem. 47, 2521–2532 (1983).CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Galbraith, E. D., Le Mézo, P., Solanes Hernandez, G., Bianchi, D. & Kroodsma, D. Growth limitation of marine fish by low iron availability in the open ocean. Front. Marine Sci. 6, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00509 (2019).Pollycove, M. & Mortimer, R. The quantitative determination of iron kinetics and hemoglobin synthesis in human subjects. J. Clin. Invest. 40, 753–782 (1961).CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Åkeson, Å., Ehrenstein, G. V., Hevesy, G. & Theorell, H. Life span of myoglobin. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 91, 310–318 (1960).PubMed 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Tift, M. S. et al. Adaptive potential of the heme oxygenase/carbon monoxide pathway during hypoxia. Front. Physiol. 11, https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2020.00886 (2020).Tift, M. S., Ponganis, P. J. & Crocker, D. E. Elevated carboxyhemoglobin in a marine mammal, the northern elephant seal. J. Exp. Biol. 217, 1752–1757 (2014).CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Ma, Y.-J. et al. A modified carbon monoxide breath test for measuring erythrocyte lifespan in small animals. BioMed. Res. Int. 2016, 7173156 (2016).PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 
    Zhang, H.-D. et al. Human erythrocyte lifespan measured by Levitt’s CO breath test with newly developed automatic instrument. J. Breath. Res. 12, 036003 (2018).ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Hochachka, P. W. & Somero, G. N. Biochemical adaptation. (Oxford University Press, 2002).De Miranda, M. A., Schlater, A. E., Green, T. L. & Kanatous, S. B. In the face of hypoxia: myoglobin increases in response to hypoxic conditions and lipid supplementation in cultured Weddell seal skeletal muscle cells. J. Exp. Biol. 215, 806–813 (2012).PubMed 
    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Kanatous, S. B. & Mammen, P. P. Regulation of myoglobin expression. J. Exp. Biol. 213, 2741–2747 (2010).CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Halvorsen, S. & Bechensteen, A. G. Physiology of erythropoietin during mammalian development. Acta Paediatr. Suppl. 438, 17–26 (2002).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Hochachka, P. W. Mechanism and evolution of hypoxia-tolerance in humans. J. Exp. Biol. 201, 1243–1254 (1998).CAS 
    PubMed 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Klopfleisch, R. & Olias, P. The pathology of comparative animal models of human haemochromatosis. J. Comp. Pathol. 147, 460–478 (2012).CAS 
    PubMed 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Henriksson, J. & Reitman, J. S. Time course of changes in human skeletal muscle succinate dehydrogenase and cytochrome oxidase activities and maximal oxygen uptake with physical activity and inactivity. Acta Physiol. Scand. 99, 91–97 (1977).CAS 
    PubMed 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Goetz, K. T. Movement, habitat, and foraging behavior of Weddell seals (Leptonychotes weddellii) in the western Ross Sea, Antarctica, University of California Santa Cruz, (2015).Cisewski, B., Strass, V. H., Rhein, M. & Krägefsky, S. Seasonal variation of diel vertical migration of zooplankton from ADCP backscatter time series data in the Lazarev Sea, Antarctica. Deep Sea Res. Part I: Oceanographic Res. Pap. 57, 78–94 (2010).ADS 
    CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Jones, R. M. & Smith, W. O. The influence of short-term events on the hydrographic and biological structure of the southwestern Ross Sea. J. Mar. Syst. 166, 184–195 (2017).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Smith, W. O. & Nelson, D. M. Importance of ice edge phytoplankton production in the Southern Ocean. Bioscience 36, 251–257 (1986).CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Rivkin, R. B. Seasonal patterns of planktonic production in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. Am. Zool. 31, 5–16 (2015).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Proffitt, K. M., Rotella, J. J. & Garrott, R. A. Effects of pup age, maternal age, and birth date on pre-weaning survival rates of Weddell seals in Erebus Bay, Antarctica. Oikos 119, 1255–1264 (2010).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Beltran, R. S., Kirkham, A. L., Breed, G. A., Testa, J. W. & Burns, J. M. Reproductive success delays moult phenology in a polar mammal. Sci. Rep. 9, 5221 (2019).ADS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 
    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Mellish, J.-A. E., Tuomi, P. A., Hindle, A. G. & Horning, M. Chemical immobilization of Weddell seals (Leptonychotes weddellii) by ketamine/midazolam combination. Vet. Anaesth. Analg. 37, 123–131 (2010).CAS 
    PubMed 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Shero, M. R., Pearson, L. E., Costa, D. P. & Burns, J. M. Improving the precision of our ecosystem calipers: a modified morphometric technique for estimating marine mammal mass and body composition. PLoS ONE 9, e91233 (2014).ADS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Foldager, N. & Blomqvist, C. G. Repeated plasma volume determination with the Evans blue dye dilution technique: the method and the computer program. Comput. Biol. Med. 21, 35–41 (1991).CAS 
    PubMed 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    El-Sayed, H., Goodall, S. R. & Hainsworth, F. R. Re-evaluation of Evans blue dye dilution method of plasma volume measurement. Clin. Lab. Haem. 17, 189–194 (1995).CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Reynafarje, B. Simplified method for the determination of myoglobin. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 61, 138–145 (1963).CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 
    Prewitt, J. S., Freistroffer, D. V., Schreer, J. F., Hammill, M. O. & Burns, J. M. Postnatal development of muscle biochemistry in nursing harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) pups: Limitations to diving behavior? J. Comp. Physiol. B 180, 757–766 (2010).CAS 
    PubMed 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Polasek, L., Dickson, K. A. & Davis, R. W. Metabolic indicators in the skeletal muscles of harbor seals (Phoca vitulina). Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 290, R1720–R1727 (2006).CAS 
    PubMed 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Kooyman, G. L., Castellini, M. A., Davis, R. W. & Maue, R. A. Aerobic diving limits of immature Weddell seals. J. Comp. Physiol. 151, 171–174 (1983).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Davis, R. W. & Kanatous, S. B. Convective oxygen transport and tissue oxygen consumption in Weddell seals during aerobic dives. J. Exp. Biol. 202, 1091–1113 (1999).CAS 
    PubMed 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Lenfant, C., Johansen, K. & Torrance, J. D. Gas transport and oxygen storage capacity in some pinnipeds and the sea otter. Respir. Physiol. 9, 277–286 (1970).CAS 
    PubMed 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Kleiber, M. The fire of life: an introduction to animal energetics. (R.E. Krieger Pub. Co., 1975).Sato, K., Mitani, Y., Cameron, M. F., Siniff, D. B. & Naito, Y. Factors affecting stroking patterns and body angle in diving Weddell seals under natural conditions. J. Exp. Biol. 206, 1461–1470 (2003).PubMed 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Zuur, A. F., Hilbe, J. M. & Ieno, E. N. A Beginner’s Guide to GLM and GLMM with R: A Frequentist and Bayesian Perspective for Ecologists. (Highland Statistics Newburgh, 2013).Shero, M. Weddell seal iron dynamics and oxygen stores across lactation. U.S. Antarctic Program (USAP) Data Center. https://doi.org/10.15784/601575. (2022).Anderson, R. S. et al. Zinc, copper, iron and calcium concentrations in bitch milk. J. Nutr. 121, S81–S82 (1991).CAS 
    PubMed 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Griffiths, M., Green, B., MC Leckie, R., Messer, M. & Newgrain, K. Constituents of platypus and echidna milk, with particular reference to the fatty acid complement of the triglycerides. Aust. J. Biol. Sci. 37, 323–330 (1984).CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Peddemors, V. M., de Muelenaere, H. J. H. & Devchand, K. Comparative milk composition of the bottlenosed dolphin (Tursiops truncatus), humpback dolphin (Sousa plumbea) and common dolphin (Delphinus delphis) from southern African waters. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part A Physiol. 94, 639–641 (1989).CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Ullrey, D. E. et al. Blue-green color and composition of Stejneger’s beaked whale (Mesoplodon stejnegeri) milk. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B Comp. Biochem. 79, 349–352 (1984).CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Dosako, S. I. et al. Milk of Northern fur seal: composition, especially carbohydrate and protein. J. Dairy Sci. 66, 2076–2083 (1983).CAS 
    PubMed 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Oftedal, O. T., Boness, D. J. & Tedman, R. The Behavior, Physiology, and Anatomy of Lactation in the Pinnipedia. (Genoyways, H. H. eds) (Current Mammalogy. Springer, Boston, MA, 1987).Habran, S., Pomeroy, P. P., Debier, C. & Das, K. Changes in trace elements during lactation in a marine top predator, the grey seal. Aquat. Toxicol. 126, 455–466 (2013).CAS 
    PubMed 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Seal, U. S., Erickson, A. W., Siniff, D. B. & Cline, D. R. Blood chemistry and protein polymorphisms in three species of Antarctic seals (Lobodon carcinophagus, Leptonychootes weddellii, and Mirounga leonina) In Antarctic Pinnipedia 181–192 (1971).Green, B., Fogerty, A., Libke, J., Newgrain, K. & Shaughnessy, P. Aspects of lactation in the crab-eater seal (Lobodon-Carcinophagus). Aust. J. Zool. 41, 203–213 (1993).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Casey, C. E., Smith, A. & Zhang, P. Microminerals in human and animal milks, In Handbook of milk composition 622–674 (ed. R. G. Jensen) (Academic Press, 1995). More

