Ecology

Ollerton, J., Winfree, R. & Tarrant, S. How many flowering plants are pollinated by animals?. Oikos 120(3), 321–326 (2011).Article 

Google Scholar 
Aizen, M. A. & Harder, L. D. The global stock of domesticated honey bees is growing slower than agricultural demand for pollination. Curr. Biol. 19(11), 915–918 (2009).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Potts, S. G. et al. Safeguarding pollinators and their values to human well-being. Nature 540(7632), 220–229. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature20588 (2016).ADS 
CAS 
Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Rader, R. et al. Non-bee insects are important contributors to global crop pollination. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 113(1), 146–151 (2016).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Osterman, J. et al. Global trends in the number and diversity of managed pollinator species. Agr. Ecosyst. Environ. 322, 107653 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
Velthuis, H. H. W. & Van Doorn, A. A century of advances in bumblebee domestication and the economic and environmental aspects of its commercialization for pollination. Apidologie 37(4), 421–451 (2006).Article 

Google Scholar 
Hung, K. L. J., Kingston, J. M., Albrecht, M., Holway, D. A. & Kohn, J. R. The worldwide importance of honey bees as pollinators in natural habitats. Proc. Royal Soc. B Biol. Sci. 285(1870), 20172140 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
Brown, M. J. F. & Paxton, R. J. The conservation of bees: A global perspective. Apidologie 40(3), 410–416 (2009).Article 

Google Scholar 
Cameron, S. A. & Sadd, B. M. Global trends in bumble bee health. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 65, 209–232 (2020).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Potts, S. G. et al. Global pollinator declines: Trends, impacts and drivers. Trends Ecol. Evol. 25(6), 345–353 (2010).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Vanbergen, A. J. & Initiative, T. I. P. Threats to an ecosystem service: Pressures on pollinators. Front. Ecol. Environ. 11(5), 251–259 (2013).Article 

Google Scholar 
David, A. et al. Widespread contamination of wildflower and bee-collected pollen with complex mixtures of neonicotinoids and fungicides commonly applied to crops. Environ. Int. 88, 169–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2015.12.011 (2016).CAS 
Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Gradish, A. E. et al. Comparison of pesticide exposure in honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) and bumble bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae): implications for risk assessments. Environ. Entomol. 48(1), 12–21 (2019).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Johnson, R. M., Ellis, M. D., Mullin, C. A. & Frazier, M. Pesticides and honey bee toxicity–USA. Apidologie 41(3), 312–331 (2010).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Johnson, R. M. et al. Ecologically appropriate xenobiotics induce cytochrome P450s in Apis mellifera. PLoS ONE 7(2), e31051. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0031051 (2012).ADS 
CAS 
Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Mullin, C. A. et al. High levels of miticides and agrochemicals in North American apiaries: Implications for honey bee health. PLoS ONE 5(3), e9754. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0009754 (2010).ADS 
CAS 
Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Cameron, S. A. et al. Patterns of widespread decline in North American bumble bees. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 108(2), 662–667 (2011).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Goulson, D., Lye, G. C. & Darvill, B. Decline and conservation of bumble bees. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 53(1), 191–208. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.53.103106.093454 (2008).CAS 
Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Meeus, I., Brown, M. J. F., de Graaf, D. C. & Smagghe, G. Effects of invasive parasites on bumble bee declines. Conserv. Biol. 25(4), 662–671. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2011.01707.x (2011).Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
O’Neal, S. T., Anderson, T. D. & Wu-Smart, J. Y. Interactions between pesticides and pathogen susceptibility in honey bees. Curr. Opin. Insect Sci. 26, 57–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cois.2018.01.006 (2018).Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Botías, C. et al. Multiple stressors interact to impair the performance of bumblebee Bombus terrestris colonies. J. Anim. Ecol. 90(2), 415–431 (2021).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Dance, C., Botías, C. & Goulson, D. The combined effects of a monotonous diet and exposure to thiamethoxam on the performance of bumblebee micro-colonies. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 139, 194–201 (2017).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Fauser-Misslin, A., Sadd, B. M., Neumann, P. & Sandrock, C. Influence of combined pesticide and parasite exposure on bumblebee colony traits in the laboratory. J. Appl. Ecol. 51(2), 450–459 (2014).Article 

Google Scholar 
Zaragoza-Trello, C., Vilà, M., Botías, C. & Bartomeus, I. Interactions among global change pressures act in a non-additive way on bumblebee individuals and colonies. Funct. Ecol. 35(2), 420–434 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
Collett, M., Chittka, L. & Collett, T. S. Spatial memory in insect navigation. Curr. Biol. 23(17), R789–R800 (2013).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Klein, S., Cabirol, A., Devaud, J. M., Barron, A. B. & Lihoreau, M. Why bees are so vulnerable to environmental stressors. Trends Ecol. Evol. 32(4), 268–278 (2017).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Dyer, A. G., Dorin, A., Reinhardt, V., Garcia, J. E. & Rosa, M. G. Bee reverse-learning behavior and intra-colony differences: simulations based on behavioral experiments reveal benefits of diversity. Ecol. Model. 277, 119–131 (2014).Article 

Google Scholar 
Raine, N. E. & Chittka, L. No trade-off between learning speed and associative flexibility in bumblebees: A reversal learning test with multiple colonies. PLoS ONE 7(9), e45096 (2012).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Henry, M. et al. A common pesticide decreases foraging success and survival in honey bees. Science 336(6079), 348–350 (2012).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Siviter, H., Koricheva, J., Brown, M. J. F. & Leadbeater, E. Quantifying the impact of pesticides on learning and memory in bees. J. Appl. Ecol. 55(6), 2812–2821 (2018).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Bitterman, M. E., Menzel, R., Fietz, A. & Schäfer, S. Classical conditioning of proboscis extension in honeybees (Apis mellifera). J. Comp. Psychol. 97(2), 107–119. https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7036.97.2.107 (1983).CAS 
Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Takeda, K. Classical conditioned response in the honey bee. J. Insect Physiol. 6(3), 168–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1910(61)90060-9 (1961).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Laloi, D. et al. Olfactory conditioning of the proboscis extension in bumble bees. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 90(2), 123–129 (1999).Article 

Google Scholar 
Gómez-Moracho, T., Heeb, P. & Lihoreau, M. Effects of parasites and pathogens on bee cognition. Ecol. Entomol. 42, 51–64 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
Garratt, M. P. D. et al. The identity of crop pollinators helps target conservation for improved ecosystem services. Biol. Cons. 169, 128–135 (2014).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Morandin, L. A., Laverty, T. M. & Kevan, P. G. Bumble bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) activity and pollination levels in commercial tomato greenhouses. J. Econ. Entomol. 94(2), 462–467 (2001).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Siviter, H. et al. No evidence for negative impacts of acute sulfoxaflor exposure on bee olfactory conditioning or working memory. PeerJ 7, e7208 (2019).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Sparks, T. C. et al. Sulfoxaflor and the sulfoximine insecticides: Chemistry, mode of action and basis for efficacy on resistant insects. Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. 107(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pestbp.2013.05.014 (2013).CAS 
Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Krupke, C. H., Hunt, G. J., Eitzer, B. D., Andino, G. & Given, K. Multiple routes of pesticide exposure for honey bees living near agricultural fields. PLoS ONE 7(1), e29268 (2012).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Tomizawa, M. & Casida, J. E. Neonicotinoid insecticide toxicology: Mechanisms of selective action. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 45, 247–268 (2005).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Gill, R. J., Ramos-Rodriguez, O. & Raine, N. E. Combined pesticide exposure severely affects individual-and colony-level traits in bees. Nature 491(7422), 105–108 (2012).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Stanley, D. A., Russell, A. L., Morrison, S. J., Rogers, C. & Raine, N. E. Investigating the impacts of field-realistic exposure to a neonicotinoid pesticide on bumblebee foraging, homing ability and colony growth. J. Appl. Ecol. 53(5), 1440–1449 (2016).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Williamson, S. M. & Wright, G. A. Exposure to multiple cholinergic pesticides impairs olfactory learning and memory in honeybees. J. Exp. Biol. 216(10), 1799–1807 (2013).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Yang, E. C., Chuang, Y. C., Chen, Y. L. & Chang, L. H. Abnormal foraging behavior induced by sublethal dosage of imidacloprid in the honey bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 101(6), 1743–1748 (2008).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Yang, E., Chang, H., Wu, W. & Chen, Y. Impaired olfactory associative behavior of honeybee workers due to contamination of imidacloprid in the larval stage. PLoS ONE 7(11), e49472 (2012).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Watson, G. B., Siebert, M. W., Wang, N. X., Loso, M. R. & Sparks, T. C. Sulfoxaflor–A sulfoximine insecticide: Review and analysis of mode of action, resistance and cross-resistance. Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. 178, 104924 (2021).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Cordes, N. et al. Interspecific geographic distribution and variation of the pathogens Nosema bombi and Crithidia species in United States bumble bee populations. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 109(2), 209–216 (2012).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Gillespie, S. Factors affecting parasite prevalence among wild bumblebees. Ecol. Entomol. 35(6), 737–747 (2010).Article 

Google Scholar 
Plischuk, S., Antúnez, K., Haramboure, M., Minardi, G. M. & Lange, C. E. Long-term prevalence of the protists Crithidia bombi and Apicystis bombi and detection of the microsporidium Nosema bombi in invasive bumble bees. Environ. Microbiol. Rep. 9(2), 169–173 (2017).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Shykoff, J. A. & Schmid-Hempel, P. Incidence and effects of four parasites in natural populations of bumble bees in Switzerland. Apidologie 22(2), 117–125 (1991).Article 

Google Scholar 
Gegear, R. J., Otterstatter, M. C. & Thomson, J. D. Bumble-bee foragers infected by a gut parasite have an impaired ability to utilize floral information. Proc. Royal Soc. B Biol. Sci. 273(1590), 1073–1078 (2006).Article 

Google Scholar 
Otterstatter, M. C., Gegear, R. J., Colla, S. R. & Thomson, J. D. Effects of parasitic mites and protozoa on the flower constancy and foraging rate of bumble bees. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 58(4), 383–389 (2005).Article 

Google Scholar 
Martin, C. D., Fountain, M. T. & Brown, M. J. F. Bumblebee olfactory learning affected by task allocation but not by a trypanosome parasite. Sci. Rep. 8(1), 1–8 (2018).
Google Scholar 
Azpiazu, C. et al. Toxicity of the insecticide sulfoxaflor alone and in combination with the fungicide fluxapyroxad in three bee species. Sci. Rep. 11(1), 1–9 (2021).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) et al. Peer review of the pesticide risk assessment for the active substance sulfoxaflor in light of confirmatory data submitted. EFSA J. 17(3), e05633 (2019).
Google Scholar 
Linguadoca, A., Rizzi, C., Villa, S. & Brown, M. J. F. Sulfoxaflor and nutritional deficiency synergistically reduce survival and fecundity in bumblebees. Sci. Total Environ. 795, 148680 (2021).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Sandor, A., Sarospataki, M. & Farkas, S. The mode of action of neonicotinoids on insects. Növényvédelem 51(1), 14–24 (2015).
Google Scholar 
Stanley, D. A., Smith, K. E. & Raine, N. E. Bumblebee learning and memory is impaired by chronic exposure to a neonicotinoid pesticide. Sci. Rep. 5, 16508 (2015).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Alghamdi, A., Dalton, L., Phillis, A., Rosato, E. & Mallon, E. B. Immune response impairs learning in free-flying bumble-bees. Biol. Lett. 4(5), 479–481 (2008).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Mallon, E. B., Brockmann, A. & Schmid-Hempel, P. Immune response inhibits associative learning in insects. Proc. Royal Soc. London Series B Biol. Sci. 270(1532), 2471–2473 (2003).Article 

