Ecology

Karlsson, O. et al. Pesticide-induced multigenerational effects on amphibian reproduction and metabolism. Sci. Total Environ. 775, 145771 (2021).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
IUCN. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2021-3. https://www.iucnredlist.org (2022).Wake, D. B. & Koo, M. S. Amphibians. Curr. Biol. 28, R1237–R1241 (2018).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Campbell Grant, E. H., Miller, D. A. & Muths, E. A synthesis of evidence of drivers of amphibian declines. Herpetologica 76, 101–107 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Green, D. M., Lannoo, M. J., Lesbarrères, D. & Muths, E. Amphibian population declines: 30 years of progress in confronting a complex problem. Herpetologica 76, 97–100 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Mason, R., Tennekes, H., Sánchez-Bayo, F. & Jepsen, P. U. Immune suppression by neonicotinoid insecticides at the root of global wildlife declines. J. Environ. Immunol. Toxicol. 1, 3–12 (2013).Article 

Google Scholar 
Adams, E., Leeb, C. & Brühl, C. A. Pesticide exposure affects reproductive capacity of common toads (Bufo bufo) in a viticultural landscape. Ecotoxicology 30, 213–223 (2021).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Frost, D. R. Amphibian species of the world 6,1, an online reference. Electron. Datab. https://doi.org/10.5531/db.vz.0001 (American Museum of Natural History, 2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
Eterovick, P. C., Souza, A. M. & Sazima, I. Anfíbios da Serra do Cipó [Amphibians from the Serra do Cipó]. http://herpeto.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/ANFIBIOS-DA-SERRA-DO-CIPO.pdf (PUCMINAS, 2020).Mijares, A., Rodrigues, M. T. & Baldo, D. Physalaemus cuvieri The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, version 2014.3. http://www.iucnredlist.org (2010). Accessed 9 Jan 2015.de Sá, F. P., Zina, J. & Haddad, C. F. B. Reproductive dynamics of the Neotropical treefrog Hypsiboas albopunctatus (Anura, Hylidae). J. Herpetol. 48, 181–185 (2014).Article 

Google Scholar 
Herek, J. S. et al. Can environmental concentrations of glyphosate affect survival and cause malformation in amphibians? Effects from a glyphosate-based herbicide on Physalaemus cuvieri and P. gracilis (Anura: Leptodactylidae). Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 27, 22619–22630 (2020).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Silva, F. L. et al. Swimming ability in tadpoles of Physalaemus cf. cuvieri, Scinax x-signatus and Leptodactylus latrans (Amphibia: Anura) exposed to the insecticide chlorpyrifos. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Contam. 16, 13–18 (2021).
Google Scholar 
Pavan, F. A. et al. Morphological, behavioral and genotoxic effects of glyphosate and 2,4-D mixture in tadpoles of two native species of South American amphibians. Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 85, 103637 (2021).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Simon-Delso, N. et al. Systemic insecticides (Neonicotinoids and fipronil): Trends, uses, mode of action and metabolites. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 22, 5–34 (2015).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Pietrzak, D., Kania, J., Malina, G., Kmiecik, E. & Wątor, K. Pesticides from the EU first and second watch lists in the water environment. Clean 47, 1–10 (2019).
Google Scholar 
IBAMA: Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis. Relatório de comercialização de agrotóxicos 2019 [Brazilian Pesticide Marketing Report 2019] https://www.ibama.gov.br/agrotoxicos/relatorios-de-comercializacao-de-agrotoxicos#boletinsanuais (2021).IBAMA: Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis. Vendas de ingredientes ativos por UF [Active ingredient sales by UF in Brazil]. http://ibama.gov.br/phocadownload/qualidadeambiental/relatorios/2019/Vendas_ingredientes_ativos_UF_2019.x (2021).IBAMA – Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis. Boletins anuais de produção, importação, exportação e vendas de agrotóxicos no Brasil [Annual bulletins of production, import, export and sales of pesticides in Brazil]. http://ibama.gov.br/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=594&Itemid=54 (2021).Pietrzak, D., Kania, J., Kmiecik, E., Malina, G. & Wątor, K. Fate of selected neonicotinoid insecticides in soil–water systems: Current state of the art and knowledge gaps. Chemosphere 255, 126981 (2020).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
ANVISA: Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária; Índice Monográfico I13. Imidacloprido. http://portal.anvisa.gov.br/documents/111215/117782/I13+%E2%80%93+Imidacloprido/9d08c7e5-8979-4ee9-b76c-1092899514d7 (2021).Kagabu, S. Discovery of imidacloprid and further developments from strategic molecular designs. J. Agric. Food Chem. 59, 2887–2896 (2011).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Tomizawa, M. & Casida, J. E. Neonicotinoid insecticide toxicology: Mechanisms of selective action. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 45, 247–268 (2005).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Hashimoto, F. et al. Occurrence of imidacloprid and its transformation product (imidacloprid-nitroguanidine) in rivers during an irrigating and soil puddling duration. Microchem. J. 153, 12 (2020).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Hladik, M. L. et al. Year-round presence of neonicotinoid insecticides in tributaries to the Great Lakes, USA. Environ. Pollut. 235, 1022–1029 (2018).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Jurado, A., Walther, M. & Díaz-Cruz, M. Occurrence, fate and environmental risk assessment of the organic microcontaminants included in the Watch Lists set by EU Decisions 2015/495 and 2018/840 in the groundwater of Spain. Sci. Total Environ. 663, 285–296 (2019).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Montagner, C. C. et al. Ten years-snapshot of the occurrence of emerging contaminants in drinking, surface and ground waters and wastewaters from São Paulo State, Brazil. J. Braz. Chem. Soc. 30, 614–632 (2019).CAS 

Google Scholar 
CCME. Council of Ministers of the Environment. Canadian water quality guidelines for the protection of aquatic life. Imidacloprid. In Canadian water quality guidelines, Council of Ministers of the Environment. Winnipeg. https://ccme.ca/en/res/imidacloprid-en-canadian-water-quality-guidelines-for-the-protection-of-aquatic-life.pdf (2007).RIVM. Water quality standards for imidacloprid: Proposal for an update according to the Water Framework Directive in National Institute for Public Health and the Environment. https://www.rivm.nl/bibliotheek/rapporten/270006001.pdf (2014).PAN. Pesticide Action Network. International Consolidated List of Banned Pesticides. https://pan-international.org/pan-international-consolidated-list-of-banned-pesticides/ (2021).Brazil. Secretaria Estadual da Saúde do Rio Grande do Sul. Portaria SES RS nº 320, de 28 de abril de 2014. https://www.cevs.rs.gov.br/upload/arquivos/201705/11110603-portaria-agrotoxicos-n-320-de-28-de-abril-de-2014.pdf. (2014).Kobashi, K. et al. Comparative ecotoxicity of imidacloprid and dinotefuran to aquatic insects in rice mesocosms. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 138, 122–129 (2017).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Islam, M. A., Hossen, M. S., Sumon, K. A. & Rahman, M. M. Acute toxicity of imidacloprid on the developmental stages of common carp Cyprinus carpio. Toxicol. Environ. Health Sci. 11, 244–251 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
Pérez-Iglesias, J. M. et al. The genotoxic effects of the imidacloprid-based insecticide formulation Glacoxan Imida on Montevideo tree frog Hypsiboas pulchellus tadpoles (Anura, Hylidae). Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 104, 120–126 (2014).PubMed 
Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Sievers, M., Hale, R., Swearer, S. E. & Parris, K. M. Contaminant mixtures interact to impair predator-avoidance behaviours and survival in a larval amphibian. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 161, 482–488 (2018).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
USEPA. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Aquatic Life Benchmarks and Ecological Risk Assessments for Registered Pesticides. https://www.epa.gov/pesticide-science-and-assessing-pesticide-risks/aquatic-life-benchmarks-and-ecological-risk. (2021).Feng, S., Kong, Z., Wang, X., Zhao, L. & Peng, P. Acute toxicity and genotoxicity of two novel pesticides on amphibian, Rana N. Hallwell. Chemosphere 56, 457–463 (2004).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
De Arcaute, C. R. et al. Genotoxicity evaluation of the insecticide imidacloprid on circulating blood cells of Montevideo tree frog Hypsiboas pulchellus tadpoles (Anura, Hylidae) by comet and micronucleus bioassays. Ecol. Indic. 45, 632–639 (2014).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Nkontcheu, D. B. K., Tchamadeu, N. N., Ngealekeleoh, F. & Nchase, S. Ecotoxicological effects of imidacloprid and lambda-cyhalothrin (insecticide) on tadpoles of the African common toad, Amietophrynus regularis (Reuss, 1833) (Amphibia: Bufonidae). Emerg. Sci. J. 1, 49–53 (2017).
Google Scholar 
Bortoluzzi, E. C. et al. Contaminação de águas superficiais por agrotóxicos em função do uso do solo numa microbacia hidrográfica de Agudo, RS. Rev. Bras. Eng. Agric. Ambient. 10, 881–887 (2006).Article 