  • in

    Fall and rise of the phytoplankton

    Wirtz, K., Smith, S. L., Mathis, M. & Taucher, J. Nat. Clim. Change https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-022-01430-5 (2022).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Watanabe, M., Kohata, K. & Kimura, T. Limnol. Oceanogr. 36, 593–602 (1991).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Villareal, T. A. et al. Nature 397, 423–425 (1999).CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Krumhardt, K. M., Lovenduski, N. S., Iglesias-Rodriguez, M. D. & Kleypas, J. A. Prog. Oceanogr. 159, 276–295 (2017).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Alldredge, A. L. & Silver, M. W. Prog. Oceanogr. 20, 41–82 (1988).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    White, A. E., Spitz, Y. H. & Letelier, R. M. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 323, 35–45 (2006).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Kwiatkowski, L. et al. Biogeosciences 17, 3439–3470 (2020).CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Tittensor, D. P. et al. Nat. Clim. Change 11, 973–981 (2021).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Giorgetta, M. A. et al. J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst. 5, 572–597 (2013).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    McGillicuddy, D. J. et al. Nature 394, 263–266 (1998).CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Lévy, M., Franks, P. J. & Smith, K. S. Nat. Commun. 9, 4758 (2018).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Durham, W. M. & Stocker, R. Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci. 4, 177–207 (2012).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Cullen, J. J. Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci. 7, 207–239 (2015).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Moeller, H. V., Laufkötter, C., Sweeney, E. M. & Johnson, M. D. Nat. Commun. 10, 1978 (2019).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Fawcett, S. E., Johnson, K. S., Riser, S. C., Van Oostende, N. & Sigman, D. M. Mar. Chem. 207, 108–123 (2018).CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar  More

  • in

    Warmth signals male growth

    Share this articleAnyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:Get shareable linkSorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.Copy to clipboard
    Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative More

  • in

    Fresh-marketable tomato yields enhanced by moderate weed control and suppressed fruit dehiscence with woodchip mulching