Google Scholar 
Riddell, C. E. & Mallon, E. B. Insect psychoneuroimmunology: Immune response reduces learning in protein starved bumblebees (Bombus terrestris). Brain Behav. Immun. 20(2), 135–138 (2006).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Fries, I. et al. Molecular characterization of Nosema bombi (Microsporidia: Nosematidae) and a note on its sites of infection in Bombus terrestris (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). J. Apic. Res. 40(3–4), 91–96 (2001).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Siviter, H., Folly, A. J., Brown, M. J. F. & Leadbeater, E. Individual and combined impacts of sulfoxaflor and Nosema bombi on bumblebee (Bombus terrestris) larval growth. Proc. R. Soc. B 287(1932), 20200935 (2020).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Charbonneau, L. R., Hillier, N. K., Rogers, R. E., Williams, G. R. & Shutler, D. Effects of Nosema apis, N. ceranae, and coinfections on honey bee (Apis mellifera) learning and memory. Sci. Rep. 6, 22626 (2016).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Gage, S. L. et al. Nosema ceranae parasitism impacts olfactory learning and memory and neurochemistry in honey bees (Apis mellifera). J. Exp. Biol. 221(4), jeb161489. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.161489 (2018).Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Piiroinen, S. & Goulson, D. Chronic neonicotinoid pesticide exposure and parasite stress differentially affects learning in honeybees and bumblebees. Proc. Royal Soc. B Biol. Sci. 283(1828), 20160246 (2016).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Bell, H. C., Montgomery, C. N., Benavides, J. E. & Nieh, J. C. Effects of nosema ceranae (Dissociodihaplophasida: Nosematidae) and flupyradifurone on olfactory learning in honey bees, Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae). J. Insect Sci. https://doi.org/10.1093/jisesa/ieaa130 (2020).Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Brown, M. J. F., Loosli, R. & Schmid-Hempel, P. Condition-dependent expression of virulence in a trypanosome infecting bumblebees. Oikos 91(3), 421–427. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0706.2000.910302.x (2000).Article 

Google Scholar 
Siviter, H., Brown, M. J. F. & Leadbeater, E. Sulfoxaflor exposure reduces bumblebee reproductive success. Nature 561(7721), 109–112 (2018).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Worden, B. D., Skemp, A. K. & Papaj, D. R. Learning in two contexts: The effects of interference and body size in bumblebees. J. Exp. Biol. 208(11), 2045–2053 (2005).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Riveros, A. J. & Gronenberg, W. Olfactory learning and memory in the bumblebee Bombus occidentalis. Naturwissenschaften 96(7), 851–856. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00114-009-0532-y (2009).ADS 
CAS 
Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Mares, S., Ash, L. & Gronenberg, W. Brain allometry in bumblebee and honey bee workers. Brain Behav. Evol. 66(1), 50–61. https://doi.org/10.1159/000085047 (2005).Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Arce, A. N. et al. Foraging bumblebees acquire a preference for neonicotinoid-treated food with prolonged exposure. Proc. Royal Soc. B Biol. Sci. 285(1885), 20180655. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.0655 (2018).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Muth, F., Gaxiola, R. L. & Leonard, A. S. No evidence for neonicotinoid preferences in the bumblebee Bombus impatiens. Royal Soc. Open Sci. 7(5), 191883 (2020).ADS 
CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Rutrecht, S. T. & Brown, M. J. F. Differential virulence in a multiple-host parasite of bumble bees: resolving the paradox of parasite survival?. Oikos 118(6), 941–949 (2009).Article 

Google Scholar 
Schmid-Hempel, P., Puhr, K., Krüger, N., Reber, C. & Schmid-Hempel, R. Dynamic and genetic consequences of variation in horizontal transmission for a microparasitic infection. Evolution 53(2), 426–434 (1999).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Evans, L. J., Raine, N. E. & Leadbeater, E. Reproductive environment affects learning performance in bumble bees. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 70(12), 2053–2060 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
Cole, R. J. The application of the “triangulation” method to the purification of nosema spores from insect tissues. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 15(2), 193–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-2011(70)90233-8 (1970).Article 

Google Scholar 
Folly, A. J., Barton-Navarro, M. & Brown, M. J. F. Exposure to nectar-realistic sugar concentrations negatively impacts the ability of the trypanosome parasite (Crithidia bombi) to infect its bumblebee host. Ecol. Entomol. 45(6), 1495–1498 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Schlüns, H., Sadd, B. M., Schmid-Hempel, P. & Crozier, R. H. Infection with the trypanosome Crithidia bombi and expression of immune-related genes in the bumblebee Bombus terrestris. Dev. Comp. Immunol. 34(7), 705–709 (2010).PubMed 
Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Yourth, C., Brown, M. J. F. & Schmid-Hempel, P. Effects of natal and novel Crithidia bombi (trypanosomatidae) infections on Bombus terrestris hosts. Insectes Soc. 55(1), 86–90. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00040-007-0974-1 (2008).Article 

Google Scholar 
Fournier, A., Rollin, O., Le Féon, V., Decourtye, A. & Henry, M. Crop-emptying rate and the design of pesticide risk assessment schemes in the honey bee and wild bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 107(1), 38–46 (2014).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Samuelson, E. E. W., Chen-Wishart, Z. P., Gill, R. J. & Leadbeater, E. Effect of acute pesticide exposure on bee spatial working memory using an analogue of the radial-arm maze. Sci. Rep. 6(1), 1–11 (2016).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
R Core Team. (2020). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing.Kassambara, A., Kosinski, M., Biecek, P., & Fabian, S. (2020). survminer: drawing survival curves using ‘ggplot2’. R package version 0.4. 8. 2019.Therneau, T. M. & Lumley, T. Package ‘survival’. R Top Doc 128(10), 28–33 (2020).
Google Scholar 
Bartoń, K. (2020). MuMIn: Multi-Model Inference. R package ver. 1.43. 17. CRAN: The Comprehensive R Archive Network, Berkeley, CA, USA.Wickham, H. ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis (Springer-Verlag, 2016).MATH 
Book 

Google Scholar 
Burnham, K. P., & Anderson, D. R. (2002). A practical information-theoretic approach. Model selection and multimodel inference, 2. More

Young caimans captured in Brazil. Illegal hunting is a major threat to biodiversity.Credit: Collart Hervé/Sygma via Getty

Researchers are increasingly concerned that the world is running two years behind schedule to finalize a new global framework on biodiversity conservation. They say the delay to the agreement, which aims to halt the alarming rate of species extinctions and protect vulnerable ecosystems, has consequences for countries’ abilities to meet ambitious targets to protect biodiversity over the next decade. Representatives from almost 200 member states of the United Nations’ Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) were set to meet in Kunming, China, in October 2020, to finalize a draft agreement. It includes 21 conservation targets, such as protecting 30% of the world’s land and seas. But the meeting, called the 15th Conference of the Parties, was cancelled because of the COVID-19 pandemic and has been postponed several times since.The conference is tentatively rescheduled for late August or early September, but China — which as the conference president is also the host — hasn’t confirmed the date. And now the country’s strict COVID-19 lockdown in Shanghai and rising cases of the virus in Beijing have put that meeting in doubt, too.Researchers say the delay in finalizing the agreement is stalling conservation work, especially in countries that rely on funds committed by wealthier nations to achieve the targets. The almost two-year hold-up means that countries will have less time to meet the agreement’s 2030 deadline. “We now have eight years to do more, whilst many countries are facing a recession and trying to prioritize economic recovery,” says Alice Hughes, a conservation biologist at the University of Hong Kong. “The longer we wait, the more diversity is lost.”A 2019 report estimated that roughly one million species of plants and animals face extinction, many within decades. In the past 2 years alone, the International Union for Conservation of Nature’s Red List has classified more than 100 species as extinct, including the large sloth lemur (Palaeopropithecus ingens), the Guam flying fox (Pteropus tokudae) and the Yunnan lake newt (Cynops wolterstorffi). Sparse monitoring means that the true scale of species and habitat loss is unknown, says Hughes. On top of that, tropical forests, especially in Brazil, are disappearing fast, environmental safeguards have been relaxed in some regions, and researchers have documented escalated poaching of plants driven by unemployment during the pandemic. “Every year we continue to lose biodiversity at an unprecedented and unacceptable rate, undermining nature and human well-being,” says Robert Watson, a retired environmental scientist formerly at the University of East Anglia in Norwich, UK.Releasing fundsThe importance of a global agreement on biodiversity cannot be overstated, says Aban Marker Kabraji, an adviser to the United Nations on biodiversity and climate change. These agreements spur action — for example, governments might hold off on updating or developing their national strategies until after they are settled. “It is extremely important that these meetings take place in the cycle in which they’re planned,” says Kabraji.Global agreements also lead to the release of funds earmarked to help countries to meet their biodiversity goals, such as through the Global Environment Facility, says Hughes. At a preparatory meeting in October 2021, Chinese President Xi Jinping committed 1.5 billion yuan (US$223 million) towards a Kunming Biodiversity Fund to support developing countries in protecting their biodiversity, but details about those funds have yet to be released.Funding delays will be felt especially in “countries which have the highest levels of biodiversity and the fewest resources to actually conserve it”, says Kabraji.Meeting uncertainThe CBD secretariat in Montreal, Canada, has said that the Kunming conference will take place in the third quarter of 2022, but it is waiting on China to confirm dates. David Ainsworth, information officer for the secretariat, says preparations for the meeting are under way, including plans for meeting participants to be isolated from local residents, similar to the process for the Winter Olympics in Beijing in February. There are provisions for the event to be held in another location if a host has to back out, but Ainsworth says there are no official plans to do that yet. Conference officials, including representatives from China, were due to meet on 19 May to discuss the date and location of the summit, he says. A decision to relocate the meeting would require China’s approval, which it is unlikely to agree to, say researchers. But sticking to having the meeting in Kunming could delay it further, owing to China’s strict lockdowns that have brought cities to a standstill. Several major sports events scheduled for later this year, including the Asian Games in Hangzhou, have already been postponed. The meeting will probably be pushed to after September or even next year, says Ma Keping, an ecologist at the Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Botany in Beijing.Some researchers say that the world should wait for China to host the meeting — whenever that will be — and that its leadership is important for the success of negotiations. “The Chinese government has worked very hard to prepare such a meeting,” says Ma. “It should happen in China.”Others think that it is more important that the meeting happens this year — whether in China or not. Facilities to host such a meeting exist in Rome, Nairobi and Montreal. “Any of these places would be preferable to indefinite further delays,” says Hughes.“A further delay sends a problematic signal that habitat loss and species extinction can somehow wait,” says Li Shuo, a policy adviser at Greenpeace China in Beijing.Regardless of when and where the meeting happens, researchers say what’s most important is that the world agrees to ambitious biodiversity goals and delivers on them. The two-year delay has given countries more time to develop the draft framework, but countries have yet to agree to many of the terms, or to figure out how to finance and monitor the work. There are “significant disagreements still on just about every aspect of every target,” says Anne Larigauderie, executive secretary of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services in Bonn, Germany. Nations will meet again only once more — in Nairobi, Kenya, in June — before the agreement is expected to be finalized at the summit in Kunming. More

Hausmann, N., Robson, H. K. & Bailey, G. Marine abundance and its past in the Baltic: a response to Lewis and co-authors. Nat. Commun. Matters Arising (submitted).Lewis, J. P. et al. Marine resource abundance drove pre-agricultural population increase in Stone Age Scandinavia. Nat. Commun. 11, 2006 (2020).ADS 
CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Fischer, A. et al. Coast-inland mobility and diet in the Danish Mesolithic and Neolithic: evidence from stable isotope values of humans and dogs. J. Archaeol.Sci. 34, 2125–2150 (2007).Article 

Google Scholar 
Stein, J. K., Deo, J. N. & Phillips, L. S. Big sites—short time: accumulation rates in archaeological sites. J. Archaeol. Sci. 30, 297–316 (2003).Article 

Google Scholar 
Andersen, S. H. In Shell Middens in Atlantic Europe (eds N. Milner, O. E. Craig, & G.N Bailey) 31–45 (Oxbow Books, 2007).Cloern, J. E., Foster, S. Q. & Kleckner, A. E. Phytoplankton primary production in the world’s estuarine-coastal ecosystems. Biogeosciences 11, 2477–2501 (2014).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Bennike, O. & Jensen, J. B. Postglacial, relative shore-level changes in Lillebælt, Denmark. Geol. Surv. Den. Greenl. Bull. 23, 37–40 (2011).
Google Scholar 
Bjørnsen, M., Clemmensen, L. B., Murray, A. & Pedersen, K. New evidence of the Littorina transgressions in the Kattegat: Optically stimulated luminescence dating of a beach ridge system on Anholt, Denmark. Boreas 37, 157–168 (2008).Article 

Google Scholar 
Berglund, B. E. et al. Early Holocene history of the Baltic Sea, as reflected in coastal sediments in Blekinge, southeastern Sweden. Quat. Int. 130, 111–139 (2005).Article 

Google Scholar 
Bailey, G., Andersen, S. H. & Maarleveld, T. J. In The Archaeology of Europe’s Drowned Landscapes Coastal Research Library (eds G. Bailey et al.) (2020).Bennike, O., Andresen, K. T., Astrup, P. M., Olsen, J. & Seidenkrantz, M.-S. Late Glacial and Holocene shore-level changes in the Aarhus Bugt area, Denmark. GEUS Bull. 47, 6530 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
Rowley-Conwy, P. The laziness of the short-distance hunter: the origins of agriculture in western Denmark. J. Anthropol. Archaeol. 3, 300–324 (1984).Article 