Google Scholar 
Bortoluzzi, E. C. et al. Investigation of the occurrence of pesticide residues in rural wells and surface water following application to tobacco. Quim. Nova 30, 1872–1876 (2007)CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
La, N., Lamers, M., Bannwarth, M., Nguyen, V. V. & Streck, T. Imidacloprid concentrations in paddy rice fields in northern Vietnam: measurement and probabilistic modeling. Paddy Water Environ. 13, 191–203 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
Sweeney, M. R., Thompson, C. M. & Popescu, V. D. Sublethal, behavioral, and developmental effects of the neonicotinoid pesticide imidacloprid on larval wood frogs (Rana sylvatica). Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 40, 1838–1847 (2021).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Gibbons, D., Morrissey, C. & Mineau, P. A review of the direct and indirect effects of neonicotinoids and fipronil on vertebrate wildlife. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 22, 103–118 (2015).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Morrissey, C. A. et al. Neonicotinoid contamination of global surface waters and associated risk to aquatic invertebrates: A review. Environ. Int. 74, 150920 (2015).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Stinson, S. A. et al. Agricultural surface water, imidacloprid, and chlorantraniliprole result in altered gene expression and receptor activation in Pimephales promelas. Sci. Total Environ. 806, 150920. (2022).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
DiGiacopo, D. G. & Hua, J. Evaluating the fitness consequences of plasticity in tolerance to pesticides. Ecol. Evol. 10, 4448–4456 (2020).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Carlson, B. E. & Langkilde, T. Body size variation in aquatic consumers causes pervasive community effects, independent of mean body size. Ecol. Evol. 7, 9978–9990 (2017).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Phung, T. X., Nascimento, J. C. S., Novarro, A. J. & Wiens, J. J. Correlated and decoupled evolution of adult and larval body size in frogs. Proc. Royal Soc. B 287, 20201474 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Beasley, V. R. Direct and indirect effects of environmental contaminants on amphibians. In Reference Module in Earth Systems and Environmental Sciences https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-409548-9.11274-6 (Elsevier, 2020).Toledo, L. F., Sazima, I. & Haddad, C. F. B. Behavioural defences of anurans: An overview. Ethol. Ecol. Evol. 23, 1–25 (2011).Article 

Google Scholar 
Hartmann, M. T., Hartmann, P. A. & Haddad, C. F. B. Reproductive modes and fecundity of an assemblage of anuran amphibians in the Atlantic rainforest, Brazil. Inheringia 100, 207–215 (2010).Article 

Google Scholar 
Pupin, N. C., Gasparini, J. L., Bastos, R. P., Haddad, C. F. B. & Prado, C. P. A. Reproductive biology of an endemic Physalaemus of the Brazilian Atlantic forest, and the trade-off between clutch and egg size in terrestrial breeders of the P. signifer group. Herpetol. J. 20, 147–156 (2010).
Google Scholar 
Pereira, G. & Maneyro, R. Size-fecundity relationships and reproductive investment in females of Physalaemus riograndensis Milstead, 1960 (Anura, Leiuperidae) in Uruguay. Herpetol. J. 22, 145–150 (2012).
Google Scholar 
Tolledo, J., Silva, E. T., Nunes-de-Almeida, C. H. L. & Toledo, L. F. Anomalous tadpoles in a Brazilian oceanic archipelago: implications of oral anomalies on foraging behaviour, food intake and metamorphosis. Herpetol. J. 24, 237–243 (2014).
Google Scholar 
Annibale, F. S. et al. Smooth, striated, or rough: how substrate textures affect the feeding performance of tadpoles with different oral morphologies. Zoomorphology 139, 97–110 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Venesky, M. D., Wassersug, R. J. & Parris, M. J. The impact of variation in labial tooth number on the feeding kinematics of tadpoles of southern leopard frog (Lithobates sphenocephalus). Copeia 3, 481–486 (2010).Article 