    Zangoueinejad, R. & Alebrahim, M. T. Use of conventional and innovative organic materials as alternatives to black plastic mulch to suppress weeds in tomato production. Biol. Agric. Hortic. 37, 267–284. https://doi.org/10.1080/01448765.2021.1947377 (2021).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Biswas, S. K., Akanda, A. R., Rahman, M. S. & Hossain, M. A. Effect of drip irrigation and mulching on yield, water-use efficiency and economics of tomato. Plant Soil Environ. 61, 97–102. https://doi.org/10.17221/804/2014-PSE (2015).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Haapala, T., Palonen, P., Tamminen, A. & Ahokas, J. Effects of different paper mulches on soil temperature and yield of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) in the temperate zone. Agric. Food Sci. 24, 52–58. https://doi.org/10.23986/afsci.47220 (2015).CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Shiukhy, S., Raeini-Sarjaz, M. & Chalavi, V. Colored plastic mulch microclimates affect strawberry fruit yield and quality. Int. J. Biometeorol. 59, 1061–1066. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-014-0919-0 (2015).ADS 
    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 
    Sideman, R. G. Performance of sweetpotato cultivars grown using biodegradable black plastic mulch in New Hampshire. HortTechnology 25, 412–416. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTTECH.25.3.412 (2015).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Ferdous, Z., Datta, A. & Anwar, M. Plastic mulch and indigenous microorganism effects on yield and yield components of cauliflower and tomato in inland and coastal regions of Bangladesh. J. Crop Improv. 31, 261–279. https://doi.org/10.1080/15427528.2017.1293578 (2017).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Lament, W. J. Jr. Plastic mulches for the production of vegetable crops. HortTechnology 3, 35–39. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTTECH.3.1.35 (1993).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Abdul-Baki, A. A., Teasdale, J. R., Goth, R. W. & Haynes, K. G. Marketable yields of fresh-market tomatoes grown in plastic and hairy vetch mulches. HortScience 37, 878–881. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.37.6.878 (2002).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Chalker-Scott, L. Impact of mulches on landscape plants and the environment—A review. J. Environ. Hortic. 25, 239–249. https://doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-25.4.239 (2007).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Kasirajan, S. & Ngouajio, M. Polyethylene and biodegradable mulches for agricultural applications: A review. Agron. Sustain. Dev. 32, 501–529. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-011-0068-3 (2012).CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Iqbal, R. et al. Potential agricultural and environmental benefit of mulches—A review. Bull. Natl. Res. Cent. 44, 752020. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42269-020-00290-3 (2020).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Travlos, I. et al. Efficacy of different herbicides on Echinocholoa colona (L.) Link control and the first case of its glyphosate resistance in Greece. Agronomy 10, 1056. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10071056 (2000).CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Travlos, I. S. & Chachalis, D. Glyphsate-resistant hairy fleabane (Conyza bonariensis) is reported in Greece. Weed Technol. 24, 569–573. https://doi.org/10.1614/WT-D-09-00080.1 (2010).CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Tahmasebi, B. K. et al. Effectiveness of alternative herbicides on three Conyza species from Europe with and without glyphosate resistance. Crop Prot. 112, 350–355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2018.06.021 (2018).CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Kanatas, P., Anthonopoulos, N., Gazoulis, I. & Travlos, I. S. Screening glyphosate-alternative weed control options in important perennial crops. Weed Sci. 69, 704–718. https://doi.org/10.1017/wsc.2021.55 (2021).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Anthonopoulos, N. et al. Hot foam: Evaluation of a new, non-chemical weed control option in perennial crops. Smart Agric. Technol. 3, 1000063. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atech.2022.100063 (2023).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Espí, E., Salmerón, A., Fontecha, A., García, Y. & Real, A. I. Plastic films for agricultural applications. J. Plast. Film Sheeting 22, 85–102. https://doi.org/10.1177/8756087906064220 (2006).CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Li, C. et al. Effects of biodegradable mulch on soil quality. Appl. Soil Ecol. 79, 59–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2014.02.012 (2014).ADS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    van Sebille, E. A global inventory of small floating plastic debris. Environ. Res. Lett. 10, 124006. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/10/12/124006 (2015).ADS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Moreno, M. M., Cirujeda, A., Aibar, J. & Moreno, C. Soil thermal and productive responses of biodegradable mulch materials in a processing tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). Crop. Soil Res. 54, 207–215. https://doi.org/10.1071/SR15065 (2016).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Barnes, D. K. A., Galgani, F., Thompson, R. C. & Barlaz, M. Accumulation and fragmentation of plastic debris in global environments. Philos Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 364, 1985–1998. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2008.0205 (2009).CAS 
    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 
    Moore, C. J. Synthetic polymers in the marine environment: A rapidly increasing, long-term threat. Environ. Res. 108, 131–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2008.07.025 (2008).CAS 
    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 
    Lim, X. Microplastics are everywhere—But are they harmful?. Nature 593, 22–25. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-021-01143-3 (2021).ADS 
    CAS 
    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 
    Cardinael, Ŕ, Cadisch, G., Gosme, M., Oelbermann, M. & van Noordwik, M. Climate change mitigation and adaptation agriculture: Why agroforestry should be part of the solution. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 319, 107555. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2021.107555 (2021).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Ji, S. & Unger, P. W. Soil water accumulation under different precipitation, potential evaporation, and straw mulch conditions. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 65, 442–448. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2001.652442x (2001).ADS 
    CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Schmithals, A. & Kühn, N. To mulch or not to mulch? Effects of gravel mulch toppings on plant establishment and development in ornamental prairie plantings. PLoS ONE 12, e0171533. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0171533 (2017).CAS 
    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 
    Pinamonti, F. Compost mulch effects on soil fertility, nutritional status and performance of grapevine. Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst. 51, 239–248. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009701323580 (1998).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Cline, G. R. & Silvernail, A. F. Residual nitrogen and kill date effects on winter cover crop growth and nitrogen content in a vegetable production system. HortTechnology 11, 219–225. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTTECH.11.2.219 (2001).CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Cherr, C. M., Scholberg, J. M. S. & McSorley, R. Green manure approaches to crop production: A synthesis. Agron. J. 98, 302–319. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2005.0035 (2006).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Nguyen, L. T. T., Ortner, K. A., Tiemann, L. K., Renner, K. A. & Kravchenko, A. N. Soil properties after one year of interseeded cover cropping in topographically diverse agricultural landscape. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 326, 107803. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2021.107803 (2021).CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Breton, V., Crosaz, Y. & Rey, F. Effects of wood chip amendments on the revegetation performance of plant species on eroded marly terrains in a Mediterranean mountainous climate (Southern Alps, France). Solid Earth 7, 599–610. https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2016-11 (2016).ADS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Wang, L., Gruber, S. & Claupein, W. Effects of woodchip mulch and barley intercropping on weeds in lentil crops. Weed Res. 52, 161–168. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3180.2012.00905.x (2012).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Jabran, K. Use of mulches for managing field bindweed and purple nutsedge, and weed control in spinach. Int. J. Agric. Biol. 23, 1114–1120. https://doi.org/10.17957/IJAB/15.1394 (2020).CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Keeley, J. E., Morton, B. A., Pedrosa, A. & Trotter, P. Role of allelopathy, heat and charred wood in the germination of chaparral herbs and suffrutescents. J. Ecol. 73, 445–458. https://doi.org/10.2307/2260486 (1985).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Schumann, A. W., Little, K. M. & Eccles, N. S. Suppression of seed germination and early seedling growth by plantation harvest residues. S. Afr. J. Plant Soil 12, 170–172. https://doi.org/10.1080/02571862.1995.10634359 (1995).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Rathinasabapathi, B., Ferguson, J. & Gal, M. Evaluation of allelopathic potential of wood chips for weed suppression in horticultural production systems. HortScience 40, 711–713. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.40.3.711 (2005).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Wezel, A. et al. Agroecological practices for sustainable agriculture. A review. Agron. Sustain. Dev. 34, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1142/q0088 (2014).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Rahmathulla, V. K. Management of climatic factors for successful silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) crop and higher silk production: A review. Psyche J. Entomol. 2012, 121234. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/121234 (2012).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Guttikunda, S. K. & Kopakka, R. V. Source emissions and health impacts of urban air pollution in Hyderadad, India. Air Qual. Atmos. Health 7, 195–207. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-013-0221-z (2014).CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Dhaka, S. K. et al. PM2.5 diminution and haze events over Delhi during the COVID-19 lockdown period: An interplay between the baseline pollution and meteorology. Sci. Rep. 10, 13442. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-70179-8 (2020).ADS 
    CAS 
    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 
    Ehret, D. L., Helmer, T. & Hall, J. W. Cuticle cracking in tomato fruit. J. Hortic. Sci. 68, 195–201. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221589.1993.11516343 (1993).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Peet, M. M. & Willits, D. H. Role of excess water in tomato fruit cracking. Hortic. Sci. 30, 65–68. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.30.1.65 (1995).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Ikeda, T., Sakamoto, Y., Watanabe, S. & Okano, K. Water relations in fruit cracking of single-truss tomato plants. Environ. Control Biol. 37, 153–158. https://doi.org/10.2525/ecb1963.37.153 (1999).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Uetani, M., Fujitani, S. & Kimura, M. Mitigation techniques on fruit cracking in tomato cultivation under rain shelter in summer and autumn. Bull. Oita Pref Agr. For. Fish. Res. Cent. 4, 11–25 (2014) (in Japanese with English summary).
    Google Scholar 
    Kuhns, L. J. Efficacy and phytotoxicity of three landscape herbicides with and without a light mulch. Proc. Northeast. Weed Sci. Soc. 46, 85–89 (1992).
    Google Scholar 
    Petrikovszki, R., Zalai, M., Bogdányi, F. T. & Tóth, F. The effect of organic mulching and irrigation on the weed species composition and the soil weed seed bank of tomato. Plants 9, 66. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9010066 (2020).Article 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 
    Egley, G. H. Weed seed and seedling reductions by soil solarization with transparent polyethylene sheets. Weed Sci. 31, 404–409. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0043174500069253 (1983).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Ashworth, S. & Harrison, H. Evaluation of mulches for use in the home garden. HortScience 18, 180–182 (1983).
    Google Scholar 
    Chakrabory, R. C. & Sadhu, M. K. Effect of mulch type and colour on growth and yield of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum). Indian J. Agric. Sci. 64, 608–612 (1994).
    Google Scholar 
    Bhella, H. S. Tomato response to trickle irrigation and black polyethylene mulch. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 113, 543–546 (1988).
    Google Scholar 
    Garnaud, J. C. The Intensification of Horticultural Crop Production in the Mediterranean Basin by Protected Cultivation (FAO of the United Nations, 1974).
    Google Scholar 
    Ahmad, S. et al. Significance of partial root zone drying and mulches for water saving and weed suppression in wheat. J. Anim. Plant Sci. 30, 154–162. https://doi.org/10.36899/japs.2020.1.0018 (2020).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Ahmad, S. et al. Mulching strategies for weeds control and water conservation in cotton. ARPN J. Agric. Biol. Sci. 10, 299–306 (2015).
    Google Scholar 
    Hartwing, N. L. & Ammon, H. U. Cover crops and living mulches. Weed Sci. 50, 688–699. https://doi.org/10.1614/0043-1745(2002)050[0688:AIACCA]2.0.CO;2 (2002).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Samedani, B., Ranjbar, M., Rahimian, H. & Jahansoz, M. R. Utilization of rye and hairy vetch cover crops for weed control in transplanted tomato. Pak. J. Biol. Sci. 9, 2323–2327. https://doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2006.2323.2327 (2006).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Pickering, J. S. & Shepherd, A. Evaluation of organic landscape mulches: composition and nutrient releases characteristics. Arboric J. 24, 175–187. https://doi.org/10.1080/03071375.2000.9747271 (2000).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Marí, A. I., Pardo, G., Aibar, J. & Cirujeda, A. Purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus L.) control with biodegradable mulches and its effect on fresh pepper production. Sci. Hortic. 263, 109111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2019.109111 (2020).CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    R Development Core Team. R: A Language and Environment of Statistical Computing (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2019).
    Google Scholar 
    Kanda, Y. Investigation of the freely available easy-to-use software ‘EZR’ for medical statistics. Bone Marrow Transplant. 48, 452–458. https://doi.org/10.1038/bmt.2012.244 (2013).CAS 
    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar  More