Google Scholar 
Milner, N. In The Archaeology and Historical Ecology of Small Scale Economies (eds V. D. Thompson & J. C. Waggoner Jr.) 16–39 (University Press of Florida, 2013).Shennan, S. et al. Regional population collapse followed initial agriculture booms in mid-Holocene Europe. Nat. Commun. 4, 2486 (2013).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Lewis, J. P. et al. The shellfish enigma across the Mesolithic-Neolithic transition in southern Scandinavia. Quat. Sci. Rev. 151, 315–320 (2016).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Robson, H. K. & Ritchie, K. In Working at the sharp end: from bone and antler to Early Mesolithic life in Northern Europe 10 (eds D. Groß, D. Jantzen, H. Lübke, & J. Meadows) 289–303 (Wachholtz-Verlag, 2020).Aaris-Sørensen, K. Diversity and dynamics of the mammalian fauna in Denmark Throughout the last glacial-interglacial cycle, 115-0 kyr BP. Foss. Strat. 57, 1–59 (2009).
Google Scholar 
Boethius, A. & Ahlström, T. Fish and resilience among Early Holocene foragers of southern Scandinavia: A fusion of stable isotopes and zooarchaeology through Bayesian mixing modelling. J. Archaeol. Sci. 93, 196–210 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
Bennike, O., Jensen, J. B., Lemke, W., Kuijpers, A. & Lomholt, S. Late- and postglacial history of the Great Belt, Denmark. Boreas 33, 18–33 (2004).Article 

Google Scholar 
Bennike, O., Andreasen, M. S., Jensen, J. B., Moros, M. & Noe-Nygaard, N. Early Holocene sea-level changes in Øresund, southern Scandinavia. Geol. Surv. Den. Greenl. Bull. 26, 29–32, www.geus.dk/publications/bull (2012).
Google Scholar 
Boethius, A., Kjällquist, M., Kielman-Schmitt, M., Ahlström, T. & Larsson, L. Early Holocene Scandinavian foragers on a journey to affluence: Mesolithic fish exploitation, seasonal abundance and storage investigated through strontium isotope ratios by laser ablation (LA‐MC-ICP‐MS). PLoS ONE 16, e0245222 (2021).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Petersen, E. B. & Meiklejohn, C. Historical context of the term ‘Complexity’. Acta Archaeol. 78, 181–192 (2007).Article 

Google Scholar 
Bennike, O., Nørgaard-Pedersen, N., Jensen, J. B., Andresen, K. J. & Seidenkrantz, M.-S. Development of the western Limfjord, Denmark, after the last deglaciation: a review with new data. Bull. Geol. Soc. Den. 67, 53–73 (2019).
Google Scholar 
Clemmensen, L. B., Murray, A. S. & Nielsen, L. Quantitative constraints on the sea-level fall that terminated the Littorina Sea Stage, southern Scandinavia. Quat. Sci. Rev. 40, 54–63 (2012).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Mörner, N.-A. Eustatic changes during the last 8,000 years in view of radiocarbon calibration and new information from the Kattegatt region and other northwestern European coastal areas. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 19, 63–85 (1976).Article 

Google Scholar 
Schrøder, N. The Kattegat Island of Anholt: sea-level changes and groundwater formation on an island. J. Transdisciplinary Environ. Stud. 14, 27–49 (2015).
Google Scholar 
Christensen, C. In Denmarks Hunting Stone Age—status and perspectives (eds O. L. Jensen, S. A. Sørensen, & K. M. Hansen) 183–193 (Hørsholm Egns Museum, 2001).Lambeck, K., Rouby, H., Purcell, Y. S. & Sambridge, M. Sea level and global ice volumes from the Last Glacial Maximum to the Holocene. Proc. Natl Acad. U.S.A. 111, 15296–15303 (2014).ADS 
CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar  More

Brown, W. L. Jr. & Wilson, E. O. Character displacement. Syst. Biol. 5, 49–64 (1956).
Google Scholar 
Stuart, Y. E. & Losos, J. B. Ecological character displacement: glass half full or half empty? Trends Ecol. Evol. 28, 402–408 (2013).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Schluter, D. & McPhail, J. D. Ecological character displacement and speciation in sticklebacks. Am. Nat. 140, 85–108 (1992).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Tilman, D., May, R. M., Lehman, C. L. & Nowak, M. A. Habitat destruction and the extinction debt. Nature 371, 65–66 (1994).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Ghoul, M. & Mitri, S. The ecology and evolution of microbial competition. Trends Microbiol. 24, 833–845 (2016).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Pfennig, D. W., Rice, A. M. & Martin, R. A. Ecological opportunity and phenotypic plasticity interact to promote character displacement and species coexistence. Ecology 87, 769–779 (2006).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Bruno, J. F., Stachowicz, J. J. & Bertness, M. D. Inclusion of facilitation into ecological theory. Trends Ecol. Evol. 18, 119–125 (2003).Article 

Google Scholar 
Day, T. & Young, K. A. Competitive and facilitative evolutionary diversification. Bioscience 54, 101–109 (2004).Article 

Google Scholar 
Stachowicz, J. J. Mutualism, facilitation, and the structure of ecological communities. Bioscience 51, 235–246 (2001).Article 

Google Scholar 
Stuart, Y. E., Inkpen, S. A., Hopkins, R. & Bolnick, D. I. Character displacement is a pattern: so, what causes it? Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 121, 711–715 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
Brockhurst, M. A., Hochberg, M. E., Bell, T. & Buckling, A. Character displacement promotes cooperation in bacterial biofilms. Curr. Biol. 16, 2030–2034 (2006).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Ellis, C. N., Traverse, C. C., Mayo-Smith, L., Buskirk, S. W. & Cooper, V. S. Character displacement and the evolution of niche complementarity in a model biofilm community. Evolution 69, 283–293 (2015).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Rainey, P. B., Buckling, A., Kassen, R. & Travisano, M. The emergence and maintenance of diversity: insights from experimental bacterial populations. Trends Ecol. Evol. 15, 243–247 (2000).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Turner, P. E., Souza, V. & Lenski, R. E. Tests of ecological mechanisms promoting the stable coexistence of two bacterial genotypes. Ecology 77, 2119–2129 (1996).Article 

Google Scholar 
Xavier, J. B. & Foster, K. R. Cooperation and conflict in microbial biofilms. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104, 876–881 (2007).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Westeberhard, M. J. Phenotypic plasticity and the origins of diversity. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 20, 249–278 (1989).Article 