Google Scholar 
Venesky, M. D. et al. Comparative feeding kinematics of tropical hylid tadpoles. J. Exp. Biol. 216, 1928–1937 (2013).PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Jones, S. K. C., Munn, A. J., Penman, T. D. & Byrne, P. G. Long-term changes in food availability mediate the effects of temperature on growth, development and survival in striped marsh frog larvae: implications for captive breeding programmes. Conserv. Physiol. 3, cov029 (2015).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Bach, N. C., Natale, G. S., Somoza, G. M. & Ronco, A. E. Effect on the growth and development and induction of abnormalities by a glyphosate commercial formulation and its active ingredient during two developmental stages of the South-American Creole frog, Leptodactylus latrans. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 23, 23959–23971 (2016).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Capellán, E. & Nicieza, A. G. Non-equivalence of growth arrest induced by predation risk or food limitation: context-dependent compensatory growth in anuran tadpoles. J. Anim. Ecol. 76, 1026–1035 (2007).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Chin, A. M., Hill, D. R., Aurora, M. & Spence, J. R. Morphogenesis and maturation of the embryonic and postnatal intestine. Semin. Cell Dev. Biol. 66, 81–93 (2017).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Sun, Y., Zhang, J., Song, W. & Shan, A. Vitamin E alleviates phoxim-induced toxic effects on intestinal oxidative stress, barrier function, and morphological changes in rats. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 25, 26682–26692 (2018).
Google Scholar 
Ouellet, M. Amphibian deformities: current state of knowledge. In Ecotoxicology of Amphibians and Reptiles (eds Sparling, D. W. et al.) 617–661 (Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 2000).Hussein, M. & Singh, V. Effect on chick embryos development after exposure to neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid. J. Anat. Soc. India 65, 83–89 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
Crosby, E. B., Bailey, J. M., Oliveri, A. N. & Levin, E. D. Neurobehavioral impairments caused by developmental imidacloprid exposure in zebrafish. Neurotoxicol. Teratol. 49, 81–90 (2015).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Lonare, M. et al. Evaluation of imidacloprid-induced neurotoxicity in male rats: A protective effect of curcumin. Neurochem. Int. 78, 122–129 (2014).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Žegura, B., Lah, T. T. & Filipič, M. The role of reactive oxygen species in microcystin-LR-induced DNA damage. Toxicology 200, 59–68 (2004).PubMed 
Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Odetti, L. M., López González, E. C., Romito, M. L., Simoniello, M. F. & Poletta, G. L. Genotoxicity and oxidative stress in Caiman latirostris hatchlings exposed to pesticide formulations and their mixtures during incubation period. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 193, 110312 (2020).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Rutkoski, C. F. et al. Morphological and biochemical traits and mortality in Physalaemus gracilis (Anura: Leptodactylidae) tadpoles exposed to the insecticide chlorpyrifos. Chemosphere 250, 126162 (2020).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Herek, J. S. et al. Genotoxic effects of glyphosate on Physalaemus tadpoles. Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 81, 103516 (2021).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Natale, G. S. et al. Lethal and sublethal effects of the pirimicarb-based formulation Aficida® on Boana pulchella (Duméril and Bibron, 1841) tadpoles (Anura, Hylidae). Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 147, 471–479 (2018)
Google Scholar 
Gilbert, S. F. Developmental Biology, 8th edn. (Sinauer Associates, 2006).Soto, M., García-Santisteban, I., Krenning, L., Medema, R. H. & Raaijmakers, J. A. Chromosomes trapped in micronuclei are liable to segregation errors. J. Cell Sci. 131, 214742 (2018).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Crott, J. & Fenech, M. Preliminary study of the genotoxic potential of homocysteine in human lymphocytes in vitro. Mutagenesis 16, 213–217 (2001).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Benvindo-Souza, M. et al. Micronucleus test in tadpole erythrocytes: Trends in studies and new paths. Chemosphere 240, 124910 (2020).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Fenech, M. The in vitro micronucleus technique. Mutat. Res. 455, 81–95 (2000).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Podratz, J. L. et al. Drosophila melanogaster: A new model to study cisplatin-induced neurotoxicity. Neurobiol. Dis. 43, 330–337 (2011).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Iturburu, F. G. et al. Uptake, distribution in different tissues, and genotoxicity of imidacloprid in the freshwater fish Australoheros facetus. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 36, 699–708 (2017).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Vieira, C. E. D., Pérez, M. R., Acayaba, R. D. A., Raimundo, C. C. M. & Martinez, C. B. R. DNA damage and oxidative stress induced by imidacloprid exposure in different tissues of the Neotropical fish Prochilodus lineatus. Chemosphere 195, 125–134 (2018).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Sanchéz-Bayo, F., Goka, K. & Hayasaka, D. Contamination of the aquatic environment with neonicotinoids and its implication for ecosystems. Front. Environ. Sci. 4, 71 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
Wood, T. & Goulson, D. The environmental risks of neonicotinoid pesticides: a review of the evidence post-2013. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 24, 17285–17325 (2017).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Craddock, H. A., Huang, D., Turner, P.C., Quirós-Alcalá, L. & Payne-Sturges, D. C. Trends in neonicotinoid pesticide residues in food and water in the United States, 1999–2015. Environ. Health 18, 7 (2019).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Heyer, R. et al. Leptodactylus latrans. IUCN Red List https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-2.RLTS.T57151A11592655.en (2010).Ade, C. M., Boone, M. D. & Puglis, H. J. Effects of an insecticide and potential predators on green frogs and northern cricket frogs. J. Herpetol. 44, 591–600 (2010).Article 

Google Scholar 
Sarkar, M. A., Roy, S., Kole, R. K. & Chowdhury, A. Persistence and metabolism of imidacloprid in different soils of West Bengal. Pest Manag. Sci. 57, 598–602 (2001).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Goulson, D. Review: An overview of the environmental risks posed by neonicotinoid insecticides. J. Appl. Ecol. 50, 977–987 (2013).Article 

Google Scholar 
Mineau, P. Neonic insecticides and invertebrate species endangerment. In Reference Module in Earth Systems and Environmental Sciences https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-821139-7.00126-4 (2021).Yamamuro, M. et al. Neonicotinoids disrupt aquatic food webs and decrease fishery yields. Science 366, 620–623 (2019).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Gosner. K. L. A simplified table for staging anuran embryos and larvae with notes on identification. Herpetologica 16, 183–190 (1960).
Google Scholar 
Percie-du-Sert, N. et al. The ARRIVE guidelines 2.0: Updated guidelines for reporting animal research. PLoS Biol. 18, e3000410 (2020). CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Herkovits, J. & Pérez-Coll, C. S. AMPHITOX: A customized set of toxicity tests employing amphibian embryos. Symposium on multiple stressor effects in relation to declining amphibian populations. In Multiple Stressor Effects in Relation to Declining Amphibian Populations (eds Linder, G. et al.) 46–60 (ASTM International STP 1443, 2003).Merga, L. B. & Van den Brink, P. J. Ecological effects of imidacloprid on a tropical freshwater ecosystem and subsequent recovery dynamics. Sci. Total Environ. 784, 147167 (2021).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Bonmatin, J.-M. et al. Environmental fate and exposure; neonicotinoids and fipronil. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 22, 35–67 (2015).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Sumon, K. A. et al. Effects of imidacloprid on the ecology of sub-tropical freshwater microcosms. Environ. Pollut. 236, 432–441 (2018).CONCEA – Conselho Nacional de Controle e Experimentação Animal. Resolução normativa Nº 25, 29 de setembro de 2015. Guia Brasileiro de Produção, Manutenção ou Utilização de Animais para Atividades de Ensino ou Pesquisa Científica do Conselho Nacional de Controle e Experimentação Animal. http://www.mctic.gov.br/mctic/export/sites/institucional/institucional/concea/arquivos/legislacao/resolucoes_normativas/Resolucao-Normativa-CONCEA-n-27-de-23.10.2015-D.O.U.-de-27.10.2015-Secao-I-Pag.-10.pdf. (2015).Rutkoski, C. F. et al. Lethal and sublethal effects of the herbicide atrazine in the early stages of development of Physalaemus gracilis (Anura: Leptodactylidae). Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 74, 587–593 (2018).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Pérez-Iglesias, J. M., Soloneski, S., Nikoloff, N., Natale, G. S. & Larramendy, M. L. Toxic and genotoxic effects of the imazethapyr-based herbicide formulation Pivot H® on montevideo tree frog Hypsiboas pulchellus tadpoles (Anura, Hylidae). Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 119, 15–24 (2015).PubMed 
Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Montalvão, M. F. et al. The genotoxicity and cytotoxicity of tannery effluent in bullfrog (Rana catesbeianus). Chemosphere 183, 491–502 (2017).ADS 
PubMed 
Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar  More