  • in

    Vertically migrating phytoplankton fuel high oceanic primary production

    Westberry, T., Behrenfeld, M., Siegel, D. & Boss, E. Carbon-based primary productivity modeling with vertically resolved photoacclimation. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 22 (2008).Richardson, K. & Bendtsen, J. Vertical distribution of phytoplankton and primary production in relation to nutricline depth in the open ocean. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 620, 33–46 (2019).CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Oschlies, A. in Ocean Modeling in an Eddying Regime (eds Hecht, M. W. & Hasumi, H.) 115–130 (AGU, 2008).Letscher, R. T., Primeau, F. & Moore, J. K. Nutrient budgets in the subtropical ocean gyres dominated by lateral transport. Nat. Geosci. 9, 815–819 (2016).CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Johnson, K. S., Riser, S. C. & Karl, D. M. Nitrate supply from deep to near-surface waters of the North Pacific subtropical gyre. Nature 465, 1062–1065 (2010).CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Fawcett, S. E., Lomas, M. W., Casey, J. R., Ward, B. B. & Sigman, D. M. Assimilation of upwelled nitrate by small eukaryotes in the Sargasso Sea. Nat. Geosci. 4, 717–722 (2011).CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Knapp, A. N., Casciotti, K. L., Berelson, W. M., Prokopenko, M. G. & Capone, D. G. Low rates of nitrogen fixation in eastern tropical South Pacific surface waters. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 113, 4398–4403 (2016).CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Böttjer, D. et al. Temporal variability of nitrogen fixation and particulate nitrogen export at station ALOHA. Limnol. Oceanogr. 62, 200–216 (2017).
    Google Scholar 
    Gruber, N., Keeling, C. D. & Stocker, T. F. Carbon-13 constraints on the seasonal inorganic carbon budget at the BATS site in the northwestern Sargasso Sea. Deep Sea Res. 1 45, 673–717 (1998).CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Doney, S. C., Glover, D. M. & Najjar, R. G. A new coupled, one-dimensional biological–physical model for the upper ocean: applications to the JGOFS Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study (BATS) site. Deep Sea Res. 2 43, 591–624 (1996).CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Ascani, F. et al. Physical and biological controls of nitrate concentrations in the upper subtropical North Pacific Ocean. Deep Sea Res 2 93, 119–134 (2013).CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Gran, H. H. in Rapport Vol. 56, 1–112 (Bureau du Conseil permanent international pour l’exploration de la mer, 1929).Hasle, G. R. Phototactic vertical migration in marine dinoflagellates. Oikos 2, 162–175 (1950).
    Google Scholar 
    Villareal, T. A. et al. Upward transport of oceanic nitrate by migrating diatom mats. Nature 397, 423–425 (1999).CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Villareal, T. & Carpenter, E. Buoyancy regulation and the potential for vertical migration in the oceanic cyanobacterium Trichodesmium. Microb. Ecol. 45, 1–10 (2003).CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Wirtz, K. & Smith, S. L. Vertical migration by bulk phytoplankton sustains biodiversity and nutrient input to the surface ocean. Sci. Rep. 10, 1142 (2020).CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Silsbe, G. M., Behrenfeld, M. J., Halsey, K. H., Milligan, A. J. & Westberry, T. K. The CAFE model: a net production model for global ocean phytoplankton. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 30, 1756–1777 (2016).CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Wang, W.-L., Moore, J. K., Martiny, A. C. & Primeau, F. W. Convergent estimates of marine nitrogen fixation. Nature 566, 205–211 (2019).CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Karl, D. M., Letelier, R., Hebel, D. V., Bird, D. F. & Winn, C. D. in Marine Pelagic Cyanobacteria: Trichodesmium and Other Diazotrophs (eds Carpenter, E. J. et al.) 219–237 (Springer, 1992).Cullen, J. J. Subsurface chlorophyll maximum layers: enduring enigma or mystery solved? Ann. Rev. Mar. Sci. 7, 207–239 (2015).
    Google Scholar 
    Masuda, Y. et al. Photoacclimation by phytoplankton determines the distribution of global subsurface chlorophyll maxima in the ocean. Commun. Earth Environ. 2, 1–8 (2021).
    Google Scholar 
    Anugerahanti, P., Kerimoglu, O. & Smith, S. L. Enhancing ocean biogeochemical models with phytoplankton variable composition. Front. Mar. Sci. 8, 675428 (2021).
    Google Scholar 
    Pérez, V., Fernández, E., Marañón, E., Morán, X. A. G. & Zubkov, M. V. Vertical distribution of phytoplankton biomass, production and growth in the Atlantic subtropical gyres. Deep Sea Res. 1 53, 1616–1634 (2006).
    Google Scholar 
    Cornec, M. et al. Deep chlorophyll maxima in the global ocean: occurrences, drivers and characteristics. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 35, e2020GB006759 (2021).CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Li, Q. P., Wang, Y., Dong, Y. & Gan, J. Modeling long-term change of planktonic ecosystems in the northern South China Sea and the upstream Kuroshio Current. J. Geophys. Res. 120, 3913–3936 (2015).
    Google Scholar 
    Latif, S., Ayub, Z. & Siddiqui, G. Seasonal variability of phytoplankton in a coastal lagoon and adjacent open sea in Pakistan. Turk. J. Botany 37, 398–410 (2013).CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Liang, Y. et al. Nutrient-limitation induced diatom–dinoflagellate shift of spring phytoplankton community in an offshore shellfish farming area. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 141, 1–8 (2019).CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Rahlff, J. et al. Short-term responses to ocean acidification: effects on relative abundance of eukaryotic plankton from the tropical Timor Sea. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 658, 59–74 (2021).CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Kahru, M., Savchuk, O. & Elmgren, R. Satellite measurements of cyanobacterial bloom frequency in the Baltic Sea: interannual and spatial variability. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 343, 15–23 (2007).
    Google Scholar 
    Klais, R., Tamminen, T., Kremp, A., Spilling, K. & Olli, K. Decadal-scale changes of dinoflagellates and diatoms in the anomalous Baltic Sea spring bloom. PLoS ONE 6, e21567 (2011).CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Klais, R., Norros, V., Lehtinen, S., Tamminen, T. & Olli, K. Community assembly and drivers of phytoplankton functional structure. Funct. Ecol. 31, 760–767 (2017).
    Google Scholar 
    Villareal, T. A., Pilskaln, C. H., Montoya, J. P. & Dennett, M. Upward nitrate transport by phytoplankton in oceanic waters: balancing nutrient budgets in oligotrophic seas. PeerJ 2, e302 (2014).
    Google Scholar 
    Mignot, A. et al. Understanding the seasonal dynamics of phytoplankton biomass and the deep chlorophyll maximum in oligotrophic environments: a bio-argo float investigation. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 28, 856–876 (2014).CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Chen, B., Smith, S. L. & Wirtz, K. W. Effect of phytoplankton size diversity on primary productivity in the North Pacific: trait distributions under environmental variability. Ecol. Lett. 22, 56–66 (2019).