Google Scholar 
Turcotte, M. M. & Levine, J. M. Phenotypic plasticity and species coexistence. Trends Ecol. Evol. 31, 803–813 (2016).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Pfennig, D. W. & Pfennig, K. S. Development and evolution of character displacement. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1256, 89–107 (2012).ADS 
PubMed 
MATH 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Finkel, O. M., Castrillo, G., Herrera Paredes, S., Salas Gonzalez, I. & Dangl, J. L. Understanding and exploiting plant beneficial microbes. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 38, 155–163 (2017).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Muller, D. B., Vogel, C., Bai, Y. & Vorholt, J. A. The plant microbiota: systems-level insights and perspectives. Annu. Rev. Genet. 50, 211–234 (2016).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Schlaeppi, K. & Bulgarelli, D. The plant microbiome at work. Mol. Plant Microbe Interact. 28, 212–217 (2015).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Leveau, J. H. & Lindow, S. E. Appetite of an epiphyte: quantitative monitoring of bacterial sugar consumption in the phyllosphere. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98, 3446–3453 (2001).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Lindow, S. E. & Leveau, J. H. Phyllosphere microbiology. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 13, 238–243 (2002).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Meyer, K. M. & Leveau, J. H. Microbiology of the phyllosphere: a playground for testing ecological concepts. Oecologia 168, 621–629 (2012).ADS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Delmotte, N. et al. Community proteogenomics reveals insights into the physiology of phyllosphere bacteria. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 106, 16428–16433 (2009).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Vorholt, J. A. Microbial life in the phyllosphere. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 10, 828–840 (2012).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Carlstrom, C. I. et al. Synthetic microbiota reveal priority effects and keystone strains in the Arabidopsis phyllosphere. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 3, 1445–1454 (2019).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Vorholt, J. A., Vogel, C., Carlstrom, C. I. & Müller, D. B. Establishing causality: opportunities of synthetic communities for plant microbiome research. Cell Host Microbe. 22, 142–155 (2017).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Bai, Y. et al. Functional overlap of the Arabidopsis leaf and root microbiota. Nature 528, 364–369 (2015).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Bodenhausen, N., Horton, M. W. & Bergelson, J. Bacterial communities associated with the leaves and the roots of Arabidopsis thaliana. PLoS ONE 8, e56329 (2013).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Horton, M. W. et al. Genome-wide association study of Arabidopsis thaliana leaf microbial community. Nat. Commun. 5, 5320 (2014).ADS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Roman-Reyna, V. et al. Characterization of the leaf microbiome from whole-genome sequencing data of the 3000 rice genomes project. Rice (NY) 13, 72 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Zarraonaindia, I. et al. The soil microbiome influences grapevine-associated microbiota. mBio. 6, e02527–14 (2015).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Laforest-Lapointe, I. & Whitaker, B. K. Decrypting the phyllosphere microbiota: progress and challenges. Am. J. Bot. 106, 171–173 (2019).PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Baldotto, L. E. B. & Olivares, F. L. Phylloepiphytic interaction between bacteria and different plant species in a tropical agricultural system. Can. J. Microbiol. 54, 918–931 (2008).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Lindow, S. E. & Brandl, M. T. Microbiology of the phyllosphere. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69, 1875–1883 (2003).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Monier, J. M. & Lindow, S. E. Differential survival of solitary and aggregated bacterial cells promotes aggregate formation on leaf surfaces. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100, 15977–15982 (2003).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Monier, J. M. & Lindow, S. E. Frequency, size, and localization of bacterial aggregates on bean leaf surfaces. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70, 346–355 (2004).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Morris, C. E., Monier, J. M. & Jacques, M. A. A technique To quantify the population size and composition of the biofilm component in communities of bacteria in the phyllosphere. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64, 4789–4795 (1998).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Remus-Emsermann, M. N. P. et al. Spatial distribution analyses of natural phyllosphere-colonizing bacteria on Arabidopsis thaliana revealed by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Environ. Microbiol. 16, 2329–2340 (2014).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Remus-Emsermann, M. N. P. & Schlechter, R. O. Phyllosphere microbiology: at the interface between microbial individuals and the plant host. New Phytol. 218, 1327–1333 (2018).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Gourion, B., Rossignol, M. & Vorholt, J. A. A proteomic study of Methylobacterium extorquens reveals a response regulator essential for epiphytic growth. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103, 13186–13191 (2006).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Jacobs, J. L., Carroll, T. L. & Sundin, G. W. The role of pigmentation, ultraviolet radiation tolerance, and leaf colonization strategies in the epiphytic survival of phyllosphere bacteria. Microb. Ecol. 49, 104–113 (2005).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Müller, D. B., Schubert, O. T., Rost, H., Aebersold, R. & Vorholt, J. A. Systems-level proteomics of two ubiquitous leaf commensals reveals complementary adaptive traits for phyllosphere colonization. Mol. Cell. Proteom. 15, 3256–3269 (2016).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Ochsner, A. M. et al. Use of rare-earth elements in the phyllosphere colonizer Methylobacterium extorquens PA1. Mol. Microbiol. 111, 1152–1166 (2019).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Helmann, T. C., Deutschbauer, A. M. & Lindow, S. E. Genome-wide identification of Pseudomonas syringae genes required for fitness during colonization of the leaf surface and apoplast. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 116, 18900–18910 (2019).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Nobori, T. et al. Transcriptome landscape of a bacterial pathogen under plant immunity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 115, E3055–E3064 (2018).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Pulawska, J. et al. Transcriptome analysis of Xanthomonas fragariae in strawberry leaves. Sci. Rep. 10, 20582 (2020).Knief, C. et al. Metaproteogenomic analysis of microbial communities in the phyllosphere and rhizosphere of rice. ISME J. 6, 1378–1390 (2012).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Innerebner, G., Knief, C. & Vorholt, J. A. Protection of Arabidopsis thaliana against leaf-pathogenic Pseudomonas syringae by Sphingomonas strains in a controlled model system. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 77, 3202–3210 (2011).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Vogel, C., Innerebner, G., Zingg, J., Guder, J. & Vorholt, J. A. Forward genetic in planta screen for identification of plant-protective traits of Sphingomonas sp Strain Fr1 against Pseudomonas syringae DC3000. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 78, 5529–5535 (2012).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Ryffel, F. et al. Metabolic footprint of epiphytic bacteria on Arabidopsis thaliana leaves. ISME J. 10, 632–643 (2016).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Vogel, C. M., Potthoff, D. B., Schafer, M., Barandun, N. & Vorholt, J. A. Protective role of the Arabidopsis leaf microbiota against a bacterial pathogen. Nat. Microbiol. 6, 1537–1548 (2021).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Pfeilmeier, S. et al. The plant NADPH oxidase RBOHD is required for microbiota homeostasis in leaves. Nat. Microbiol. 6, 852–864 (2021).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Maier, B. A. et al. A general non-self response as part of plant immunity. Nat. Plants 7, 696–705 (2021).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Breton, C., Snajdrova, L., Jeanneau, C., Koca, J. & Imberty, A. Structures and mechanisms of glycosyltransferases. Glycobiology 16, 29r–37r (2006).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Tao, F., Swarup, S. & Zhang, L. H. Quorum sensing modulation of a putative glycosyltransferase gene cluster essential for Xanthomonas campestris biofilm formation. Environ. Microbiol. 12, 3159–3170 (2010).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Zhou, M. X., Zhu, F., Dong, S. L., Pritchard, D. G. & Wu, H. A novel glucosyltransferase is required for glycosylation of a serine-rich adhesin and biofilm formation by Streptococcus parasanguinis. J. Biol. Chem. 285, 12140–12148 (2010).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Becker, A. et al. Regulation of succinoglycan and galactoglucan biosynthesis in Sinorhizobium meliloti. J. Mol. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 4, 187–190 (2002).CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Halder, U., Banerjee, A. & Bandopadhyay, R. Structural and functional properties, biosynthesis, and patenting trends of bacterial succinoglycan: a review. Indian J. Microbiol. 57, 278–284 (2017).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Niehaus, K. & Becker, A. The role of microbial surface polysaccharides in the Rhizobium-legume interaction. Sub-Cell. Biochem. 29, 73–116 (1998).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Ellis, H. R. Mechanism for sulfur acquisition by the alkanesulfonate monooxygenase system. Bioorg. Chem. 39, 178–184 (2011).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Marco, M. L., Legac, J. & Lindow, S. E. Pseudomonas syringae genes induced during colonization of leaf surfaces. Environ. Microbiol. 7, 1379–1391 (2005).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Yu, X. L. et al. Transcriptional responses of Pseudomonas syringae to growth in epiphytic versus apoplastic leaf sites. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 110, E425–E434 (2013).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Cai, S. J. & Inouye, M. EnvZ-OmpR interaction and osmoregulation in Escherichia coli. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 24155–24161 (2002).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Freeman, B. C. et al. Physiological and transcriptional responses to osmotic stress of two Pseudomonas syringae strains that differ in epiphytic fitness and osmotolerance. J. Bacteriol. 195, 4742–4752 (2013).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Scheublin, T. R. et al. Transcriptional profiling of gram-positive Arthrobacter in the phyllosphere: induction of pollutant degradation genes by natural plant phenolic compounds. Environ. Microbiol. 16, 2212–2225 (2014).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Felix, G., Duran, J. D., Volko, S. & Boller, T. Plants have a sensitive perception system for the most conserved domain of bacterial flagellin. Plant J. 18, 265–276 (1999).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Macho, A. P. & Zipfel, C. Plant PRRs and the activation of innate immune signaling. Mol. Cell 54, 263–272 (2014).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Hopsu-Havu, V. K. & Glenner, G. G. A new dipeptide naphthylamidase hydrolyzing glycyl-prolyl-beta-naphthylamide. Histochemie 7, 197–201 (1966).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Kavi Kishor, P. B., Hima Kumari, P., Sunita, M. S. & Sreenivasulu, N. Role of proline in cell wall synthesis and plant development and its implications in plant ontogeny. Front. Plant Sci. 6, 544 (2015).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Chipperfield, J. R. & Ratledge, C. Salicylic acid is not a bacterial siderophore: a theoretical study. Biometals 13, 165–168 (2000).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Visca, P., Ciervo, A., Sanfilippo, V. & Orsi, N. Iron-regulated salicylate synthesis by Pseudomonas Spp. J. Gen. Microbiol. 139, 1995–2001 (1993).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Seifert, G. J., Barber, C., Wells, B., Dolan, L. & Roberts, K. Galactose biosynthesis in Arabidopsis: genetic evidence for substrate channeling from UDP-D-galactose into cell wall polymers. Curr. Biol. 12, 1840–1845 (2002).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Zablackis, E., Huang, J., Muller, B., Darvill, A. G. & Albersheim, P. Characterization of the cell-wall polysaccharides of Arabidopsis thaliana leaves. Plant Physiol. 107, 1129–1138 (1995).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Santos-Beneit, F. The Pho regulon: a huge regulatory network in bacteria. Front. Microbiol. 6, 402 (2015).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Mortimer, J. C. et al. An unusual xylan in Arabidopsis primary cell walls is synthesised by GUX3, IRX9L, IRX10L and IRX14. Plant J. 83, 413–426 (2015).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Honer Zu Bentrup, K., Miczak, A., Swenson, D. L. & Russell, D. G. Characterization of activity and expression of isocitrate lyase in Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J. Bacteriol. 181, 7161–7167 (1999).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Reinscheid, D. J., Eikmanns, B. J. & Sahm, H. Characterization of the isocitrate lyase gene from Corynebacterium glutamicum and biochemical analysis of the enzyme. J. Bacteriol. 176, 3474–3483 (1994).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Groisman, E. A., Chiao, E., Lipps, C. J. & Heffron, F. Salmonella typhimurium phoP virulence gene is a transcriptional regulator. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86, 7077–7081 (1989).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Lamarche, M. G., Wanner, B. L., Crepin, S. & Harel, J. The phosphate regulon and bacterial virulence: a regulatory network connecting phosphate homeostasis and pathogenesis. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 32, 461–473 (2008).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Jameson, G. N., Cosper, M. M., Hernandez, H. L., Johnson, M. K. & Huynh, B. H. Role of the [2Fe-2S] cluster in recombinant Escherichia coli biotin synthase. Biochemistry 43, 2022–2031 (2004).Sirithanakorn, C. & Cronan, J. E. Biotin, a universal and essential cofactor: synthesis, ligation and regulation. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 45, fuab003 (2021).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Choi-Rhee, E. & Cronan, J. E. Biotin synthase is catalytic in vivo, but catalysis engenders destruction of the protein. Chem. Biol. 12, 461–468 (2005).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Wilmes, P. et al. Community proteogenomics highlights microbial strain-variant protein expression within activated sludge performing enhanced biological phosphorus removal. ISME J. 2, 853–864 (2008).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Beier, S., Rivers, A. R., Moran, M. A. & Obernosterer, I. Phenotypic plasticity in heterotrophic marine microbial communities in continuous cultures. ISME J. 9, 1141–1151 (2015).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Kim, H. et al. High population of Sphingomonas species on plant surface. J. Appl. Microbiol. 85, 731–736 (1998).Article 

Google Scholar 
Singh, P., Santoni, S., Weber, A., This, P. & Peros, J. P. Understanding the phyllosphere microbiome assemblage in grape species (Vitaceae) with amplicon sequence data structures. Sci. Rep. 9, 14294 (2019).Kosma, D. K. et al. The impact of water deficiency on leaf cuticle lipids of Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 151, 1918–1929 (2009).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Piffeteau, A. & Gaudry, M. Biotin uptake: influx, efflux and countertransport in Escherichia coli K12. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 816, 77–82 (1985).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
D’Souza, G. et al. Less is more: selective advantages can explain the prevalent loss of biosynthetic genes in bacteria. Evolution 68, 2559–2570 (2014).PubMed 
Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Hassani, M. A., Duran, P. & Hacquard, S. Microbial interactions within the plant holobiont. Microbiome 6, 58 (2018).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Mas, A., Jamshidi, S., Lagadeuc, Y., Eveillard, D. & Vandenkoornhuyse, P. Beyond the black queen hypothesis. ISME J. 10, 2085–2091 (2016).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Morris, B. E., Henneberger, R., Huber, H. & Moissl-Eichinger, C. Microbial syntrophy: interaction for the common good. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 37, 384–406 (2013).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Pacheco, A. R., Moel, M. & Segre, D. Costless metabolic secretions as drivers of interspecies interactions in microbial ecosystems. Nat. Commun. 10, 103 (2019).ADS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Pande, S. et al. Fitness and stability of obligate cross-feeding interactions that emerge upon gene loss in bacteria. ISME J. 8, 953–962 (2014).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Joyner, D. C. & Lindow, S. E. Heterogeneity of iron bioavailability on plants assessed with a whole-cell GFP-based bacterial biosensor. Microbiol. 146, 2435–2445 (2000).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Remus-Emsermann, M. N., de Oliveira, S., Schreiber, L. & Leveau, J. H. Quantification of lateral heterogeneity in carbohydrate permeability of isolated plant leaf cuticles. Front. Microbiol. 2, 197 (2011).PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Remus-Emsermann, M. N. P., Tecon, R., Kowalchuk, G. A. & Leveau, J. H. J. Variation in local carrying capacity and the individual fate of bacterial colonizers in the phyllosphere. ISME J. 6, 756–765 (2012).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Peredo, E. L. & Simmons, S. L. Leaf-FISH: microscale imaging of bacterial taxa on phyllosphere. Front. Microbiol. 8, 2669 (2018).Dar, D., Dar, N., Cai, L. & Newman, D. K. Spatial transcriptomics of planktonic and sessile bacterial populations at single-cell resolution. Science 373, eabi4882 (2021).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Ledermann, R., Strebel, S., Kampik, C. & Fischer, H. M. Versatile vectors for efficient mutagenesis of Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens and other alphaproteobacteria. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 82, 2791–2799 (2016).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Roux, M. et al. The Arabidopsis leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases BAK1/SERK3 and BKK1/SERK4 are required for innate immunity to hemibiotrophic and biotrophic pathogens. Plant Cell 23, 2440–2455 (2011).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Staswick, P. E., Tiryaki, I. & Rowe, M. L. Jasmonate response locus JAR1 and several related Arabidopsis genes encode enzymes of the firefly luciferase superfamily that show activity on jasmonic, salicylic, and indole-3-acetic acids in an assay for adenylation. Plant Cell 14, 1405–1415 (2002).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Torres, M. A., Dangl, J. L. & Jones, J. D. Arabidopsis gp91phox homologues AtrbohD and AtrbohF are required for accumulation of reactive oxygen intermediates in the plant defense response. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99, 517–522 (2002).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Cao, H., Glazebrook, J., Clarke, J. D., Volko, S. & Dong, X. The Arabidopsis NPR1 gene that controls systemic acquired resistance encodes a novel protein containing ankyrin repeats. Cell 88, 57–63 (1997).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Schlesier, B., Breton, F. & Mock, H. P. A hydroponic culture system for growing Arabidopsis thaliana plantlets under sterile conditions. Plant Mol. Biol. Rep. 21, 449–456 (2003).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Schindelin, J. et al. Fiji: an open-source platform for biological-image analysis. Nat. Methods 9, 676–682 (2012).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Hemmerle, L., Ochsner, A. M., Vonderach, T., Hattendorf, B. & Vorholt, J. A. Mass spectrometry-based approaches to study lanthanides and lanthanide-dependent proteins in the phyllosphere. Methods Enzymol. 650, 215–236 (2021).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Uhrig, R. G. et al. Diurnal dynamics of the Arabidopsis rosette proteome and phosphoproteome. Plant Cell Environ. 44, 821–841 (2021).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Davis, J. J. et al. The PATRIC bioinformatics resource center: expanding data and analysis capabilities. Nucleic Acids Res. 48, D606–D612 (2020).CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Huerta-Cepas, J. et al. eggNOG 4.5: a hierarchical orthology framework with improved functional annotations for eukaryotic, prokaryotic and viral sequences. Nucleic Acids Res. 44, D286–D293 (2016).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Perez-Riverol, Y. et al. The PRIDE database and related tools and resources in 2019: improving support for quantification data. Nucleic Acids Res. 47, D442–D450 (2019).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar  More

Giesecke, T. et al. Towards mapping the late Quaternary vegetation change of Europe. Veg. Hist. Archaeobot. 23, 75–86. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00334-012-0390-y (2013).Article 

Google Scholar 
Fyfe, R. M., Woodbridge, J. & Roberts, N. From forest to farmland: pollen-inferred land cover change across Europe using the pseudobiomization approach. Glob. Chang. Biol. 21, 1197–1212. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12776 (2015).Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Gilliam, F. S. Forest ecosystems of temperate climatic regions: From ancient use to climate change. New Phytol. 212, 871–887. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.14255 (2016).Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Jamrichová, E. et al. Human impact on open temperate woodlands during the middle Holocene in Central Europe. Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 245, 55–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.revpalbo.2017.06.002 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
Kaplan, J. O., Krumhardt, K. M. & Zimmermann, N. The prehistoric and preindustrial deforestation of Europe. Quatern. Sci. Rev. 28, 3016–3034. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2009.09.028 (2009).Article 