Remarks on the residual color patterns in the Kitadani Freshwater BivalvesResidual color patterns in the form of visible pigmentation on fossil molluscan shells are generally uncommon2,3. In the Paleozoic to Mesozoic fossil records, the color patterns were limited to marine species3, which are preserved as black to dark-colored bands running on the shell surface as melanin pigments20,21. The black to dark-colored stripes on the shells of the Kitadani Freshwater Bivalves resemble the color patterns in some extant freshwater bivalves, suggesting that the dark bands are residual color patterns remaining as melanin pigments. Consequently, the Kitadani Freshwater Bivalves represents the oldest and second fossil record of residual color patterns among fossil freshwater bivalves.The residual color patterns of the Kitadani Freshwater Bivalves resemble the color patterns of extant freshwater bivalves in terms of width, number, and distribution of the colored bands. Both the Kitadani Freshwater Bivalves and extant freshwater bivalves examined in this study consist of two types of color patterns: stripes along the growth lines and radial rays tapered toward the umbo. Notably, the former pattern is similar among all the species examined, as it forms in the peripheries of prominent growth lines occurring periodically. In the latter pattern, however, the morphology and distribution of the bands are slightly different between the Kitadani Freshwater Bivalves and the extant species. The Kitadani Freshwater Bivalves exhibits relatively distinct and wide radial rays running roughly parallel to the lengths of the sculpture elements (radial plications and/or wrinkles), while the extant species bear obscure and fine radial rays running diagonally to the lengths of the sculpture elements. Nonetheless, the taxa with V-shaped sculpture elements (wrinkles, ribs or arranged nodules) lack or bear ambiguous radial rays, whether extant (e.g., Triplodon spp., Indochinella spp. and Tritogonia spp.)13,15,22 or extinct (†Trigonioides tetoriensis).Hypothesis I: phylogenetic constraintsThe resemblance of the color patterns between the Kitadani Freshwater Bivalves and the extant unionids possibly resulted from the phylogenetic constrains. Each of the three species of the Kitadani Freshwater Bivalves belongs to a separate family (†Trigonioides tetoriensis: †Trigonioididae, †Plicatounio naktongensis: †Plicatounionidae, and †Matsuomtoina matsumotoi: †Pseudohyriidae) in the order Trigoniida19. Trigoniida in turn, forms the subclass Palaeoheterodonta with Unionida23. This raises a possibility that the color patterns observed in the Kitadani Freshwater Bivalves and the extant unionids is inherited from their most recent common ancestor. In other words, these color patterns, stripes along the growth lines and radial rays tapered toward the umbo, may be the apomorphy for Palaeoheterodonta. In fact, some extant trigoniid species belonging to Neotrigonia exhibit color pattern similar to those in the Kitadani Freshwater Bivalves and extant unionids in this study (e.g. Neotrigonia margaritacea)1.Interestingly, the coloration of color patterns is quite different between unioniids (green to blue colorings) and trigoniids (red to yellow colorings), and the oldest known color patterns of the Palaeoheterodonta (Myophorella nodulosa, a marine species of Trigoniida from the Oxfordian of the Early Jurassic) appears different (concentric rows of patches)10 from those of the Kitadani Freshwater Bivalves or the extant unioniids. These observations suggest that colorations evolved independently, in contrast to the color patterns, between Trigoniida and Unionida, and that Trigoniida more diverse color patterns than Unionida did in the Palaeoheterodont evolutionary history. Although further examination of the fossil record for the residual colors and color patterns in Palaeoheterodonta is essential, it is plausible that the habitat differences may have caused such discrepancy in the colorations and color patterns between Trigoniida (mainly marine) and Unionida (freshwater) in spite of the phylogenetic constrains.Hypothesis II: convergent evolutionThe other possible interpretation of the color pattern similarity between the Kitadani Freshwater Bivalves and extant Unionida, is the convergent evolution. One potential factor that may have caused this convergent evolution of the color patterns is an adaptation to their habitats. In general, much of the convergent evolution in animals occurs through the morphological evolution in response to their habitats24. Similarly in mollusks, shell colors and their patterns are generally influenced by their habitats2,6,25. Considering marine mollusks, the shell colors and their patterns have great diversity due to varying habitat environments, especially in coral reeves that exhibit various colors and complex ecosystem2,6. Conversely, in the freshwater ecosystem, the environmental colors are relatively monotonous with rocks, sand, mud, and green algae8, and such habitat conditions are likely indifferent between the Mesozoic and Cenozoic. As a result, the freshwater bivalves retained simple and monotonous color patterns for adapting to such environments throughout their evolution.Another conceivable factor to explain the convergent evolution in the color patterns of the studied freshwater bivalves is the selection pressure by visual predators. In general, the shell colors and their patterns in bivalves act as camouflages against the predators2,7,8,26,27,28. Previous studies have demonstrated that extant freshwater bivalves are preyed upon by crayfish, fish, birds, reptiles, and mammals29,30. Because shell colors in freshwater bivalves tend to be greenish, such colors may be an adaptation against visual predators for blending into the freshwater sediments on which abundant greenish phytoplanktons occur2,8. Therefore, the evolutionary conservatism in color patterns of freshwater bivalves may result from camouflages into freshwater microenvironments, which has been advantageous against visual predators since the late Early Cretaceous.The above discussion assumes that the visual predators of freshwater bivalves remained similar for at least 120 million years. Which animals could have been potential threads to the Kitadani Freshwater Bivalves, and, in turn, the Early Cretaceous freshwater bivalves? Among the extant visual predators of the freshwater bivalves, those whose lineages were present in the Early Cretaceous include crustaceans (especially brachyuran decapoda31), fish, lizards, turtles, crocodiles, birds, and mammals. Among them, the fossil record of durophagous lizards and mammals can be traced back only to the Late Cretaceous32,33. Conversely, lines of fossil evidence suggest that some fish34,35, turtles36, and crocodiles35 fed on molluscan invertebrates during the Early Cretaceous, and the Kitadani Freshwater Bivalves indeed occurs with abundant lepisosteiform scales, testudinate shells and crocodile teeth. Additionally, at least one Early Cretaceous avian species with crustacean gut contents can be attributed to the durophagous diet37, and the Kitadani Formation has yielded avialan skeletal remains38, and footprints39,40. Therefore, fish, turtles, crocodiles, and birds are likely candidates for visual predators of the Early Cretaceous freshwater bivalves, and have remained so until present. Additionally, while crustaceans have not been identified in the Kitadani Formation, they flourished in the Early Cretaceous and their remains occur with the fossil freshwater bivalves of the time elsewhere31. Thus, crustaceans may have also played a role as visual predators of the freshwater bivalves since the Early Cretaceous.In addition to the crustaceans, fishes, turtles, crocodiles and birds, the visual predators of the Early Cretaceous freshwater bivalves likely include extinct lineages. For example, some pliosauroid plesiosaurs are suggested as being durophagous34, although the freshwater members of the group are considered endemic41 and less likely to be a major thread to the Early Cretaceous freshwater bivalves. Another extinct candidate is non-avian dinosaurs. Ornithischians are suggested to have possessed a dietary flexibility including the durophagy. For instance, well-preserved hadrosaurid coprolites from the Late Cretaceous of Montana, U.S.A. include sizeable crustaceans and mollusks, possibly suggesting that the Cretaceous freshwater mollusks were consumed by these herbivorous dinosaurs42. In addition, some basal ceratopsian psittacosaurids are hypothesized for the durophagy based on the predicted large bite force in the caudal portion of the toothrow43. Among saurischians, some oviraptorosaurian theropods are indicated to consume mollusks with hard shells based on their mandibular features44. While hadrosaurids, psittacosaurids, and oviraptorosaurians have not been identified in the Kitadani Formation, psittacosaurids, and oviraptorosaurians are common elsewhere in the Early Cretaceous of East Asia45,46, and hadrosauroid Koshisaurus is present in the formation47. Because dinosaurs occupied a niche of large terrestrial predators throughout the Mesozoic, they may have acted as one of major mollusk consumers in absence of large lizards and mammals in the Early Cretaceous ecosystem. Thus, the predation pressure by visual predators to the freshwater bivalves in the Early Cretaceous is likely similar to that in the present. Consequently, one of evolutionary adaptations of the freshwater bivalves against such pressure has remained to camouflage in the phytoplankton-rich sediments, leading to the long-term evolutionary conservatism of their color patterns. More