    Google Scholar 
    Cabré, A., Marinov, I. & Leung, S. Consistent global responses of marine ecosystems to future climate change across the IPCC AR5 Earth system models. Clim. Dyn. 45, 1253–1280 (2015).
    Google Scholar 
    Giorgetta, M. A. et al. Climate and carbon cycle changes from 1850 to 2100 in MPI-ESM simulations for the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5. J. Adv. Mod. Earth Sys. 5, 572–597 (2013).
    Google Scholar 
    Bopp, L. et al. Multiple stressors of ocean ecosystems in the 21st century: projections with CMIP5 models. Biogeosciences 10, 6225–6245 (2013).
    Google Scholar 
    Fu, W., Randerson, J. T. & Moore, J. K. Climate change impacts on net primary production (NPP) and export production (EP) regulated by increasing stratification and phytoplankton community structure in the CMIP5 models. Biogeosciences 13, 5151–5170 (2016).
    Google Scholar 
    Gliwicz, M. Z. Predation and the evolution of vertical migration in zooplankton. Nature 320, 746–748 (1986).
    Google Scholar 
    Huettel, M., Forster, S., Kloser, S. & Fossing, H. Vertical migration in the sediment-dwelling sulfur bacteria Thioploca spp. in overcoming diffusion limitations. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62, 1863–1872 (1996).CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Waterbury, J. B., Willey, J. M., Franks, D. G., Valois, F. W. & Watson, S. W. A cyanobacterium capable of swimming motility. Science 230, 74–76 (1985).CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    McCarren, J. et al. Inactivation of swmA results in the loss of an outer cell layer in a swimming Synechococcus strain. J. Bacteriol. 187, 224–230 (2005).CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Eppley, R. W., Holm-Hansen, O. & Strickland, J. D. Some observations on the vertical migration of dinoflagellates. J. Phycol. 4, 333–340 (1968).CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Sengupta, A., Carrara, F. & Stocker, R. Phytoplankton can actively diversify their migration strategy in response to turbulent cues. Nature 543, 555–558 (2017).CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Waite, A., Fisher, A., Thompson, P. & Harrison, P. Sinking rate verses cell volume relationships illuminate sinking rate control mechanisms in marine diatoms. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 157, 97–108 (1997).
    Google Scholar 
    Throndsen, J. Motility in some marine nanoplankton flagellates. Nor. J. Zool. 21, 193–200 (1973).
    Google Scholar 
    Gittleson, S. M., Hotchkiss, S. K. & Valencia, F. G. Locomotion in the marine dinoflagellate Amphidinium carterae (Hulburt). Trans. Am. Microsc. Soc. 93, 101–105 (1974).Barsanti, L. et al. Swimming patterns of the quadriflagellate Tetraflagellochloris mauritanica (Chlamydomonadales, Chlorophyceae). J. Phycol. 52, 209–218 (2016).
    Google Scholar 
    Schuech, R. & Menden-Deuer, S. Going ballistic in the plankton: anisotropic swimming behavior of marine protists. Limnol. Oceanogr. Fluids Environ. 4, 1–16 (2014).
    Google Scholar 
    Eppley, R. W., Holmes, R. W. & Strickland, J. D. Sinking rates of marine phytoplankton measured with a fluorometer. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 1, 191–208 (1967).
    Google Scholar 
    Bienfang, P. Phytoplankton sinking rates in oligotrophic waters off Hawaii, USA. Mar. Biol. 61, 69–77 (1980).
    Google Scholar 
    Lisicki, M., Rodrigues, M. F. V., Goldstein, R. E. & Lauga, E. Swimming eukaryotic microorganisms exhibit a universal speed distribution. Elife 8, e44907 (2019).CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Moore, J. & Villareal, T. Buoyancy and growth characteristics of three positively buoyant marine diatoms. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 132 (1996).Hawaii Ocean Time-series (HOT) (School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology at the University of Hawai’i, 2020); http://hahana.soest.hawaii.edu/hot/hot-dogsBermuda Atlantic Time-Series (BATS) (Bermuda Institure of Ocean Sciences, 2020); http://bats.bios.eduThe Japanese 55-Year Reanalysis (JRA-55) (Japan Meteorological Agency, 2020); http://jra.kishou.go.jp/JRA-55Ridgway, K., Dunn, J. & Wilkin, J. Ocean interpolation by four-dimensional weighted least squares—application to the waters around Australasia. J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. 19, 1357–1375 (2002).
    Google Scholar 
    CSIRO Atlas of Regional Seas (CARS) (CSIRO, 2009); http://www.marine.csiro.au/~dunn/cars2009Ocean Colour (ESA-CCI, 2020); http://www.esa-oceancolour-cci.orgCloud (ESA-CCI, 2020); http://www.esa-cloud-cci.orgSea Surface Temperature (ESA-CCI, 2020); http://www.esa-sst-cci.orgRosati, A. & Miyakoda, K. A general circulation model for upper ocean simulation. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 18, 1601–1626 (1988).
    Google Scholar 
    Ralston, D. K., McGillicuddy, D. J. & Townsend, D. W. Asynchronous vertical migration and bimodal distribution of motile phytoplankton. J. Plankton Res. 29, 803–821 (2007).
    Google Scholar 
    Kamykowski, D. & Yamazaki, H. A study of metabolism-influenced orientation in the diel vertical migration of marine dinoflagellates. Limnol. Oceanogr. 42, 1189–1202 (1997).
    Google Scholar 
    Richardson, T. L., Cullen, J. J., Kelley, D. E. & Lewis, M. R. Potential contributions of vertically migrating Rhizosolenia to nutrient cycling and new production in the open ocean. J. Plankton Res. 20, 219–241 (1998).
    Google Scholar 
    Ross, O. N. & Sharples, J. Phytoplankton motility and the competition for nutrients in the thermocline. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 347, 21–38 (2007).CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Chavez, F. P., Messié, M. & Pennington, J. T. Marine primary production in relation to climate variability and change. Ann. Rev. Mar. Sci. 3, 227–260 (2011).
    Google Scholar 
    Saba, V. et al. An evaluation of ocean color model estimates of marine primary productivity in coastal and pelagic regions across the globe. Biogeosciences 8, 489–503 (2011).CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Bhattathiri, P., Devassy, V. & Radhakrishna, K. Primary production in the Bay of Bengal during southwest monsoon of 1978. Mahasagar Bull. Natl Inst. Oceanogr. 13, 315–323 (1980).
    Google Scholar 
    Sarupria, J. & Bhargava, R. Seasonal primary production in different sectors of the EEZ of India. Mahasagar Bull. Natl Inst. Oceanogr. 26, 139–147 (1993).
    Google Scholar 
    Jyothibabu, R. et al. Differential response of winter cooling on biological production in the northeastern Arabian Sea and northwestern Bay of Bengal. Curr. Sci. 87, 783–791 (2004).
    Google Scholar 
    Kumar, S. P. et al. Is the biological productivity in the Bay of Bengal light limited? Curr. Sci. 98, 1331–1339 (2010).CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Kumar, S. P. et al. Seasonal cycle of physical forcing and biological response in the Bay of Bengal. Ind. J. Mar. Sci. 39, 388–405 (2010).CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Buitenhuis, E. T., Hashioka, T. & Quéré, C. L. Combined constraints on global ocean primary production using observations and models. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 27, 847–858 (2013).CAS 