Google Scholar 
Kalis, A. J., Merkt, J. & Wunderlich, J. Environmental changes during the Holocene climatic optimum in central Europe—human impact and natural causes. Quatern. Sci. Rev. 22, 33–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-3791(02)00181-6 (2003).Article 

Google Scholar 
Molinari, C. et al. Exploring potential drivers of European biomass burning over the Holocene: A data-model analysis. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 22, 1248–1260. https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.12090 (2013).Article 

Google Scholar 
Roberts, N. et al. Europe’s lost forests: A pollen-based synthesis for the last 11,000 years. Sci. Rep. 8, 716. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-18646-7 (2018).CAS 
Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Ellis, E. C. et al. People have shaped most of terrestrial nature for at least 12,000 years. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 118. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2023483118 (2021).Ellis, E. C. Anthropogenic transformation of the terrestrial biosphere. Philos. Trans. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. 369, 1010–1035. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2010.0331 (2011).Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Drake, B. L. Changes in North Atlantic Oscillation drove Population Migrations and the Collapse of the Western Roman Empire. Sci. Rep. 7, 1227. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-01289-z (2017).CAS 
Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Enters, D., Dörfler, W. & Zolitschka, B. Historical soil erosion and land-use change during the last two millennia recorded in lake sediments of Frickenhauser See, northern Bavaria, central Germany. The Holocene 18, 243–254. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683607086762 (2008).Article 

Google Scholar 
Haldon, J. et al. History meets palaeoscience: Consilience and collaboration in studying past societal responses to environmental change. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 115, 3210–3218. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1716912115 (2018).CAS 
Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Yeloff, D. & van Geel, B. Abandonment of farmland and vegetation succession following the Eurasian plague pandemic of ad 1347?52. J. Biogeogr. 34, 575–582. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2006.01674.x (2007).Article 

Google Scholar 
Alt, K. W. et al. Lombards on the Move—An Integrative Study of the Migration Period Cemetery at Szólád Hungary. PLoS ONE 9, e110793. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0110793 (2014).CAS 
Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Pohl, W. in Ethnicity as a Political Resource Conceptualizations across Disciplines, Regions, and Periods (ed Resource« University of Cologne Forum »Ethnicity as a Political) 201–208 (Transcript Verlag, 2015).Dreibrodt, S. & Wiethold, J. Lake Belau and its catchment (northern Germany): A key archive of environmental history in northern central Europe since the onset of agriculture. The Holocene 25, 296–322. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683614558648 (2014).Article 

Google Scholar 
Dreßler, M. et al. Environmental changes and the Migration Period in northern Germany as reflected in the sediments of Lake Dudinghausen. Quatern. Res. 66, 25–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2006.02.007 (2017).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Leuschner, C. & Ellenberg, H. in Ecology of Central European Forests: Vegetation Ecology of Central Europe, Volume I (eds Christoph Leuschner & Heinz Ellenberg) 31–116 (Springer International Publishing, 2017).Pędziszewska, A. et al. in The Migration Period between the Oder and the Vistula (2 vols) (eds A. Bursche, H. John, & A. Zapolska) 137–198 (Brill, 2020).Mączyńska, M. in The Migration Period between the Oder and the Vistula (2 vols) (eds A. Bursche, H. John, & A. Zapolska) 201–224 (Brill, 2020).Lamentowicz, M. et al. Reconstructing climate change and ombrotrophic bog development during the last 4000years in northern Poland using biotic proxies, stable isotopes and trait-based approach. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 418, 261–277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2014.11.015 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
Makohonienko, M. in Late Glacial and Holocene history of vegetation in Poland based on isopollen maps (eds M. Ralska-Jasiewiczowa et al.) 411–416 (W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, 2004).Ralska-Jasiewiczowa, M., Nalepka, D. & Goslar, T. Some problems of forest transformation at the transition to the oligocratic/ Homo sapiens phase of the Holocene interglacial in northern lowlands of central Europe. Veg. Hist. Archaeobot. 12, 233–247. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00334-003-0021-8 (2003).Article 

Google Scholar 
Moździoch, M. in The Past Societies. Polish lands from the first evidence of human presence to the Early Middle Ages Vol. 5: 500–1000 AD (eds P. Urbańczyk & M. Trzeciecki) 123–167 (The Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 2016).Wołoszyn, M. in The Migration Period between the Oder and the Vistula (2 vols) (eds A. Bursche, H. John, & A. Zapolska) 84–136 (Brill, 2020).Karczewski, M. Archeologia środowiska zachodniobałtyjskiego kręgu kulturowego na pojezierzach. (Bogucki Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 2011).Nowakiewicz, T. in The Past Societies. Polish lands from the first evidence of human presence to the Early Middle Ages (eds P. Urbańczyk & M. Trzeciecki) 170–217 (The Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 2016).Okulicz-Kozaryn, Ł. Dzieje Prusów (Wydawnictwo Monografie FNP, 1997).Okulicz, J. Osadnictwo ziem pruskich od czasów najdawniejszych do XIII wieku. Dzieje Warmii i Mazur w zarysie (Polskie Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1981).Ralska-Jasiewiczowa, M. Correlation between the Holocene history of the Carpinus betulus and prehistoric settlement in North Poland. Acta Soc. Bot. Pol. 33, 461–468 (1964).Article 

Google Scholar 
Noryśkiewicz, A. M. Historia roślinności i osadnictwa ziemi chełmińskiej w późnym holocenie. Studium palinologiczne. (Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika, 2013).Ralska-Jasiewiczowa, M. L., M. et al. Late Glacial and Holocene history of vegetation in Poland based on isopollen maps. (W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, 2004).Brown, A., Poska, A. & Pluskowski, A. The environmental impact of cultural change: Palynological and quantitative land cover reconstructions for the last two millennia in northern Poland. Quatern. Int. 522, 38–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2019.05.014 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
Wacnik, A., Goslar, T. & Czernik, J. Vegetation changes caused by agricultural societies in the Great Mazurian Lake District. Acta Palaeobotanica 52, 59–104 (2012).
Google Scholar 
Pędziszewska, A. et al. Holocene environmental changes reflected by pollen, diatoms, and geochemistry of annually laminated sediments of Lake Suminko in the Kashubian Lake District (N Poland). Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 216, 55–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.revpalbo.2015.01.008 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
Słowiński, M. et al. The role of Medieval road operation on cultural landscape transformation. Sci. Rep. 11, 20876. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-00090-3 (2021).CAS 
Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Gałka, M., Tobolski, K., Zawisza, E. & Goslar, T. Postglacial history of vegetation, human activity and lake-level changes at Jezioro Linówek in northeast Poland, based on multi-proxy data. Veg. Hist. Archaeobotany 23, 123–152. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00334-013-0401-7 (2013).Article 

Google Scholar 
Marks, L. Timing of the Late Vistulian (Weichselian) glacial phases in Poland. Quatern. Sci. Rev. 44, 81–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.08.008 (2012).Article 

Google Scholar 
Woś, A. Klimat Polski. (Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, 1999).Matuszkiewicz, W. et al. Potential natural vegetation of Poland. General map 1:300 000. (IGiPZ PAN, 1995).Zając, A. & Zając, M. Atlas rozmieszczenia roślin naczyniowych w Polsce. Distribution Atlas of Vascular Plants in Poland. (Nakładem Pracowni Chorologii Komputerowej Instytutu Botaniki UJ, 2001).Matuszkiewicz, J. M. & Solon, J. Przestrzenne zróżnicowanie i cechy charakterystyczne krajobrazów Polski w ujęciu geobotanicznym. Problemy Ekologii Krajobrazu XL, 85–101 (2015).Broda, J. Historia leśnictwa w Polsce. (Wydaw. Akademii Rolniczej im. Augusta Cieszkowskiego, 2000).Rozkrut, D. et al. Statistical Yearbook of Forestry. (Główny Urząd Statystyczny, 2020).Lamentowicz, M. et al. Climate and human induced hydrological change since AD 800 in an ombrotrophic mire in Pomerania (N Poland) tracked by testate amoebae, macro-fossils, pollen and tree rings of pine. Boreas 38, 214–229. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1502-3885.2008.00047.x (2009).Article 

Google Scholar 
Lamentowicz, M. et al. How Joannites’ economy eradicated primeval forest and created anthroecosystems in medieval Central Europe. Sci. Rep. 10, 18775. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-75692-4 (2020).CAS 
Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Czerwiński, S. et al. Environmental implications of past socioeconomic events in Greater Poland during the last 1200 years. Synthesis of paleoecological and historical data. Quatern. Sci. Rev. 259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.106902 (2021).Ralska-Jasiewiczowa, M., van Geel, B. & Demsk, D. in Lake Gościąż, central Poland: a monographic study. Part 1 (eds M. Ralska-Jasiewiczowa, T. Goslar, T. Madeyska, & L. Starkel) (W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, 1998).Lamentowicz, M. et al. Multiproxy study of anthropogenic and climatic changes in the last two millennia from a small mire in central Poland. Hydrobiologia 631, 213–230. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-009-9812-y (2009).Article 

Google Scholar 
Pędziszewska, A. & Latałowa, M. Stand-scale reconstruction of late Holocene forest succession on the Gdańsk Upland (N. Poland) based on integrated palynological and macrofossil data from paired sites. Veget. History Archaeobot. 25, 239–254. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00334-015-0546-7 (2016).Lamentowicz, M., Gałka, M., Pawlyta, J., Lamentowicz, Ł. G., Tomasz & Miotk-Szpiganowicz, G. Climate change and human impact in the southern Baltic during the last millennium reconstructed from an ombrotrophic bog archive. Studia Quaternaria 28, 3–16 (2011).Cywa, K. Trees and shrubs used in medieval Poland for making everyday objects. Veg. Hist. Archaeobotany 27, 111–136. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00334-017-0644-9 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
Dzieduszycki, W. Wykorzystywanie surowca drzewnego we wczesnośredniowiecznej i średniowiecznej Kruszwicy. Kwartalnik Historii Kultury Materialnej, 35–54 (1976).Kara, M. & Przybył, M. Wczesnośredniowieczne grodzisko wklęsłe w Bninie koło Poznania w świetle dotychczasowych ustaleń dendrochronologicznych. Folia Prahistorica Posnaniensia 10, 255–268 (2003).Article 

Google Scholar 
Gałka, M. et al. Unveiling exceptional Baltic bog ecohydrology, autogenic succession and climate change during the last 2000 years in CE Europe using replicate cores, multi-proxy data and functional traits of testate amoebae. Quatern. Sci. Rev. 156, 90–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.11.034 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
Kinder, M. et al. Holocene history of human impacts inferred from annually laminated sediments in Lake Szurpiły, northeast Poland. J. Paleolimnol. 61, 419–435. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10933-019-00068-2 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
Marcisz, K., Kołaczek, P., Gałka, M., Diaconu, A.-C. & Lamentowicz, M. Exceptional hydrological stability of a Sphagnum-dominated peatland over the late Holocene. Quatern. Sci. Rev. 231, 106180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106180 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Wacnik, A. et al. Determining the responses of vegetation to natural processes and human impacts in north-eastern Poland during the last millennium: Combined pollen, geochemical and historical data. Veg. Hist. Archaeobotany 25, 479–498. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00334-016-0565-z (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
Szal, M., Kupryjanowicz, M., Tylmann, W. & Piotrowska, N. Was it ‘terra desolata’? Conquering and colonizing the medieval Prussian wilderness in the context of climate change. The Holocene 27, 465–480. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683616660167 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
Szal, M., Kupryjanowicz, M., Wyczółkowski, M. & Tylmann, W. The Iron Age in the Mrągowo Lake District, Masuria, NE Poland: the Salęt settlement microregion as an example of long-lasting human impact on vegetation. Veg. Hist. Archaeobotany 23, 419–437. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00334-014-0465-z (2014).Article 