Benchmark regression resultsParallel trend testThe premise of using DID is that the treatment group and control group meet the assumptions of parallel trend, which means that before ETS is officially implemented, the evolution trend of ecologicalization efficiency of industry of the control group and the experimental group is consistent and does not show a systematic difference. This study uses a more rigorous empirical test in parallel trend test: if the interaction coefficient is not significant and is different from zero before the implementation of ETS; and if the interaction coefficient is significant and is different from zero after the implementation of ETS, it indicates that there is no significant difference in ecologicalization efficiency of industry between the control group and the experimental group before the implementation of ETS. Results are shown in Table 4: before ETS was officially implemented, the difference coefficient was not significant; after the official implementation of ETS in 2013, the difference coefficient was significant and not equal to 0, and the ecologicalization efficiency of industry was improved significantly, which met the parallel trend of the DID. Therefore, it is scientific and reasonable to evaluate the effectiveness of ETS with DID.Table 4 Parallel trend test.Full size tableDynamic effect analysisTo compare the conditions of the experimental group and the control group before and after the implementation of ETS, dynamic graphs are drawn in this study, as shown in Fig. 1, which shows the impact of ETS on the regional ecologicalization efficiency of industry. The vertical line represents a 95% confidence interval and the broken line shows the marginal effect of regional ecologicalization efficiency, which means that the confidence interval contains is 0 before ETS’s implementation, and the result is not significant. In contrast, after 2013, the effect of ETS became apparent, the marginal effect gradually increased and the results became significant, perhaps owing to the implementation of ETS.Figure 1Dynamic analysis diagram.Full size imageThe effect of ETS on ecologicalization efficiency of industryControlling time effect and fixed effect, this study collected the data of pilot and non-pilot provinces of ETS from 2007 to 2019 to analyze the impact of ETS on the regional ecologicalization efficiency of industry and regional heterogeneity. The results are shown in Table 5. According to the results in the first column, ETS has significantly promoted the regional ecologicalization efficiency of industry, and the national implementation of ETS has achieved remarkable results. Compared with the regions that are not ETS pilot areas, the ecologicalization efficiency of industry of pilot provinces and cities has increased by 35%. Results also show that ETS has different effects on the ecologicalization efficiency of industry in different regions. Specifically, ETS significantly promoted regional ecologicalization efficiency of industry in the eastern and central regions, and the efficiency in the eastern region was more significant than that of the central region. However, the impact of ETS on the regional ecologicalization efficiency of industry in the western region was negative which may result from the fact that compared to the central and western regions, the east region has better economic development, advanced technology, and lots of talents that can respond to the implementation of ETS, accelerate the upgrade of industries, and improve the utilization level of regional resources. There are many traditional industries in the central and western regions, and the development of scientific and technological levels as well as the resource utilization efficiency there are relatively slow. Besides, it is difficult for the central and western regions to adapt to ETS in a short-term of time leading to the failure of improving the regional ecologicalization efficiency of industry in a short time.Table 5 Influence of ETS on ecologicalization efficiency of industry.Full size tableRobustness testPropensity matching score—double difference method (PSM-DID)The assumption of homogeneity and randomness between the control group and the experimental group is the premise of using the DID model. However, due to the large economic and regional differences among provinces and cities, there may be systematic differences between the experimental group and the control group, which may cause deviations in the results. Therefore, the data after propensity score matching is used in this study, making the matched individuals have no other significant differences unless they have been treated or not. The dual difference is conducted again to avoid self-selection bias, and the robustness of the above results is verified according to the measurement results. Control variables were used to match characteristic variables, the experimental group was matched with the control group, and the Logit model was adopted to delete the samples that fail to meet the matching criteria. After the matching, there are 168 observation values. The regression results of PSM-DID model show that, ETS has positive effects on the regional ecologicalization of industry (0.460***), which again proves that the conclusion that ETS improves regional ecologicalization of industry efficiency is reliable. The results are shown in Table 6.Table 6 The result of the PSM-DID.Full size tableCounterfactual testTo verify the robustness of the results again, six provinces and cities are randomly selected as experimental groups for multiple tests to construct new dummy variables of ETS, and the DID model was used again to verify the credibility of the above results. Four random samples were conducted in this study, and the results are shown in Table 7. It can be seen that the results are not significant, which also reversely proves that ETS improves the regional ecologicalization efficiency of industry.Table 7 Counterfactual test results.Full size tableActing pattern analysis of ETS on the regional ecologicalization efficiency of industryFirst, ETS may improve the regional ecologicalization efficiency of industry through industrial structure optimization and upgrading. Promoting upgrading of the industrial structure is one of the important approaches of social and economic development during the 14th Five-Year Plan formulation and is the only way to promote low-carbon and sustainable development of modern national industries. The upgrading of the industrial structure has been promoted to the national strategic level, contributing to the healthy development of the national economy system. ETS bring costs and benefits to enterprises, forcing them to transform and upgrade, increase investment in environmental protection and use clean energy, and accelerate the pace of energy conservation and emission reduction31. Second, ETS may improve the regional ecologicalization efficiency of industry through the coordinated agglomeration of resources. Marshall’s theory of scale economy, Krugman’s theory of new economic geography, Weber’s theory of agglomeration economy, Coase’s transaction cost theory, and so on reflect the importance of resource aggregation of economic activities through cost-saving, resource sharing, and other ways to improve industrial input–output efficiency, enhance industrial competitiveness, increase regional comprehensive strength and strengthen the competitive advantage of regional industrial clusters32. The benefits generated by resource aggregation far exceed the sum of benefits generated by various industries in the decentralized state. Under the pressure of ETS, enterprises may alleviate the mismatch between labor and capital through the collaborative aggregation of industrial resources, aiming to improve economic benefits and regional resource allocation efficiency and promote regional ecologicalization efficiency of industry. Third, ETS may improve the regional ecologicalization efficiency of industry by supporting ecological optimization. The sustainable development of the ecological environment is closely related to emission reduction policy. To alleviate the bad effects on the ecology, environmental protection is more and more brought to the attention of society and government. Policies for ecological protection have been introduced to reduce pollution20. All regions take effective and targeted measures to control environmental pollution and optimize the investment structure in light of their actual conditions. The purpose of ecological optimization is to improve the regional environment and strengthen pollution control which is one of the important parts of China’s fiscal spending. The government must guide the market to carry out ecological protection and environmental governance according to ETS. Studies have found that a low-carbon pilot policy helps to enhance the level of regional pollution control, promote the harmonious development of regional economy and environment, and then improve the regional ecologicalization efficiency of industry.To explore the transmission mechanism of ETS on the regional ecologicalization of industry efficiency, Baron and Kenny (1986)’s mediating effect model was referred to explore and verify whether there exists a structural optimization upgrade effect, resource synergistic agglomeration effect, ecological optimization support effect when ETC promotes regional ecologicalization efficiency of industry. Table 8 shows the regression results of the influence mechanism of ETS on the regional ecologicalization efficiency of industry. This study refers to the definition and research of industrial optimization and upgrading by Wang Qunwei, Huang Xianglan, and others, and the proportion of tertiary industry added value accounting for industrial added value is selected to measure the effectiveness of industrial optimization and upgrading. For resource synergistic agglomeration effect, this study refers to the calculation methods of Cui Shuhui, Chen Jianjun et al. and adopts the collaborative aggregation index of manufacturing and producer services to measure the collaborative aggregation effect of resources, which effectively avoids the scale difference between different regions. It can be seen from the table that the implementation of ETS has significantly influenced the three effects proposed by this study: the optimization and upgrading effect of industrial structure, the synergistic aggregation effect of resources, and the support effect of ecological optimization. In addition, ETS has a positive and significant impact on the regional ecologicalization efficiency of industry. The results in Columns 3, 5, and 7 of the table show the industrial optimization and upgrading effect, resource synergistic aggregation effect, structural upgrading effect, and resource allocation effect generated in the process of low-carbon pilot policy operation can significantly promote regional ecologicalization efficiency of industry and have an obvious intermediary effect. The mediating effect produced by industrial structure optimization and upgrading is about 0.042, the mediating effect produced by resource synergy agglomeration is about 0.148, and the mediating effect produced by ecological optimization support is about 0.166. According to the Sobal test results, all of them have passed the test, indicating that the above results are reliable.Table 8 Mediating effect test results.Full size table More