    Google Scholar  More

  • in

    Chemotaxis may assist marine heterotrophic bacterial diazotrophs to find microzones suitable for N2 fixation in the pelagic ocean

    Karl D, Michaels A, Bergman B, Capone D, Carpenter E, Letelier R, et al. Dinitrogen fixation in the world’s oceans. In: Boyer EW, Howarth RW, editors. The nitrogen cycle at regional to global scales. Dordrecht: Springer; 2002. p. 47–98.Berthelot H, Benavides M, Moisander PH, Grosso O, Bonnet S. High-nitrogen fixation rates in the particulate and dissolved pools in the Western Tropical Pacific (Solomon and Bismarck Seas): N2 fixation in the Western Pacific. Geophys Res Lett. 2017;44:8414–23.CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Rahav E, Bar-Zeev E, Ohayion S, Elifantz H, Belkin N, Herut B, et al. Dinitrogen fixation in aphotic oxygenated marine environments. Front Microbiol. 2013;4:227.PubMed 
    PubMed Central 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Bentzon-Tilia M, Traving SJ, Mantikci M, Knudsen-Leerbeck H, Hansen JL, Markager S, et al. Significant N2 fixation by heterotrophs, photoheterotrophs and heterocystous cyanobacteria in two temperate estuaries. ISME J. 2015;9:273–85.CAS 
    PubMed 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Messer LF, Doubell M, Jeffries TC, Brown MV, Seymour JR. Prokaryotic and diazotrophic population dynamics within a large oligotrophic inverse estuary. Aquat Micro Ecol. 2015;74:1–15.Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Sipler RE, Gong D, Baer SE, Sanderson MP, Roberts QN, Mulholland MR, et al. Preliminary estimates of the contribution of Arctic nitrogen fixation to the global nitrogen budget. Limnol Oceanogr Lett. 2017;2:159–66.Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Benavides M, Bonnet S, Berman-Frank I, Riemann L. Deep into oceanic N2 fixation. Front Mar Sci. 2018;5:1–4.Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Mulholland MR, Bernhardt PW, Widner BN, Selden CR, Chappell PD, Clayton S, et al. High rates of N2 fixation in temperate, Western North Atlantic coastal waters expand the realm of marine diazotrophy. Glob Biogeochem Cycles. 2019;33:826–40.CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Zehr JP. Nitrogen fixation by marine cyanobacteria. Trends Microbiol. 2011;19:162–73.CAS 
    PubMed 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Riemann L, Farnelid H, Steward G. Nitrogenase genes in non-cyanobacterial plankton: prevalence, diversity and regulation in marine waters. Aquat Micro Ecol. 2010;61:235–47.Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Farnelid H, Andersson AF, Bertilsson S, Al-Soud WA, Hansen LH, Sørensen S, et al. Nitrogenase gene amplicons from global marine surface waters are dominated by genes of non-cyanobacteria. PLoS ONE. 2011;6:e19223.CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Delmont TO, Quince C, Shaiber A, Esen ÖC, Lee ST, Rappé MS, et al. Nitrogen-fixing populations of Planctomycetes and Proteobacteria are abundant in surface ocean metagenomes. Nat Microbiol. 2018;3:804–13.CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Salazar G, Paoli L, Alberti A, Huerta-Cepas J, Ruscheweyh H-J, Cuenca M, et al. Gene expression changes and community turnover differentially shape the global ocean metatranscriptome. Cell. 2019;179:1068–1083.e21.CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Bombar D, Paerl RW, Riemann L. Marine non-cyanobacterial diazotrophs: moving beyond molecular detection. Trends Microbiol. 2016;24:916–27.CAS 
    PubMed 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Moisander PH, Benavides M, Bonnet S, Berman-Frank I, White AE, Riemann L. Chasing after non-cyanobacterial nitrogen fixation in marine pelagic environments. Front Microbiol. 2017;8:1736.PubMed 
    PubMed Central 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Eady RR, Postgate JR. Nitrogenase. Nature. 1974;249:805–10.CAS 
    PubMed 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Wong PP, Burris RH. Nature of oxygen inhibition of nitrogenase from azotobacter vinelandii. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1972;69:672–5.CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Berman-Frank I, Quigg A, Finkel ZV, Irwin AJ, Haramaty L. Nitrogen-fixation strategies and Fe requirements in cyanobacteria. Limnol Oceanogr. 2007;52:2260–9.Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Inomura K, Bragg J, Follows MJ. A quantitative analysis of the direct and indirect costs of nitrogen fixation: a model based on Azotobacter vinelandii. ISME J. 2017;11:166–75.CAS 
    PubMed 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Paerl HW. Microzone formation: its role in the enhancement of aquatic N2 fixation. Limnol Oceanogr. 1985;30:1246–52.CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Paerl HW, Prufert LE. Oxygen-poor microzones as potential sites of microbial N2 fixation in nitrogen-depleted aerobic marine waters. Appl Env Microbiol. 1987;53:1078–87.CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Riemann L, Rahav E, Passow U, Grossart H-P, de Beer D, Klawonn I, et al. Planktonic aggregates as hotspots for heterotrophic diazotrophy: the plot thickens. Front Microbiol. 2022;13:1092.Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Braun ST, Proctor LM, Zani S, Mellon MT, Zehr JP. Molecular evidence for zooplankton-associated nitrogen-fixing anaerobes based on amplification of the nifH gene. FEMS Microbiol Ecol. 1999;28:273–9.CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Farnelid H, Tarangkoon W, Hansen G, Hansen PJ, Riemann L. Putative N2-fixing heterotrophic bacteria associated with dinoflagellate–Cyanobacteria consortia in the low-nitrogen Indian Ocean. Aquat Micro Ecol. 2010;61:105–17.Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Scavotto RE, Dziallas C, Bentzon-Tilia M, Riemann L, Moisander PH. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria associated with copepods in coastal waters of the North Atlantic Ocean: diazotroph community in association with copepods. Environ Microbiol. 2015;17:3754–65.CAS 
    PubMed 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Farnelid H, Turk-Kubo K, Ploug H, Ossolinski JE, Collins JR, Van Mooy BAS, et al. Diverse diazotrophs are present on sinking particles in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre. ISME J. 2019;13:170–82.PubMed 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Geisler E, Bogler A, Rahav E, Bar-Zeev E. Direct detection of heterotrophic diazotrophs associated with planktonic aggregates. Sci Rep. 2019;9:1–9.CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Pedersen JN, Bombar D, Paerl RW, Riemann L. Diazotrophs and N2-fixation associated with particles in coastal estuarine waters. Front Microbiol. 2018;9:2759.PubMed 
    PubMed Central 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Paerl RW, Hansen TNG, Henriksen NNSE, Olesen AK, Riemann L. N2-fixation and related O2 constraints on model marine diazotroph Pseudomonas stutzeri BAL361. Aquat Micro Ecol. 2018;81:125–36.Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Rahav E, Giannetto MJ, Bar-Zeev E. Contribution of mono and polysaccharides to heterotrophic N2 fixation at the eastern Mediterranean coastline. Sci Rep. 2016;6:27858.CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Chakraborty S, Andersen KH, Visser AW, Inomura K, Follows MJ, Riemann L. Quantifying nitrogen fixation by heterotrophic bacteria in sinking marine particles. Nat Commun. 2021;12:4085.CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Stocker R, Seymour JR, Samadani A, Hunt DE, Polz MF. Rapid chemotactic response enables marine bacteria to exploit ephemeral microscale nutrient patches. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2008;105:4209–14.CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Stocker R, Seymour JR. Ecology and physics of bacterial chemotaxis in the ocean. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2012;76:792–812.CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Garren M, Son K, Raina J-B, Rusconi R, Menolascina F, Shapiro OH, et al. A bacterial pathogen uses dimethylsulfoniopropionate as a cue to target heat-stressed corals. ISME J. 2014;8:999–1007.CAS 