Google Scholar 
Brown, A. et al. The ecological impact of conquest and colonization on a medieval frontier landscape: Combined Palynological and geochemical analysis of lake sediments from Radzyń Chełminski Northern Poland. Geoarchaeology 30, 511–527. https://doi.org/10.1002/gea.21525 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
Williams, J. W. et al. The Neotoma Paleoecology Database, a multiproxy, international, community-curated data resource. Quatern. Res. 89, 156–177. https://doi.org/10.1017/qua.2017.105 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
Marcisz, K. et al. Long-term hydrological dynamics and fire history over the last 2000 years in CE Europe reconstructed from a high-resolution peat archive. Quatern. Sci. Rev. 112, 138–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.01.019 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
Milecka, K., Gałka, M. & Lamentowicz, M. Regionalna i lokalna sukcesja roślinności w Dolinie Stążki na podstawie analizy pyłkowej. Stud. Limnol. Telmatol. 6, 61–69 (2012).
Google Scholar 
Lamentowicz, M. et al. A 1300-year multi-proxy, high-resolution record from a rich fen in northern Poland: reconstructing hydrology, land use and climate change. J. Quat. Sci. 28, 582–594. https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.2650 (2013).Article 

Google Scholar 
Lamentowicz, M. et al. Always on the tipping point—A search for signals of past societies and related peatland ecosystem critical transitions during the last 6500 years in N Poland. Quat. Sci. Rev. 225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.105954 (2019).Wacnik, A., Kupryjanowicz, M., Mueller-Bieniek, A., Karczewski, M. & Cywa, K. The environmental and cultural contexts of the late Iron Age and medieval settlement in the Mazurian Lake District, NE Poland: combined palaeobotanical and archaeological data. Veg. Hist. Archaeobotany 23, 439–459. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00334-014-0458-y (2014).Article 

Google Scholar 
Gałka, M. et al. Palaeoenvironmental changes in Central Europe (NE Poland) during the last 6200 years reconstructed from a high-resolution multi-proxy peat archive. The Holocene 25, 421–434. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683614561887 (2014).Article 

Google Scholar 
Latałowa, M., Zimny, M., Jędrzejewska, B. & Samojlik, T. in Europe’s Changing Woods and Forests: From Wildwood to Managed Landscapes (eds K.J. Kirby & C. Watkins) Ch. 17, 243–263 (CAB International, 2015).Słowiński, M. et al. Paleoecological and historical data as an important tool in ecosystem management. J. Environ. Manage. 236, 755–768. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.02.002 (2019).Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Żarczyński, M., Wacnik, A. & Tylmann, W. Tracing lake mixing and oxygenation regime using the Fe/Mn ratio in varved sediments: 2000 year-long record of human-induced changes from Lake Żabińskie (NE Poland). Sci. Total Environ. 657, 585–596. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.078 (2019).CAS 
Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Wirth, C., Messier, C., Bergeron, Y., Frank, D. & Fankhänel, A. Old-Growth Forest Definitions: a Pragmatic View. 11–33 (Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009).Kołaczek, P. M., K. et al. in 20th Congress of the International Union for Quaternary Research (INQUA) (Dublin, Ireland, 2019).Szmoniewski, B. S. in The Past Societies. Polish lands from the first evidence of human presence to the Early Middle Ages. Vol. 5: 500–1000 AD (eds P. Urbańczyk & M. Trzeciecki) 21–74 (The Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 2016).Moździoch, M., Chudziak, W. & Poleski, J. Atlas grodzisk wczesnośredniowiecznych z obszaru Polski, 2015).Trzeciecki, M. in The Past Societies. Polish lands from the first evidence of human presence to the Early Middle Ages. Vol. 5: 500–1000 AD (eds P. Urbańczyk & M. Trzeciecki) 277–341 (The Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 2016).Faliński, J. B. & Pawlaczyk, P. in Grab zwyczajny – Carpinus betulus L. Nasze drzewa leśne, monografie popularnonaukowe Vol. 9 (ed W. Bugała) 157–264 (Polska Akademia Nauk, Instytut Dendrologii, „Sorus”,, 1993).Sikkema, R., Caudullo, G. & de Rigo, D. in European Atlas of Forest Tree Species (eds J. San-Miguel-Ayanz et al.) (Publ. Off. EU, 2016).Hensel, W. Słowiańszczyzna Wczesnośredniowieczna. Zarys kultury materialnej. (Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1987).Jørgensen, D. Pigs and Pollards: Medieval insights for UK wood pasture restoration. Sustainability 5, 387–399. https://doi.org/10.3390/su5020387 (2013).Article 

Google Scholar 
Plieninger, T. et al. Wood-pastures of Europe: Geographic coverage, social–ecological values, conservation management, and policy implications. Biol. Cons. 190, 70–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2015.05.014 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
Watkins, A. Cattle grazing in the forest of arden in the later middle ages. Agric. Hist. Rev. 37, 12–25 (1989).
Google Scholar 
Ładowski, S. Dykcyonarz służący do poznania historyi naturalney y rożnych osobliwszych starożytności, ktore ciekawi w gabinetach znayduią Vol. 2 (1783).Tobolski, K. in Wstęp do paleoekologii Lednickiego Parku Krajobrazowego (ed K. Tobolski) (Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu, 1991).Litt, T. & Tobolski, K. in Wstęp do paleoekologii Lednickiego Parku Krajobrazowego (ed K. Tobolski) (1991).Makohonienko, M. Przyrodnicza historia Gniezna. (Homini, 2000).Makohonienko, M. in Wstęp do paleoekologii Lednickiego Parku Krajobrazowego (ed K. Tobolski) (Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu, 1991).Filbrandt, A. in Wstęp do paleoekologii Lednickiego Parku Krajobrazowego (ed K. Tobolski) (Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu, 1991).Pidek, I. A. Carpinus betulus pollen accumulation rates in Roztocze (SE Poland) in relation to presence of Carpinus in Ferdynandovian pollen diagrams. Ecol. Quest. 26, 95–101 (2017).
Google Scholar 
Wiśniewski, J. in Studia I Materiały Do Dziejów Suwalszczyzny (ed J. Antoniewicz) 51–138 (Prace Białostockiego Towarzystwa Naukowego Nr 4, Białostockie Towarzystwo Naukowe,, 1965).Biskup, M. et al. Państwo zakonu krzyżackiego w Prusach. Władza i społeczeństwo. (Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, 2008).Pluskowski, A. The archaeology of the Prussian Crusade: Holy War and colonisation. (2012).Marcisz, K. et al. Seasonal changes in Sphagnum peatland testate amoeba communities along a hydrological gradient. Eur. J. Protistol. 50, 445–455. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejop.2014.07.001 (2014).Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Marcisz, K. et al. Fire activity and hydrological dynamics in the past 5700 years reconstructed from Sphagnum peatlands along the oceanic–continental climatic gradient in northern Poland. Quatern. Sci. Rev. 177, 145–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2017.10.018 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
Boratyńska, K. in Biology and Ecology of Norway Spruce (eds Mark G. Tjoelker, Adam Boratyński, & Władysław Bugała) 23–36 (Springer Netherlands, 2007).Jaroszewicz, B. et al. Białowieża forest—a relic of the high naturalness of European forests. Forests 10, 849. https://doi.org/10.3390/f10100849 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
Zimny, M., Latałowa, M. & Pędziszewska, A. The Late-Holocene history of forests in the Strict Reserve of Białowieża National Park. 29–59 (Białowieski Park Narodowy, 2017).Blaauw, M., Christen, J. A., Bennett, K. D. & Reimer, P. J. Double the dates and go for Bayes—Impacts of model choice, dating density and quality on chronologies. Quatern. Sci. Rev. 188, 58–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.03.032 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
Lisitsyna, O. V., Giesecke, T. & Hicks, S. Exploring pollen percentage threshold values as an indication for the regional presence of major European trees. Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 166, 311–324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.revpalbo.2011.06.004 (2011).Article 

Google Scholar 
Huntley, B. & Birks, H. J. B. An Atlas of past and present pollen maps for Europe: 0–13000 years ago. (Cambridge University Press, 1983). More

Stirling, I., Calvert, W. & Cleator, H. Underwater vocalizations as a tool for studying the distribution and relative abundance of wintering pinnipeds in the High Arctic. Arctic https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic2275 (1983).Article 

Google Scholar 
Sirovic, A. et al. Seasonality of blue and fin whale calls and the influence of sea ice in the Western Antarctic Peninsula. Deep Sea Res. II 51, 2327–2344 (2004).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Jones, J. M. et al. Ringed, bearded, and ribbon seal vocalizations north of barrow, Alaska: Seasonal presence and relationship with sea ice. Arctic 67, 203–222 (2014).Article 

Google Scholar 
Clark, C. W. et al. A year in the acoustic world of bowhead whales in the Bering, Chukchi and Beaufort seas. Prog. Oceanogr. 136, 223–240 (2015).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Marques, T. A., Munger, L., Thomas, L., Wiggins, S. & Hildebrand, J. A. Estimating North Pacific right whale Eubalaena japonica density using passive acoustic cue counting. Endangered Species Res. 13, 163–172 (2011).Article 

Google Scholar 
Hildebrand, J. A. et al. Passive acoustic monitoring of beaked whale densities in the Gulf of Mexico. Sci. Rep. 5, 16343 (2015).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
von Benda-Beckmann, A. M., Thomas, L., Tyack, P. L. & Ainslie, M. A. Modelling the broadband propagation of marine mammal echolocation clicks for click-based population density estimates. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 143, 954–967 (2018).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Hildebrand, J. A. et al. Assessing seasonality and density from passive acoustic monitoring of signals presumed to be from pygmy and dwarf sperm whales in the Gulf of Mexico. Front. Mar. Sci. 6, 66 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
Marques, T. A. et al. Estimating animal population density using passive acoustics. Biol. Rev. 88, 287–309 (2013).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Helble, T. A., D’Spain, G. L., Campbell, G. S. & Hildebrand, J. A. Calibrating passive acoustic monitoring: Correcting humpback call detections for site-specific and time-dependent environmental characterisitcs. J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. 134, EL400–EL406 (2013).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Frasier, K. E. et al. Delphinid echolocation click detection probability on near-seafloor sensors. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 140, 1918–1930 (2016).PubMed 
Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Helble, T. A. et al. Site specific probability of passive acoustic detection of humpback whale calls from single fixed hydrophones. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 134, 2556–2570 (2013).PubMed 
Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Larsen Tempel, J. T., Wise, S., Osborne, T. Q., Sparks, K. & Atkinson, S. “Life without ice: Perceptions of environmental impacts on marine resources and subsistence users of St. Lawrence Island. Ocean Coast. Manag. 212, 105819 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
Clark, C. W. & Johnson, J. H. The sounds of the bowhead whale, Balaena mysticetus, during the spring migrations of 1979 and 1980. Can. J. Zool. 62, 1436–1441 (1984).Article 

Google Scholar 
Ashjian, C. J., Braund, S. R., Campbell, R. G., George, J. C., Kruse, J., Maslowski, W., Moore, S. E., Nicolson, C. R., Okkonen, S. R., & Sherr, B. F. Climate variability, oceanography, bowhead whale distribution, and Iñupiat subsistence whaling near Barrow, Alaska, Arctic 179–194 (2010).Moore, S. E. & Clarke, J. T. Bowhead whale fall distribution and relative abundance in relation to oil and gas lease areas in the northeastern Chukchi Sea. Polar Rec. 29, 209–214 (1993).Article 

Google Scholar 
Reeves, R., Rosa, C., George, J. C., Sheffield, G. & Moore, M. “Implications of Arctic industrial growth and strategies to mitigate future vessel and fishing gear impacts on bowhead whales. Mar. Policy 36, 454–462 (2012).Article 