Rio Conservation and Sustainability Science Centre, Department of Geography and the Environment, Pontifical Catholic University, Rio de Janeiro, BrazilBernardo B. N. Strassburg, Alvaro Iribarrem, Carlos Leandro Cordeiro, Renato Crouzeilles, Catarina Jakovac, André Braga Junqueira, Eduardo Lacerda & Agnieszka E. LatawiecInternational Institute for Sustainability, Rio de Janeiro, BrazilBernardo B. N. Strassburg, Alvaro Iribarrem, Carlos Leandro Cordeiro, Renato Crouzeilles, Catarina Jakovac, André Braga Junqueira, Eduardo Lacerda, Agnieszka E. Latawiec, Robin L. Chazdon & Carlos Alberto de Mattos ScaramuzzaPrograma de Pós Graduacão em Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, BrazilBernardo B. N. Strassburg, Renato Crouzeilles & Fabio R. ScaranoBotanical Garden Research Institute of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, BrazilBernardo B. N. StrassburgSchool of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, AustraliaHawthorne L. BeyerAgricultural Science Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, BrazilCatarina JakovacInstitut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, SpainAndré Braga JunqueiraDepartment of Geography, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, BrazilEduardo LacerdaDepartment of Production Engineering, Logistics and Applied Computer Science, Faculty of Production and Power Engineering, University of Agriculture in Kraków, Kraków, PolandAgnieszka E. LatawiecSchool of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UKAgnieszka E. LatawiecDepartment of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UKAndrew Balmford, Stuart H. M. Butchart & Paul F. DonaldInternational Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), Gland, SwitzerlandThomas M. BrooksWorld Agroforestry Center (ICRAF), University of The Philippines, Los Baños, The PhilippinesThomas M. BrooksInstitute for Marine & Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, AustraliaThomas M. BrooksBirdLife International, Cambridge, UKStuart H. M. Butchart & Paul F. DonaldDepartment of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USARobin L. ChazdonWorld Resources Institute, Global Restoration Initiative, Washington, DC, USARobin L. ChazdonTropical Forests and People Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, AustraliaRobin L. ChazdonInstitute of Social Ecology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Vienna, AustriaKarl-Heinz Erb & Christoph PlutzarDepartment of Forest Sciences, ‘Luiz de Queiroz’ College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, BrazilPedro BrancalionRSPB Centre for Conservation Science, Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, Edinburgh, UKGraeme Buchanan & Paul F. DonaldSecretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity (SCBD), Montreal, Quebec, CanadaDavid CooperInstituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal, CONICET and Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, ArgentinaSandra DíazUnited Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge, UKValerie Kapos & Lera MilesBiodiversity and Natural Resources (BNR) program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, AustriaDavid Leclère, Michael Obersteiner & Piero ViscontiDivision of Conservation Biology, Vegetation Ecology and Landscape Ecology, University of Vienna, Vienna, AustriaChristoph PlutzarB.B.N.S. wrote the first version of the paper. All authors provided input into subsequent versions of the manuscript. More

Brazil’s government risks fuelling the climate and biodiversity crisis by offsetting the fertilizer shortage resulting from Russia’s invasion of Ukraine this year (J. Liu et al. Nature 604, 425 (2022); S. Osendarp et al. Nature 604, 620–624; 2022). To produce an alternative fertilizer, it plans to mine up to 12 million tonnes annually of rhodoliths taken from an area in the South Atlantic that is roughly the size of the United Kingdom (see go.nature.com/3yhiyio).A full list of co-signatories to this letter appears in Supplementary Information.
Competing Interests
The author declares no competing interests. More

Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain
the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in
Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles
and JavaScript. More

Moraes, G. J., Mcmurtry, J. A., Denmark, H. A. & Campos, C. B. A revised catalog of the mite family Phytoseiidae. Zootaxa 434, 1–494 (2004).Article 

Google Scholar 
Fraulo, A. B. & Liburd, O. E. Biological control of twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, with predatory mite, Neoseiulus californicus, in strawberries. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 43, 109–119 (2007).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Kuştutan, O. & Cakmak, I. Development, fecundity, and prey consumption of Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) fed Tetranychus cinnabarinus Boisduval. Turk. J. Agric. For. 33, 19–28 (2009).
Google Scholar 
Kishimoto, H. et al. Occurrence of Neoseiulus californicus (Acari: Phytoseiidae) on citrus in Kyushu district, Japan. J. Acarol. Soc. Japan 16, 129–137 (2007).Article 

Google Scholar 
Albayrak, T., Yorulmaz, S., İnak, E., Toprak, U. & Van Leeuwen, T. Pirimicarb resistance and associated mechanisms in field-collected and selected populations of Neoseiulus californicus. Pestic. Biochem. Phys. 180, 104984 (2022).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Abdellah, A., Abdelaziz, Z., Philipe, A., Serge, K. & Abdelhamid, E. M. Seasonal trend of Eutetranychus orientalis in Moroccan citrus orchards and its potential control by Neoseiulus californicus and Stethorus punctillum. Syst. Appl. Acarol. 26, 1458–1480 (2021).
Google Scholar 
Vidrih, M., Turnšek, A., Rak Cizej, M., Bohinc, T. & Trdan, S. Results of the single release efficacy of the predatory mite Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) against the two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch) on a hop plantation. Appl. Sci. 11, 118 (2021).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Jiang, C. X., Chen, L., Huang, T. T., Mumtaz, M. & Li, Q. Neoseiulus californicus (Acari: Phytoseiidae) shows good predation potential when reared on an artificial diet supplemented with Tetranychus cinnabarinus. Syst. Appl. Acarol. 26, 2229–2246 (2021).
Google Scholar 
Katayama, H. et al. Density suppression of the citrus red mite Panonychus citri (Acari: Tetranychidae) due to the occurrence of Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) on Satsuma mandarin. Appl. Entomol. Zool. 41, 679–684 (2006).Article 