    PubMed 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Son K, Menolascina F, Stocker R. Speed-dependent chemotactic precision in marine bacteria. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2016;113:8624–9.CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Brumley DR, Carrara F, Hein AM, Yawata Y, Levin SA, Stocker R. Bacteria push the limits of chemotactic precision to navigate dynamic chemical gradients. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2019;116:10792–7.CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Müller‐Niklas G, Stefan S, Kaltenböok E, Herndl GJ. Organic content and bacterial metabolism in amorphous aggregations of the northern Adriatic Sea. Limnol Oceanogr. 1994;39:58–68.Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Grossart H-P, Czub G, Simon M. Algae–bacteria interactions and their effects on aggregation and organic matter flux in the sea. Environ Microbiol. 2006;8:1074–84.PubMed 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Smith DC, Simon M, Alldredge AL, Azam F. Intense hydrolytic enzyme activity on marine aggregates and implications for rapid particle dissolution. Nature. 1992;359:139–42.CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Kiørboe T, Ploug H, Thygesen UH. Fluid motion and solute distribution around sinking aggregates. I. Small-scale fluxes and heterogeneity of nutrients in the pelagic environment. Mar Ecol Prog Ser. 2001;211:1–13.Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Kiørboe T, Jackson GA. Marine snow, organic solute plumes, and optimal chemosensory behavior of bacteria. Limnol Oceanogr. 2001;46:1309–18.Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Raina J-B, Lambert BS, Parks DH, Rinke C, Siboni N, Bramucci A, et al. Chemotaxis shapes the microscale organisation of the ocean’s microbiome. Nature. 2022;605:132–8.CAS 
    PubMed 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Lambert BS, Raina J-B, Fernandez VI, Rinke C, Siboni N, Rubino F, et al. A microfluidics-based in situ chemotaxis assay to study the behaviour of aquatic microbial communities. Nat Microbiol. 2017;2:1344–9.CAS 
    PubMed 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Clerc EE, Raina J-B, Lambert BS, Seymour J, Stocker R. In situ chemotaxis assay to examine microbial behavior in aquatic ecosystems. J Vis Exp. 2020;159:e61062.
    Google Scholar 
    Boström KH, Riemann L, Kühl M, Hagström Å. Isolation and gene quantification of heterotrophic N2-fixing bacterioplankton in the Baltic Sea. Environ Microbiol. 2007;9:152–64.PubMed 
    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Farnelid H, Harder J, Bentzon-Tilia M, Riemann L. Isolation of heterotrophic diazotrophic bacteria from estuarine surface waters: heterotrophic diazotrophs in the Baltic Sea. Environ Microbiol. 2014;16:3072–82.CAS 
    PubMed 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    ZoBell CE. Studies on Marine Bacteria I. The cultural requirements of heterotrophic aerobes. J Mar Res. 1941;4:41–75.Alldredge AL, Gotschalk C, Passow U, Riebesell U. Mass aggregation of diatom blooms: Insights from a mesocosm study. Deep Sea Res Part II Top Stud Oceanogr. 1995;42:9–27.CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Thornton DCO. Diatom aggregation in the sea: mechanisms and ecological implications. Eur J Phycol. 2002;37:149–61.Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Turner J. Zooplankton fecal pellets, marine snow and sinking phytoplankton blooms. Aquat Micro Ecol. 2002;27:57–102.Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Schnetzer A, Lampe RH, Benitez-Nelson CR, Marchetti A, Osburn CL, Tatters AO. Marine snow formation by the toxin-producing diatom, Pseudo-nitzschia australis. Harmful Algae. 2017;61:23–30.CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Dittmar T, Koch B, Hertkorn N, Kattner G. A simple and efficient method for the solid-phase extraction of dissolved organic matter (SPE-DOM) from seawater. Limnol Oceanogr Methods. 2008;6:230–5.CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Marie D, Partensky F, Jacquet S, Vaulot D. Enumeration and cell cycle analysis of natural populations of marine picoplankton by flow cytometry using the nucleic acid stain SYBR green. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1997;63:186–93.CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Bramucci AR, Focardi A, Rinke C, Hugenholtz P, Tyson GW, Seymour JR, et al. Microvolume DNA extraction methods for microscale amplicon and metagenomic studies. ISME Commun. 2021;1:1–5.Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Rinke C, Low S, Woodcroft BJ, Raina J-B, Skarshewski A, Le XH, et al. Validation of picogram- and femtogram-input DNA libraries for microscale metagenomics. PeerJ. 2016;4:e2486.PubMed 
    PubMed Central 
    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Bolger AM, Lohse M, Usadel B. Trimmomatic: a flexible trimmer for Illumina sequence data. Bioinformatics. 2014;30:2114–20.CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Li H. Aligning sequence reads, clone sequences and assembly contigs with BWA-MEM. ArXiv13033997 Q-Bio. 2013.Suzek BE, Huang H, McGarvey P, Mazumder R, Wu CH. UniRef: comprehensive and non-redundant UniProt reference clusters. Bioinformatics. 2007;23:1282–8.CAS 
    PubMed 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Kanehisa M, Goto S. KEGG: Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000;28:27–30.CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Buchfink B, Xie C, Huson DH. Fast and sensitive protein alignment using DIAMOND. Nat Methods. 2015;12:59–60.CAS 
    PubMed 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Clarke KR, Gorley RN, Somerfield PJ, Warwick RM. Change in marine communities: an approach to statistical analysis and interpretation. 3rd ed. Plymouth: Primer-E Ltd; 2014.Katoh K, Rozewicki J, Yamada KD. MAFFT online service: multiple sequence alignment, interactive sequence choice and visualization. Brief Bioinform. 2019;20:1160–6.CAS 
    PubMed 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Kozlov AM, Darriba D, Flouri T, Morel B, Stamatakis A. RAxML-NG: a fast, scalable and user-friendly tool for maximum likelihood phylogenetic inference. Bioinformatics. 2019;35:4453–5.CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Edler D, Klein J, Antonelli A, Silvestro D. raxmlGUI 2.0 beta: a graphical interface and toolkit for phylogenetic analyses using RAxML. bioRxiv. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1101/800912.Barbera P, Kozlov AM, Czech L, Morel B, Darriba D, Flouri T, et al. EPA-ng: massively parallel evolutionary placement of genetic sequences. Syst Biol. 2019;68:365–9.PubMed 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Czech L, Barbera P, Stamatakis A. Genesis and Gappa: processing, analyzing and visualizing phylogenetic (placement) data. Bioinformatics. 2020;36:3263–5.CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Chaumeil P-A, Mussig AJ, Hugenholtz P, Parks DH. GTDB-Tk: a toolkit to classify genomes with the Genome Taxonomy Database. Bioinformatics. 2020;36:1925–7.CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Bentzon-Tilia M, Severin I, Hansen LH, Riemann L. Genomics and ecophysiology of heterotrophic nitrogen-fixing bacteria isolated from estuarine surface water. mBio. 2015;6:e00929–15.CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Martínez-Pérez C, Mohr W, Schwedt A, Dürschlag J, Callbeck CM, Schunck H, et al. Metabolic versatility of a novel N2-fixing Alphaproteobacterium isolated from a marine oxygen minimum zone: novel N2-fixer from oxygen minimum zone off Peru. Environ Microbiol. 2018;20:755–68.PubMed 
    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Hyatt D, Chen G-L, LoCascio PF, Land ML, Larimer FW, Hauser LJ. Prodigal: prokaryotic gene recognition and translation initiation site identification. BMC Bioinforma. 2010;11:119.Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Eschemann A, Kühl M, Cypionka H. Aerotaxis in Desulfovibrio. Environ Microbiol. 1999;1:489–94.CAS 
    PubMed 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Zhu S, Kojima S, Homma M. Structure, gene regulation and environmental response of flagella in Vibrio. Front Microbiol. 2013;4:410.Silva MA, Salgueiro CA. Multistep signaling in nature: a close-up of Geobacter chemotaxis sensing. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22:9034.CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Taylor BL, Zhulin IB, Johnson MS. Aerotaxis and other energy-sensing behavior in bacteria. Annu Rev Microbiol. 1999;53:103–28.CAS 
    PubMed 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Colin R, Sourjik V. Emergent properties of bacterial chemotaxis pathway. Curr Opin Microbiol. 2017;39:24–33.CAS 
    PubMed 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Stocker R. Marine microbes see a sea of gradients. Science. 2012;338:628–33.CAS 
    PubMed 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Turk‐Kubo KA, Karamchandani M, Capone DG, Zehr JP. The paradox of marine heterotrophic nitrogen fixation: abundances of heterotrophic diazotrophs do not account for nitrogen fixation rates in the Eastern Tropical South Pacific. Environ Microbiol. 2014;16:3095–114.PubMed 
    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Bentzon-Tilia M, Farnelid H, Jürgens K, Riemann L. Cultivation and isolation of N2-fixing bacteria from suboxic waters in the Baltic Sea. FEMS Microbiol Ecol. 2014;88:358–71.CAS 
    PubMed 
    Article 