Google Scholar 
Blackwell, S. B., Richardson, W., Greene Jr, C., & Streever, B. Bowhead whale (Balaena mysticetus) migration and calling behaviour in the Alaskan Beaufort Sea, Autumn 2001–04: An acoustic localization study, Arctic 255–270 (2007).Mathias, D., Thode, A., Blackwell, S. B., & Greene, C. Computer-aided classification of bowhead whale call categories for mitigation monitoring. In New Trends for Environmental Monitoring Using Passive Systems, Hyeres, French Riviera 1–6 (2008).Delarue, J., Laurinolli, M. & Martin, B. Bowhead whale (Balaena mysticetus) songs in the Chukchi Sea between October 2007 and May 2008. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 126, 3319–3328 (2009).PubMed 
Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Moore, S. E., Stafford, K. M. & Munger, L. M. Acoustic and visual surveys for bowhead whales in the western Beaufort and far northeastern Chukchi seas. Deep Sea Res. Part II 57, 153–157 (2010).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Ballard, M. S. et al. Temporal and spatial dependence of a yearlong record of sound propagation from the Canada Basin to the Chukchi Shelf. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 148, 1663–1680 (2020).PubMed 
Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Duda, T. F., Zhang, W. G. & Lin, Y.-T. Effects of Pacific Summer Water layer variations and ice cover on Beaufort Sea underwater sound ducting. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 149, 2117–2136 (2021).PubMed 
Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Diachok, O. I. & Winokur, R. S. Spatial variability of underwater ambient noise at the Arctic ice-water boundary. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 55, 750–753 (1974).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Diachok, O. I. Effects of sea-ice ridges on sound propagation in the Arctic Ocean. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 59, 1110–1120 (1976).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Yang, T. & Votaw, C. W. Under ice reflectivities at frequencies below 1 kHz. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 70, 841–851 (1981).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Milne, A. R. & Ganton, J. H. Ambient Noise under Arctic-Sea Ice. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 36, 855–865 (1964).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Brown, J. R. & Milne, A. R. Reverberation under Arctic Sea-Ice. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 42, 78–82 (1967).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Duckworth, G., LePage, K. & Farrell, T. Low-frequency long-range propagation and reverberation in the central Arctic: Analysis of experimental results. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 110, 747–760 (2001).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Jensen, F. B. & Kuperman, W. A. Optimum frequency of propagation in shallow water environments. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 73, 813–819 (1983).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Keen, K. A., Thayre, B. J., Hildebrand, J. A. & Wiggins, S. M. Seismic airgun sound propagation in Arctic Ocean waveguides. Deep Sea Res. I 141, 24–32 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
Greene, C. R. & Buck, B. M. Arctic ocean ambient noise. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 36, 1218–1220 (1964).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Roth, E. H., Hildebrand, J. A., Wiggins, S. M. & Ross, D. Underwater ambient noise on the Chukchi Sea continental slope from 2006–2009. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 131, 104–110 (2012).PubMed 
Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Kinda, G. B., Simard, Y., Gervaise, C., Mars, J. I. & Fortier, L. Arctic underwater noise transients from sea ice deformation: Characteristics, annual time series, and forcing in Beaufort Sea. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 138, 2034–2045 (2015).PubMed 
Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Hildebrand, J. A., Frasier, K. E., Baumann-Pickering, S. & Wiggins, S. M. An empirical model for wind-generated ocean noise. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 149, 4516–4533 (2021).PubMed 
Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Farmer, D. M. & Xie, Y. The sound of cracking sea ice. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 84, S123–S123 (1988).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Bassett, C., Thomson, J., Dahl, P. H. & Polagye, B. Flow-noise and turbulence in two tidal channels. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 135(4), 1764–1774 (2014).PubMed 
Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Chapman, R. P. & Harris, J. Surface backscattering strengths measured with explosive sound sources. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 34, 1592–1597 (1962).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Gauss, R. C., Fialkowski, J. M., & Wurmser, D. A low- and mid-frequency bistatic scattering model for the ocean surface. In Proceedings of OCEANS 2005 MTS/IEEE, Vol. 2 1738–1744 (2005)Jin, G., Lynch, J. F., Pawlowicz, R. & Worcester, P. Acoustic scattering losses in the Greenland Sea marginal ice zone during the 1988–89 tomography experiment. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 96, 3045–3053 (1994).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Citta, J. J. et al. Ecological characteristics of core-use areas used by Bering-Chukchi-Beaufort (BCB) bowhead whales, 2006–2012. Prog. Oceanogr. 136, 201–222 (2015).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Thode, A. M., Blackwell, S. B., Conrad, A. S., Kim, K. H. & Macrander, A. M. Decadal-scale frequency shift of migrating bowhead whale calls in the shallow Beaufort Sea. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 142, 1482–1502 (2017).PubMed 
Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Wiggins, S. M., & Hildebrand, J. A. High-frequency acoustic recording package (HARP) for broad-band, long-term marine mammal monitoring. In International Symposium on Underwater Technology 2007 and International Workshop on Scientific use of Submarine Cables & Related Technologies 2007. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Tokyo, Japan 551–557 (2007).Marques, T. A., Thomas, L., Ward, J., DiMarzio, N. & Tyack, P. L. Estimating cetacean population density using fixed passive acoustic sensors: An example with Blainville’s beaked whales. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 125, 1982–1994 (2009).PubMed 
Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Küsel, E. T. et al. Cetacean population density estimation from single fixed sensors using passive acoustics. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 129, 3610–3622 (2011).PubMed 
Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Cummings, W. C. & Holliday, D. V. Sounds and source levels from bowhead whales off Pt. Barrow, Alaska. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 82, 814–821 (1987).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Thode, A. M. et al. Source level and calling depth distributions of migrating bowhead whale calls in the shallow Beaufort Sea. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 140, 4288 (2016).PubMed 
Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Blackwell, S. B. et al. Directionality of bowhead whale calls measured with multiple sensors. Mar. Mammal Sci. 28, 200–212 (2012).Article 

Google Scholar 
Markus, T., Stroeve, J. C. & Miller, J. Recent changes in Arctic sea ice melt onset, freezeup, and melt season length. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JC005436 (2009).Article 

Google Scholar 
Kwok, R. & Cunningham, G. Variability of Arctic sea ice thickness and volume from CryoSat-2. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. 373, 20140157 (2015).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Krishfield, R., Toole, J., Proshutinsky, A. & Timmermans, M.-L. Automated ice-tethered profilers for seawater observations under pack ice in all seasons. J. Atmos. Oceanic Tech. 25, 2091–2105 (2008).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Gong, D. & Pickart, R. S. Summertime circulation in the eastern Chukchi Sea. Deep Sea Res. Part II 118, 18–31 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
Meng, X., Li, G., Han, G. & Kan, G. Sound velocity and related properties of seafloor sediments in the Bering Sea and Chukchi Sea. Acta Oceanol. Sin. 34, 75–80 (2015).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Toole, J. M., Krishfield, R. A., Timmermans, M.-L. & Proshutinsky, A. The ice-tethered profiler: Argo of the Arctic. Oceanography 24, 126–135 (2011).Article 

Google Scholar 
Millero, F. J., Feistel, R., Wright, D. G. & McDougall, T. J. The composition of Standard Seawater and the definition of the Reference-Composition Salinity Scale. Deep Sea Res. Part I 55, 50–72 (2008).Article 

Google Scholar 
Kutschale, H. Long-range sound transmission in the Arctic Ocean. J. Geophys. Res. 66, 2189–2198 (1961).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Jakobsson, M. et al. The international bathymetric chart of the Arctic Ocean (IBCAO) version 3.0. Geophys. Res. Lett. https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL052219 (2012).Article 

Google Scholar 
Warner, G. A., Dosso, S. E., Dettmer, J. & Hannay, D. E. Bayesian environmental inversion of airgun modal dispersion using a single hydrophone in the Chukchi Sea. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 137, 3009–3023 (2015).PubMed 
Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Pang, X. et al. Comparison between AMSR2 sea ice concentration products and pseudo-ship observations of the Arctic and Antarctic sea ice edge on cloud-free days. Remote Sens. 10, 317 (2018).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Kahru, M. Windows image manager: Image display and analysis program for Microsoft Windows with special features for satellite images (2001).Duncan, A. J. & Maggi, A. L. A consistent, user friendly interface for running a variety of underwater acoustic propagation codes. Proc. Acoust. 2006, 471–477 (2006).
Google Scholar 
Collins, M. D. A split-step Padé solution for the parabolic equation method. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 93, 1736–1742 (1993).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Alexander, P., Duncan, A., Bose, N., & Smith, D. Modelling acoustic transmission loss due to sea ice cover. Acoust. Aust. 41 (2013).Goff, J. A. Quantitative analysis of sea ice draft: 1. Methods for stochastic modeling. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans 100, 6993–7004 (1995).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Gavrilov, A. N. & Mikhalevsky, P. N. Low-frequency acoustic propagation loss in the Arctic Ocean: Results of the Arctic climate observations using underwater sound experiment. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 119, 3694–3706 (2006).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar  More

Sabo, J. et al. Riparian zones increase regional species richness by harbouring different, not more, species. Ecology 86, 56–62 (2005).Article 

Google Scholar 
Lind, L., Hasselquist, E. & Laudon, H. Towards ecologically functional riparian zones: A meta-analysis to develop guidelines for protecting ecosystem functions and biodiversity in agricultural landscapes. J. Environ. Manage. 249, 109391–109391 (2019).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Merritt, D., Nilsson, C. & Jansson, R. Consequences of propagule dispersal and river fragmentation for riparian plant community diversity and turnover. Ecol. Monogr. 80, 609–626 (2010).Article 

Google Scholar 
Jansson, R., Nilsson, C. & Renöfält, B. Fragmentation of riparian floras in rivers with multiple dams. Ecology 81, 899–903 (2000).Article 

Google Scholar 
Mari, L. et al. Metapopulation persistence and species spread in river networks. Ecol. Lett. 17, 426–434 (2014).ADS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Blöschl, G. et al. Changing climate both increases and decreases European river floods. Nature 573, 108–111. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1495-6 (2019).ADS 
CAS 
Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Tabari, H. Climate change impact on flood and extreme precipitation increases with water availability. Sci. Rep. 10, 13768. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-70816-2 (2020).ADS 
CAS 
Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Wobus, C. et al. Climate change impacts on flood risk and asset damages within mapped 100-year floodplains of the contiguous United States. Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. 17, 2199–2211 (2017).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Meyer, J. L. et al. The contribution of headwater streams to biodiversity in river networks1. J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. 43, 86–103. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2007.00008.x (2007).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Van Looy, K. & Piffady, J. Metapopulation modelling of riparian tree species persistence in river networks under climate change. J. Environ. Manage. 202, 437–446 (2017).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Sochor, M. et al. Can gene flow among populations counteract the habitat loss of extremely fragile biotopes? An example from the population genetic structure in Salix daphnoides. Tree Genet. Genomes 9, 1193–1205 (2013).Article 

Google Scholar 
Garssen, A. G. et al. Effects of increased flooding on riparian vegetation: Field experiments simulating climate change along five European lowland streams. Glob. Change Biol. 23, 3052–3063. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13687 (2017).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Ellenberg, H. Vegetation Mitteleuropas mit den Alpen in Ökologischer, Dynamischer und historischer Sicht. 6., vollst. neu bearb. und stark erw. Aufl edn, (Ulmer, 2010).Hanski, I. Metapopulation Biology: Ecology, Genetics, and Evolution (Academic Press, New York, 1997).MATH 

Google Scholar 
Wubs, E. R. J. et al. Going against the flow: A case for upstream dispersal and detection of uncommon dispersal events. Freshw. Biol. 61, 580–595 (2016).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Chen, F.-Q. & Xie, Z.-Q. Reproductive allocation, seed dispersal and germination of Myricaria laxiflora, an endangered species in the Three Gorges Reservoir area. Plant Ecol. 191, 67–75 (2007).Article 

Google Scholar 
Bonn, S. Ausbreitungsbiologie der Pflanzen Mitteleuropas: Grundlagen und kulturhistorische Aspekte. (Quelle und Meyer Verlag, 1998).Müller-Schneider, P. Verbreitungsbiologie der Blütenpflanzen Graubündens: Diasporology of the Spermatophytes of the Grisons. Vol. 85. (Switzerland) (1986).Aradottir, A., Svavarsdottir, K. & Bau, A. Clonal variability of native willows (Salix pylicifofia and Salix lanata) in Iceland and implications for use in restoration. Icel. Agric. Sci. 20, 61–72 (2007).
Google Scholar 
Egelund, B., Pertoldi, C. & Barfod, A. S. Isolation and reduced gene flow among Faroese populations of tea-leaved willow (Salix phylicifolia, Salicaceae). N. J. Bot. J. Bot. Soc. B. Isles 2, 9–15 (2012).
Google Scholar 
Van Puyvelde, K. & Triest, L. ISSRs indicate isolation by distance and spatial structuring in Salix alba populations along Alpine upstream rivers (Alto Adige and Upper Rhine). Belg. J. Bot. 140, 100–108 (2007).
Google Scholar 
Ngeve, M. N., Van der Stocken, T., Sierens, T., Koedam, N. & Triest, L. Bidirectional gene flow on a mangrove river landscape and between-catchment dispersal of Rhizophora racemosa (Rhizophoraceae). Hydrobiologia 790, 93–108. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-016-3021-2 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
Werth, S., Schoedl, M. & Scheidegger, C. Dams and canyons disrupt gene flow among populations of a threatened riparian plant. Freshw. Biol. 59, 2502–2515 (2014).Article 

Google Scholar 
Pollux, B. J. A., Luteijn, A., Van-Groenendael, J. M., Ouborg, N. J. & Ouborg, N. J. Gene flow and genetic structure of the aquatic macrophyte Sparganium emersum in a linear unidirectional river. Freshw. Biol. 54, 64–76 (2009).Article 