Google Scholar 
Zhu, R., Guo, J. J., Yi, T. C., Xiao, R. & Jin, D. C. Preying potential of predatory mite Neoseiulus californicus to broad mite Polyphagotarsonemus latus. J. Plant Prot. 46, 465–471 (2019) ([In Chinese]).
Google Scholar 
Silva, D. E. et al. Impact of vineyard agrochemicals against Panonychus ulmi (Acari: Tetranychidae) and its natural enemy, Neoseiulus californicus (Acari: Phytoseiidae) in Brazil. Crop Prot. 123, 5–11 (2019).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Sato, M. E., Da Silva, M. Z., De Souza Filho, M. F., Matioli, A. L. & Raga, A. Management of Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) in strawberry fields with Neoseiulus californicus (Acari: Phytoseiidae) and acaricides. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 42, 107–120 (2007).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
De Souza-Pimentel, G. C. et al. Biological control of Tetranychus urticae (Tetranychidae) on rosebushes using Neoseiulus californicus (Phytoseiidae) and agrochemical selectivity. Rev. Colombi. Entomol. 40, 80–84 (2014).
Google Scholar 
Elith, J. & Leathwick, J. R. Species distribution models: Ecological explanation and prediction across space and time. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 40, 677–697 (2009).Article 

Google Scholar 
Peterson, A. T. & Shaw, J. Lutzomyia vectors for cutaneous leishmaniasis in southern Brazil: ecological niche models, predicted geographic distribution, and climate change effects. Int. J. Parasitol. 33, 919–931 (2003).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Peterson, A. T. & Soberón, J. Species distribution modeling and ecological niche modeling: Getting the Concepts Right. Nat. Conserv. 10, 102–107 (2012).Article 

Google Scholar 
Phillips, S. J., Anderson, R. P. & Schapire, R. E. Maximum entropy modeling of species geographic distributions. Ecol. Model. 190, 231–259 (2006).Article 

Google Scholar 
Stockwell, D. & Peters, D. P. The GARP modelling system: problems and solutions to automated spatial prediction. Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci. 13, 143–158 (1999).Article 

Google Scholar 
Beaumont, L. J., Hughes, L. & Poulsen, M. Predicting species distributions: use of climatic parameters in BIOCLIM and its impact on predictions of species’ current and future distributions. Ecol. Model. 186, 251–270 (2005).Article 

Google Scholar 
Arslan, E. S. & Örücü, Ö. K. MaxEnt modelling of the potential distribution areas of cultural ecosystem services using social media data and GIS. Environ. Dev. Sustain. 23, 2655–2667 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
Hutchinson, G. E. Concluding remarks. Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol. 22, 415–427 (1957).Article 

Google Scholar 
Soberon, J. & Peterson, A. T. Interpretation of models of fundamental ecological niches and species distributions areas. Biodivers. Inf. 2, 1–10 (2005).
Google Scholar 
Ab Lah, N. Z., Yusop, Z., Hashim, M., Salim, J. M. & Numata, S. Predicting the habitat suitability of Melaleuca cajuputi based on the MaxEnt Species Distribution Model. Forests 12, 1449 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
Ali, H. et al. Expanding or shrinking? range shifts in wild ungulates under climate change in Pamir-Karakoram mountains, Pakistan. PLoS ONE 16, e0260031 (2021).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Boral, D. & Moktan, S. Predictive distribution modeling of Swertia bimaculata in Darjeeling-Sikkim Eastern Himalaya using MaxEnt: current and future scenarios. Ecol. Process. 10, 1–16 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
Kamyo, T. & Asanok, L. Modeling habitat suitability of Dipterocarpus alatus (Dipterocarpaceae) using MaxEnt along the Chao Phraya River in Central Thailand. Forest Sci. Technol. 16, 1–7 (2020).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Barber, R. A., Ball, S. G., Morris, R. K. A. & Gilbert, F. Target-group backgrounds prove effective at correcting sampling bias in Maxent models. Divers. Distrib. 28, 128–141 (2022).Article 

Google Scholar 
Pearson, R. G., Raxworthy, C. J., Nakamura, M. & Peterson, A. T. Predicting species distributions from small numbers of occurrence records: a test case using cryptic geckos in Madagascar. J. Biogeogr. 34, 102–117 (2007).Article 

Google Scholar 
Elith, J. et al. Novel methods improve prediction of species’ distributions from occurrence data. Ecography 29, 129–151 (2006).Article 

Google Scholar 
Comino, E., Fiorucci, A., Rosso, M., Terenziani, A. & Treves, A. Vegetation and Glacier Trends in the area of the Maritime Alps Natural Park (Italy): MaxEnt application to predict habitat development. Clim. 9, 54 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
Wang, R. L. et al. Prediction of the potential distribution of the predatory mite Neoseiulus californicus McGregor in China using MaxEnt. Glob. Ecol. Conserv. 29, e01733 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
Bertolino, S. et al. Spatially explicit models as tools for implementing effective management strategies for invasive alien mammals. Mamm. Rev. 50, 187–199 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Raffini, F. et al. From nucleotides to satellite imagery: approaches to identify and manage the invasive Pathogen Xylella fastidiosa and its insect vectors in Europe. Sustainability 12, 4508 (2020).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Tang, J. T., Li, J. H., Lu, H., Lu, F. P. & Lu, B. Q. Potential distribution of an invasive pest, Euplatypus parallelus, in China as predicted by Maxent. Pest Manag. Sci. 75, 1630–1637 (2019).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Chang, Y. et al. Predicting dynamics of the potential breeding habitat of Larus saundersi by MaxEnt model under changing land-use conditions in wetland nature reserve of Liaohe Estuary, China. Remote Sens. 14, 552 (2022).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Freeman, B. G., Lee-Yaw, J. A., Sunday, J. M. & Hargreaves, A. L. Expanding, shifting and shrinking: The impact of global warming on species’ elevational distributions. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 27, 1268–1276 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
Smeraldo, S. et al. Generalists yet different: distributional responses to climate change may vary in opportunistic bat species sharing similar ecological traits. Mamm. Rev. 51, 571–584 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
Pörtner, H. O. et al. Climate Change 2022: The Physical Science Basis. Working Group II contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 15. https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/ (2022).Ahmed, S. E. et al. Scientists and software–surveying the species distribution modelling community. Divers. Distrib. 21, 258–267 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
Tognelli, M. F., Roig-Juñent, S. A., Marvaldi, A. E., Flores, G. E. & Lobo, J. M. An evaluation of methods for modelling distribution of Patagonian insects. Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat. 82, 347–360 (2009).Article 

Google Scholar 
Pangga, I., Salvacion, A., Hamor, N. & Yap, S. Maximum entropy (MaxEnt) modeling of the potential distribution of Aspidiotus rigidus Reyne (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) in the Philippines. Philipp. Agric. Sci. 104, 1–7 (2021).
Google Scholar 
Zhou, R. B. et al. Projecting the potential distribution of Glossina morsitans (Diptera: Glossinidae) under climate change using the MaxEnt model. Biol. 10, 1150 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
Soberon, J. & Peterson, A. T. Interpretation of models of fundamental ecological niches and species’s distribtional areas. Biodivers. Inform. 2, 1–10 (2005).Article 

Google Scholar 
Soberon, J. M. Niche and area of distribution modeling: a population ecology perspective. Ecography 33, 159–167 (2010).Article 