    Google Scholar  More

  • in

    DNA barcode reference library for the West Sahara-Sahel reptiles

    Ceballos, G. et al. Accelerated modern human – induced species losses: entering the sixth mass extinction. Sci. Adv. 1, e1400253, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1400253 (2015).ADS 
    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 
    Hoffmann, M. et al. The impact of conservation on the status of the world’s vertebrates. Science 330, 1503–1509, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1194442 (2010).ADS 
    CAS 
    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 
    Whittaker, R. J. et al. Conservation biogeography: assessment and prospect. Divers. Distrib. 11, 3–23, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1366-9516.2005.00143.x (2005).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Dirzo, R. & Raven, P. H. Global state of biodiversity and loss. Annu. Rev. Env. Resour. 28, 137–167, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.energy.28.050302.105532 (2003).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Dinerstein, E. et al. An ecoregion-based approach to protecting half the terrestrial realm. BioScience 67, 534–545, https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/bix014 (2017).Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 
    Brito, J. C. et al. Unravelling biodiversity, evolution and threats to conservation in the Sahara-Sahel. Biol. Rev. 89, 215–231, https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12049 (2014).Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 
    Sampaio, M. et al. Beyond the comfort zone: amphibian diversity and distribution in the West Sahara-Sahel using mtDNA and nuDNA barcoding and spatial modelling. Conserv. Genet. 22(2), 233–248, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-021-01331-8 (2021).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Velo-Antón, G. et al. DNA barcode reference library for the West Sahara-Sahel reptiles, figshare, https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.20338335 (2022).Carranza, S., Arnold, E. N., Geniez, P., Roca, J. & Mateo, J. A. Radiation, multiple dispersal and parallelism in the skinks, Chalcides and Sphenops (Squamata: Scincidae), with comments on Scincus and Scincopus and the age of the Sahara Desert. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 46, 1071–1094, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2007.11.018 (2008).CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Gonçalves, D. V. et al. Phylogeny of North African Agama lizards (Reptilia: Agamidae) and the role of the Sahara desert in vertebrate speciation. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 64, 582–591, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2012.05.007 (2012).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Gonçalves, D. V. et al. The role of climatic cycles and trans-Saharan migration corridors in species diversification: biogeography of Psammophis schokari group in North Africa. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 118, 64–74, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2017.09.009 (2018).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Gonçalves, D. V. et al. Assessing the role of aridity-induced vicariance and ecological divergence in species diversification in North-West Africa using Agama lizards. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 124, 363–380, https://doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/bly055 (2018).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Metallinou, M. et al. Conquering the Sahara and Arabian deserts: Systematics and biogeography of Stenodactylus geckos (Reptilia: Gekkonidae). BMC Evol. Biol. 12, 258, https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-12-258 (2012).Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 
    Metallinou, M. et al. Species on the rocks: Systematics and biogeography of the rock-dwelling Ptyodactylus geckos (Squamata: Phyllodactylidae) in North Africa and Arabia. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 85, 208–220, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2015.02.010 (2015).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Kapli, P. et al. Historical biogeography of the lacertid lizard Mesalina in North Africa and the Middle East. J. Biogeog. 42, 267–279, https://doi.org/10.1111/jbi.12420 (2015).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Tamar, K., Geniez, P., Brito, J. C. & Crochet, P. A. Systematic revision of Acanthodactylus busacki (Squamata: Lacertidae) with a description of a new species from Morocco. Zootaxa 4276(3), 357–386, https://doi.org/10.11646/ZOOTAXA.4276.3.3 (2017).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Velo-Antón, G., Martínez-Freiría, F., Pereira, P., Crochet, P.-A. & Brito, J. C. Living on the edge: ecological and genetic connectivity of the Spiny-footed lizard, Acanthodactylus aureus, confirms the Atlantic Sahara desert as biogeographic corridor and centre of lineage diversification. J. Biogeog. 45, 1031–1042, https://doi.org/10.1111/jbi.13176 (2018).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Vale, C. G., Pimm, S. L. & Brito, J. C. Overlooked mountain rock pools in deserts are critical local hotspots of biodiversity. PLoS ONE 10, e0118367, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0118367 (2015).CAS 
    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 
    Brito, J. C. et al. Conservation Biogeography of the Sahara-Sahel: additional protected areas are needed to secure unique biodiversity. Divers. Distrib. 22, 371–384, https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12416 (2016).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Hawlitschek, O. et al. Comprehensive DNA barcoding of the herpetofauna of Germany. Mol. Ecol. Res. 16, 242–253, https://doi.org/10.1111/1755-0998.12416 (2016).CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Hebert, P. D. N., Cywinska, A., Ball, S. L. & Jeremy, R. Biological Identifications through DNA Barcodes. P. Roy. Soc. Lond. B Bio. 270, 313–321, https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2002.2218 (2003).CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Murphy, R. W. et al. Cold Code: the global initiative to DNA barcode amphibians and nonavian reptiles. Mol. Ecol. Res. 13, 161–167, https://doi.org/10.1111/1755-0998.12050 (2013).CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Vasconcelos, R. et al. Unexpectedly high levels of cryptic diversity uncovered by a complete DNA barcoding of reptiles of the Socotra Archipelago. PLoS ONE 11, e0149985, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0149985 (2016).CAS 
    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 
    Krishnamurthy, P. K. & Francis, R. A. A critical review on the utility of DNA barcoding in biodiversity conservation. Biodiv. Conserv. 21, 1901–1919, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-012-0306-2 (2012).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    DeSalle, R. & Amato, G. The expansion of conservation genetics. Nat. Rev. Genet. 5, 702–12, https://doi.org/10.7312/amat12832-006 (2004).CAS 
    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 
    Campos, J. C. & Brito, J. C. Mapping underrepresented land cover heterogeneity in arid regions: the Sahara-Sahel example. ISPRS J. Photogramm 146, 211–220, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2018.09.012 (2018).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Brito, J. C. et al. Armed conflicts and wildlife decline: Challenges and recommendations for effective conservation policy in the Sahara‐Sahel. Conserv. Lett. 11(5), e12446, https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12446 (2018).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Weiss, D. J. et al. A global map of travel time to cities to assess inequalities in accessibility in 2015. Nature 553, 333–336, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature25181 (2018).ADS 
    CAS 
    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 
    Geniez, P., Mateo, J. A. & Bons, J. A checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of Western Sahara (Amphibia, Reptilia). Herpetozoa 133, 149–63 (2000).
    Google Scholar 
    Geniez, P., Mateo, J. A., Geniez, M. & Pether, J. The Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western Sahara. An Atlas and Field Guide. Chimaira Editions (2004). Available at https://doi.org/10.1643/0045-8511(2007)2007[772:TAAROT]2.0.CO;2Trape, J. – F. & Mané, Y. Guide des Serpents d’Afrique Occidentale: Savane et Désert. IRD éditions (2006).Trape, J.-F., Trape, S. & Chirio, L. Lézards, Crocodiles et Tortues d’Afrique Occidentale et du Sahara. IRD éditions (2012).Dabney, J. et al. Complete mitochondrial genome sequence of a Middle Pleistocene cave bear reconstructed from ultrashort DNA fragments. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 110, 15758–15763, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1314445110 (2013).ADS 
    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 
    Nagy, Z. T., Sonet, G., Glaw, F. & Vences, M. First large-scale DNA barcoding assessment of reptiles in the biodiversity hotspot of Madagascar, based on newly designed COI primers. PLoS ONE 7, e34506, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0034506 (2012).ADS 
    CAS 
    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 
    Folmer, O., Black, M., Hoeh, W., Lutz, R. & Vrijenhoek, R. DNA primers for amplification of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I from diverse metazoan invertebrates. Mol. Mar. Biol. Biotechnol. 3, 294–299 (1994).CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 
    Edgar, R. C. MUSCLE: multiple sequence alignment with high accuracy and high throughput. Nucleic Acids. Res. 32, 1792–1797, https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkh340 (2004).CAS 
    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 
    Kimura, M. A simple method for estimating evolutionary rates of base substitutions through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences. J. Mol. Evol. 16, 111–120, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01731581 (1980).ADS 
    CAS 
    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 
    Brown, S. D. et al. Spider: An R package for the analysis of species identity and evolution, with particular reference to DNA barcoding. Mol. Ecol. Res. 12, 562–565, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-0998.2011.03108.x (2012).ADS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Meier, R., Shiyang, K., Vaidya, G. & Ng, P. K. L. DNA barcoding and taxonomy in diptera: a tale of high intraspecific variability and low identification success. Syst. Biol. 55, 715–728, https://doi.org/10.1080/10635150600969864 (2006).Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 
    Pizzigalli, C. et al. Phylogeographic diversification of the Mesalina olivieri species complex (Squamata: Lacertidae) with the description of a new species and a new subspecies endemic from North West Africa. J. Zool. Syst. Evol. Res. 59, 2321–2349, https://doi.org/10.1111/jzs.12516 (2021).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Mediannikov, O., Trape, S. & Trape, J.-F. A molecular study of the genus Agama (Squamata: Agamidae) in West Africa, with description of two new species and a review of the taxonomy, geographic distribution, and ecology of currently recognized species. Russ. J. Herpetol. 19, 115–142, https://doi.org/10.30906/1026-2296-2012-19-2-115-142 (2012).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Wagner, P., Wilms, T. M., Bauer, A. & Böhme, W. Studies on African Agama. V. On the origin of Lacerta agama Linnaeus, 1758 (Squamata: Agamidae). Bonn. zool. Beitr. 56, 215–223 (2009).
    Google Scholar  More