Google Scholar 
Davis, C., Epps, C., Flitcroft, R. & Banks, M. Refining and defining riverscape genetics: How rivers influence population genetic structure. Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Water 5, e1269 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
Vega-Retter, C. et al. Dammed river: Short- and long-term consequences for fish species inhabiting a river in a Mediterranean climate in central Chile. Aquat. Conserv.Mar. Freshw. Ecosyst. 30, 2254–2268. https://doi.org/10.1002/aqc.3425 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Rannala, B. & Mountain, J. L. Detecting immigration by using multilocus genotypes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 94, 9197–9201 (1997).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Altermatt, F., Alther, R. & Mächler, E. Spatial patterns of genetic diversity, community composition and occurrence of native and non-native amphipods in naturally replicated tributary streams. BMC Ecol. 16, 23. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12898-016-0079-7 (2016).CAS 
Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Paz-Vinas, I. et al. Systematic conservation planning for intraspecific genetic diversity. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B: Biol. Sci. 285, 20172746. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.2746 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
Sitzia, T., Kudrnovsky, H., Müller, N. & Michielon, B. Biological flora of Central Europe Myricaria germanica (L.) Desv. Perspect. Plant Ecol. Evol. Syst. 52, 125629. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppees.2021.125629 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
Egger, G., Steineder, R. & Angermann, K. Verbreitung und Erhaltungszustand des FFH-Lebensraumtyps 3230 “Alpine Flüsse mit Ufergehölzen von Myricaria germanica” an der Isel und deren Zubringern (Osttirol, Österreich). Carinthia II 204, 391–432 (2014).
Google Scholar 
Schletterer, M., Gewolf, S., Egger, G. & Fink, S. Forschungsprojekt Tamariske: Genetische Untersuchung von Populationen an der Isel – Dokumentation der Beprobungen 2018. 32 (Innbruck, 2019).Scheidegger, C. & Wiedmer, A. Genetische Untersuchung zur Deutschen Tamariske in Tirol. (Eidg. Forschungsanstalt WSL, Birmensdorf, 2014).Hedrick, P., Lacy, R., Allendorf, F. & Soule, M. Directions in conservation biology: Comments on caughley. Conserv. Biol. 10, 1312–1320 (1996).Article 

Google Scholar 
Sampson, J., Byrne, M., Gibson, N. & Yates, C. Limiting inbreeding in disjunct and isolated populations of a woody shrub. Ecol. Evol. 6, 5867–5880 (2016).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Kudrnovsky, H. & Stöhr, O. Myricaria germanica (L.) Desv. historisch und aktuell in Österreich: Ein dramatischer Rückgang einer Indikatorart von europäischem Interesse. STAPFIA Rep. 99, 13–34 (2013).
Google Scholar 
Hoban, S. et al. Genetic diversity targets and indicators in the CBD post-2020 global biodiversity framework must be improved. Biol. Conserv. 248, 108654. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108654 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Auffret, A. G., Plue, J. & Cousins, S. A. O. The spatial and temporal components of functional connectivity in fragmented landscapes. Ambio 44, 51–59. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-014-0588-6 (2015).Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Herrmann, J. et al. Connectivity from a different perspective: Comparing seed dispersal kernels in connected vs. unfragmented landscapes. Ecology 97, 1274–1282 (2016).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Mortelliti, A., Amori, G. & Boitani, L. The role of habitat quality in fragmented landscapes: A conceptual overview and prospectus for future research. Oecologia 163, 535–547 (2010).ADS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Mosner, E., Liepelt, S., Ziegenhagen, B. & Leyer, I. Floodplain willows in fragmented river landscapes: Understanding spatio-temporal genetic patterns as a basis for restoration plantings. Biol. Conserv. 153, 211–218 (2012).Article 

Google Scholar 
Chambers, J., MacMahon, J. & Brown, R. Alpine seedling establishment: The influence of disturbance type. Ecology 71, 1323–1341 (1990).Article 

Google Scholar 
Bill, H.-C. Besiedlungsdynamik und Populationsbiologie charakteristischer Pionierpflanzenarten nordalpiner Wildflüsse PhD thesis, Philipps-Universität Marburg, (2000).Lite, S. J., Bagstad, K. J. & Stromberg, J. C. Riparian plant species richness along lateral and longitudinal gradients of water stress and flood disturbance, San Pedro River, Arizona, USA. J. Arid Environ. 63, 785–813. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2005.03.026 (2005).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Andersson, E., Nilsson, C. & Johansson, M. E. Plant dispersal in boreal rivers and its relation to the diversity of riparian flora. J. Biogeogr. 27, 1095–1106 (2000).Article 

Google Scholar 
Aguiar, F. et al. The abundance and distribution of guilds of riparian woody plants change in response to land use and flow regulation. J. Appl. Ecol. 55, 2227–2240 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
Leyer, I. Dispersal, diversity and distribution patterns in pioneer vegetation: The role of river-floodplain connectivity. J. Veg. Sci. 17, 407–416 (2006).Article 

Google Scholar 
Crookes, S. & Shaw, P. W. Isolation by distance and non-identical patterns of gene flow within two river populations of the freshwater fish Rutilus rutilus (L. 1758). Conserv. Genet. 17, 861–874. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-016-0828-3 (2016).CAS 
Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Werth, S. & Scheidegger, C. Gene flow within and between catchments in the threatened riparian plant Myricaria germanica. PLoS ONE 9, e99400 (2014).ADS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Jacquemyn, H., Honnay, O., Van Looy, K. & Breyne, P. Spatiotemporal structure of genetic variation of a spreading plant metapopulation on dynamic riverbanks along the Meuse River. Heredity 96, 471–478. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.hdy.6800825 (2006).CAS 
Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Mayer, C., Schiegg, K. & Pasinelli, G. Patchy population structure in a short-distance migrant: evidence from genetic and demographic data. Mol. Ecol. 18, 2353–2364 (2009).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Benda, L. E. E. et al. The network dynamics hypothesis: How Channel networks structure riverine habitats. Bioscience 54, 413–427 (2004).Article 

Google Scholar 
Miettinen, A. et al. A large wild salmon stock shows genetic and life history differentiation within, but not between, rivers. Conserv. Genet. 22, 35–51. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-020-01317-y (2021).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Fink, S., Lanz, T., Stecher, R. & Scheidegger, C. Colonization potential of an endangered riparian shrub species. Biodivers. Conserv. 26, 2099–2114. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-017-1347-3 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
Merritt, D. & Wohl, E. Plant dispersal along rivers fragmented by dams. River Res. Appl. 22, 1–26 (2006).Article 

Google Scholar 
Sitzia, T., Michielon, B., Iacopino, S. & Kotze, D. J. Population dynamics of the endangered shrub Myricaria germanica in a regulated Alpine river is influenced by active channel width and distance to check dams. Ecol. Eng. 95, 828–838 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
Wöllner, R., Scheidegger, C. & Fink, S. Gene flow in a highly dynamic habitat and a single founder event: Proof from a plant population on a relocated river site. Glob. Ecol. Conserv. 28, e01686. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01686 (2021).McLaughlin, B. et al. Hydrologic refugia, plants, and climate change. Glob. Change Biol. 23, 2941–2961 (2017).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Chiu, M. C. et al. Branching networks can have opposing influences on genetic variation in riverine metapopulations. bioRxiv https://doi.org/10.1101/550194 (2020).Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Catford, J. & Jansson, R. Drowned, buried and carried away: Effects of plant traits on the distribution of native and alien species in riparian ecosystems. New Phytol. 204, 19–36 (2014).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Schletterer, M. & Scheiber, T. Wiederansiedlung der deutschen tamariske (Myricaria germanica (L.) DESV.) an der Leutascher Ache (Nordtirol, Österreich). B. Naturwiss. Med. Ver. Innsbr. 95, 53–65 (2008).
Google Scholar 
Riehl, S. & Zehm, A. in ANLiegen Natur Vol. 40, 17–20 (ANL Bayern, Laufen, 2017).Egger, G., Angermann, K. & Gruber, A. Wiederansiedlung der Deutschen Tamariske (Myricaria germanica (L.) Desv.) in Kärnten. Carinthia II 393–418 (2010).Kudrnovsky, H. Alpine rivers and their ligneous vegetation with Myricaria germanica and riverine landscape diversity in the Eastern Alps: Proposing the Isel river system for the Natura 2000 network. Eco. Mont 5, 5–18 (2013).
Google Scholar 
Lener, F. P. Etablierung und Entwicklung der Deutschen Tamariske (Myricaria germanica) an der oberen Drau in Kärnten Master thesis (University of Vienna, Vienna, 2011).
Google Scholar 
Schiechtl, H. M. in Alpenländ. Bienenzeitung Vol. 4 125–131 (1957).Bill, H.-C., Poschlod, P., Reich, M. & Plachter, H. Experiments and observations on seed dispersal by running water in an Alpine floodplain. Bull. Geobot. Inst. ETH 65, 13–28 (1999).
Google Scholar 
Nilsson, C., Brown, R., Jansson, R. & Merritt, D. The role of hydrochory in structuring riparian and wetland vegetation. Biol. Rev. 85, 837–858 (2010).PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Lener, F. P., Egger, G. & Karrer, G. Sprossaufbau und entwicklung der deutschen tamariske (Myricaria germanica) an der Oberen Drau (Kärnten, Österreich). Carinthia II(203), 515–552 (2013).
Google Scholar 
Werth, S. & Scheidegger, C. Isolation and characterization of 22 nuclear and 5 chloroplast microsatellite loci in the threatened riparian plant Myricaria germanica (Tamaricaceae, Caryophyllales). Conserv. Genet. Resour. 3, 445–448 (2011).Article 

Google Scholar 
R Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Found. Stat. Comp., (2016).Excoffier, L., Laval, G. & Schneider, S. Arlequin ver 3.0: An integrated software package for population genetics data analysis. Evol. Bioinform. Online 1, 47–50 (2005).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Cornuet, J. M. & Luikart, G. Description and power analysis of two tests for detecting recent population bottlenecks from allele frequency data. Genetics 144, 2001–2014 (1996).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Luikart, G., Allendorf, F. W., Cornuet, J. M. & Sherwin, W. B. Distortion of allele frequency distributions provides a test for recent population bottlenecks. J. Hered. 89, 238–247. https://doi.org/10.1093/jhered/89.3.238 (1998).CAS 
Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Falush, D., Stephens, M. & Pritchard, J. Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data: Dominant markers and null alleles. Mol. Ecol. Notes 7, 574–578 (2007).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Earl, D. A. & von Holdt, B. M. STRUCTURE HARVESTER: A website and program for visualizing STRUCTURE output and implementing the Evanno method. Conserv. Genet. Res. 4, 359–361 (2012).Article 

Google Scholar 
Smouse, P. E., Peakall, R., GenAlEx 6.5: genetic analysis in Excel. Population genetic software for teaching and research—an update. Bioinformatics 28, 2537–2539. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/bts460 (2012).CAS 
Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Piry, S. et al. GENECLASS2: A software for genetic assignment and first-generation migrant detection. J. Hered. 95, 536–539. https://doi.org/10.1093/jhered/esh074 (2004).CAS 
Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Paetkau, D., Slade, R., Burden, M. & Estoup, A. Genetic assignment methods for the direct, real-time estimation of migration rate: A simulation-based exploration of accuracy and power. Mol. Ecol. 13, 55–65. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294X.2004.02008.x (2004).CAS 
Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Wilson, G. A. & Rannala, B. Bayesian inference of recent migration rates using multilocus genotypes. Genetics 163, 1177–1191 (2003).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Rannala, B. (ed University of California Davis) 1–12 (2007).Rambaut, A., Drummond, A. J., Xie, D., Baele, G. & Suchard, M. A. Posterior summarization in bayesian phylogenetics using Tracer 1.7. Syst. Biol. 67, 901–904. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syy032 (2018).CAS 
Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Meirmans, P. G. Nonconvergence in Bayesian estimation of migration rates. Mol. Ecol. Resour. 14, 726–733. https://doi.org/10.1111/1755-0998.12216 (2014).Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Greenland, S. et al. Statistical tests, P values, confidence intervals, and power: A guide to misinterpretations. Eur. J. Epidemiol. 31, 337–350. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-016-0149-3 (2016).Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar  More

Regional distribution of airborne and surface water bacterial phyla in the Pacific and Atlantic oceansThe two open ocean sailing transects examined in this study included the western Pacific path, sampled in May 2017 from Keelung, Taiwan, towards Fiji (Fig. 1a and Supplementary Data 1), and the Atlantic crossing, sampled in June 2016 from Lorient, France, to Miami, USA (Fig. 1b and Supplementary Data 1). In the water, we found a higher homogeneity in phyla distribution within each transect (significantly lower Euclidean distances between centered log-ratio (CLR)-converted phyla counts (betadispar): Atlantic: 0.3212 compared to 0.4229 in the air, ANOVA (with Tukey’s post hoc), p  More