Google Scholar 
Soberon, J. M. & Nakamura, M. Niches and distributional areas: concepts, methods and assumptions. P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 106, 19644–19650 (2009).ADS 
CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Zhang, Y. X., Ji, J., Chen, X., Lin, J. Z. & Chen, B. L. The effect of temperature on reproduction and development duration of Neoseiulus (Amblyseius) californicus (Mcgregor). Fujian J. Agric. Sci. 27, 157–161 (2012) ([In Chinese]).
Google Scholar 
Neto, M. P., Reis, P. R., Zacarias, M. S. & Silva, R. A. Influence of rainfall on mite distribution in organic and conventional coffee systems. Coffee Sci. 5, 67–74 (2010).
Google Scholar 
Hu, Z., Gui, L. Y., Hua, D. K. & Luo, J. Effect of simulated rainfall on laboratory population dynamics of Tetranychus cinnabarinus. J. Environ. Entomol. 38, 936–941 (2016) ([In Chinese]).
Google Scholar 
Lawler, J. J. Climate change adaptation strategies for resource management and conservation planning. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1162, 79–98 (2009).ADS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
www.carbonbrief.org/cmip6-the-next-generation-of-climate-models-explained.Gotoh, T., Yamaguchi, K. & Mori, K. Effect of temperature on life history of the predatory mite Amblyseius (Neoseiulus) californicus (Acari: Phytoseiidae). Exp. Appl. Acarol. 32, 15–30 (2004).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Yuan, X. P., Wang, X. D., Wang, J. W. & Zhao, Y. Y. Effects of brief exposure to high temperature on Neoseiulus californicus. Ying Yong Sheng Tai Xue Bao 26, 853–858 (2015) ([In Chinese]).PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Zhang, G. H. et al. Intraspecific variations on thermal susceptibility in the predatory mite Neoseiulus barkeri Hughes (Acari: Phytoseiidae): responding to long-term heat acclimations and frequent heat hardenings. Biol. Control 121, 208–215 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
Phillips, S. J., Dudík, M. & Schapire, R. E.[Internet] Maxent software for modeling species niches and distributions (Version 3.4.1). url: http://biodiversityinformatics.amnh.org/open_source/maxent/. Accessed 17 March 2022.R Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. url: https://www.R-project.org/ (2021).Seyedizadeh, S., Ghane-Jahromi, M., Sedaratian-Jahromi, A. & Faraji, F. Discovery of the predatory mite Neoseiulus californicus (Acari: Phytoseiidae) in some rose greenhouses in Iran and describing variation in spermathecal calyx shape. Pers. J. Acarol. 6, 67–70 (2017).
Google Scholar 
Fang, X. D., Nguyen, V. L., Ouyang, G. C. & Wu, W. N. Survey of phytoseiid mites (Acari: Mesostigmata, Phytoseiidae) in citrus orchards and a key for Amblyseiinae in Vietnam. Acarologia 60, 254–267 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Greco, N. M., Tetzlaff, G. T. & Liljesthröm, G. G. Presence–absence sampling for Tetranychus urticae and its predator Neoseiulus californicus (Acari: Tetranychidae; Phytoseiidae) on strawberries. Int. J. Pest Manag. 50, 23–27 (2004).Article 

Google Scholar 
Beaulieu, F. & Beard, J. J. Acarine biocontrol agents Neoseiulus californicus sensu Athias-Henriot (1977) and N. barkeri Hughes (Mesostigmata: Phytoseiidae) redescribed, their synonymies assessed, and the identity of N. californicus (McGregor) clarified based on examination of types. Zootaxa 4500, 451–507 (2018).Kawashima, M. & Jung, C. Effects of sheltered ground habitats on the overwintering potential of the predacious mite Neoseiulus californicus (Acari: Phytoseiidae) in apple orchards on mainland Korea. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 55, 375–388 (2011).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Koller, M., Knapp, M. & Schausberger, P. Direct and indirect adverse effects of tomato on the predatory mite Neoseiulus californicus feeding on the spider mite Tetranychus evansi. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 125, 297–305 (2007).Article 

Google Scholar 
Ohno, S. et al. Geographic distribution of phytoseiid mite species (Acari: Phytoseiidae) on crops in Okinawa, a subtropical area of Japan. Entomol. Sci. 15, 115–120 (2012).Article 

Google Scholar 
Tixier, M. S., Otto, J., Kreiter, S., Dos Santos, V. & Beard, J. Is Neoseiulus wearnei the Neoseiulus californicus of Australia? Exp. Appl. Acarol. 62, 267–277 (2014).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Vacacela Ajila, H. E. et al. Supplementary food for Neoseiulus californicus boosts biological control of Tetranychus urticae on strawberry. Pest Manag. Sci. 75, 1986–1992 (2019).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Xu, X. N., Wang, B. M., Wang, E. D. & Zhang, Z. Q. Comments on the identity of Neoseiulus californicus sensu lato (Acari: Phytoseiidae) with a redescription of this species from southern China. Syst. Appl. Acarol. 18, 329–344 (2013).
Google Scholar 
Pringle, K. L. & Heunis, J. M. Biological control of phytophagous mites in apple orchards in the Elgin area of South Africa using the predatory mite, Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) (Mesostigmata: Phytoseiidae): a benefit-cost analysis. Afr. Entomol. 14, 113–121 (2006).
Google Scholar 
Tai, Y. W. et al. R package ‘corrplot’: Visualization of a Correlation Matrix. url: https://github.com/taiyun/corrplot (2021).Muscarella, R. et al. ENMeval: An R package for conducting spatially independent evaluations and estimating optimal model complexity for Maxent ecological niche models. Methods Ecol. Evol. 5, 1198–1205 (2014).Article 

Google Scholar 
Araujo, M. B., Pearson, R. G., Tuiller, W. & Erhard, M. Validation of species–climate impact models under climate change. Glob. Change Biol. 11, 1504–1513 (2005).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Allouche, O., Tsoar, A. & Kadmon, R. Assessing the accuracy of species distribution models: Prevalence, kappa and the true skill statistic (TSS). J. Appl. Ecol. 43, 1223–1232 (2006).Article 

Google Scholar  More

The Sargasso Sea was identified as the spawning area of the European eel (Anguilla anguilla) 100 years ago, and numerous subsequent surveys have verified that eel larvae just a week old are regularly recorded there. However, no adult eels or eel eggs have ever been found, leaving room for alternative hypotheses on the reproduction biology of this enigmatic species. Chang et al.1 theorize about an area along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge as a potential spawning ground. The main argument for this hypothesis was that the chemical signature found in eel otoliths would indicate that early stage larvae had been exposed to a volcanic environment, such as the one present along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Since this correlation was solely based on a mis-interpretation of cited literature data, no new, conclusive information to pinpoint the Mid-Atlantic Ridge as an additional or even alternative spawning area was presented by Chang et al.For more than 100 years, the life history of Atlantic eels remains a matter of scientific debate. In a recent paper by Chang and colleagues, published in Scientific Reports (Sci Rep 10, 15981 (2020)), it is hypothesized that the spawning areas of the European eel (Anguilla anguilla) and the American eel (A. rostrata) are located along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge at longitudes between 50° W and 40° W1. This area lies outside the Sargasso Sea, which has so far been widely assumed to be the spawning region of both species since the beginning of the twentieth century2. The Danish researcher Johannes Schmidt collected eel leptocephali 30 mm long or less, some as short as 9 mm, all south of 30° N and west of 50° W3,4. Since then, Schmidt’s assumption was supported by a number of investigations that found recently hatched European eel larvae ( More