Ecology

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31 March 2022

Funding battles stymie ambitious plan to protect global biodiversity

Researchers are disappointed with the progress — but haven’t lost hope.

Natasha Gilbert

Natasha Gilbert

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Animals such as this orangutan in Indonesia are endangered because of illegal deforestation.Credit: Jami Tarris/Future Publishing via Getty

Scientists are frustrated with countries’ progress towards inking a new deal to protect the natural world. Government officials from around the globe met in Geneva, Switzerland, on 14–29 March to find common ground on a draft of the deal, known as the post-2020 global biodiversity framework, but discussions stalled, mostly over financing. Negotiators say they will now have to meet again before a highly anticipated United Nations biodiversity summit later this year, where the deal was to be signed.The framework so far sets out 4 broad goals, including slowing species extinction, and 21 mostly quantitative targets, such as protecting at least 30% of the world’s land and seas. It is part of an international treaty known as the UN Convention on Biological Diversity, and aims to address the global biodiversity crisis, which could see one million plant and animal species go extinct in the next few decades because of factors such as climate change, human activity and disease.
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The COVID-19 pandemic has already slowed discussions of the deal. Over the past two years, countries’ negotiators met only virtually; the Geneva meeting was the first in-person gathering since the pandemic began. When it ended, Basile van Havre, one of the chairs of the framework negotiations working group, said that because negotiators couldn’t agree on goals, additional discussions will need to take place in June in Nairobi. The convention’s pivotal summit — its Conference of the Parties (COP15) — is expected to be held in Kunming, China, in August and September, but no firm date has been set.Anne Larigauderie, executive secretary of the Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services in Bonn, Germany, who attended the Geneva gathering, told Nature: “We are leaving the meeting with no quantitative elements. I was hoping for more progress.”Robert Watson, a retired environmental scientist at the University of East Anglia, UK, says the quantitative targets are crucial to conserving biodiversity and monitoring progress towards that goal. He calls on governments to “bite the bullet and negotiate an appropriate deal that both protects and restores biodiversity”.Finance fightMany who were at the meeting say that disagreements over funding for biodiversity conservation were the main hold-up to negotiations. For example, the draft deal proposed that US$10 billion of funding per year should flow from developed nations to low- and middle-income countries to help them to implement the biodiversity framework. But many think this is not enough. A group of conservation organizations has called for at least $60 billion per year to flow to poorer nations.
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The consumption habits of wealthy nations are among the key drivers of biodiversity loss. And poorer nations are often home to areas rich in biodiversity, but have fewer means to conserve them.“The most challenging aspect is the amount of financing that wealthy nations are committing to developing nations,” says Brian O’Donnell, director of the Campaign for Nature in Washington DC, a partnership of private charities and conservation organizations advocating a deal to safeguard biodiversity. “Nations need to up their level of financing to get progress in the COP.”Other nations, particularly low-income ones, probably don’t want to agree “unless they have assurances of resources to allow them to implement the new framework”, Larigauderie says.Countries including Argentina and Brazil are largely responsible for stalling the deal, several sources close to the negotiations told Nature. They asked to remain anonymous because the negotiations are confidential.
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No agreement could be reached even on targets with broad international support, such as protecting at least 30% of the world’s land and seas by 2030. O’Donnell says that just one country blocked agreement on this target, questioning its scientific basis.Van Havre downplayed the lack of progress, saying that the brinksmanship at the meeting was part of a “normal negotiating process”. He told reporters: “We are happy with the progress made.” Further delays ‘unacceptable’A bright spot in the negotiations, van Havre said, was a last-minute “major step forward” in discussions on how to fairly and equitably share the benefits of digital sequence information (DSI). DSI consists of genetic data collected from plants, animals and other organisms.
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When pressed, however, van Havre admitted that the progress was simply an agreement between countries to continue discussing a way forward.Thomas Brooks, chief scientist at the International Union for Conservation of Nature in Gland, Switzerland, says that DSI discussions have actually been fraught. Communities from biodiverse-rich regions where genetic material is collected have little control over the commercialization of the data that come from it, and no way to recoup financial and other benefits, he explains.Like biodiversity financing, DSI rights could hold up negotiations on the overall framework. Low-income countries want a fair and equitable share of the benefits from genetic material that originates in their lands, but rich nations don’t want unnecessary barriers to sharing the information.“We are a long way from a watershed moment, and there remain genuine disagreements,” Brooks says. However, he is optimistic that progress will eventually be made.
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Some conservation organizations take hope from new provisional language in the deal that calls for halting all human-caused species extinctions. The previous draft of the deal proposed only a reduction in the rate and risk of extinctions, says Paul Todd, an environmental lawyer at the Natural Resources Defense Council, a non-profit group based in New York City.Given how much work governments must do to reach agreement on the deal, Watson says the extra Nairobi meeting is a “logical” move. But he warns: “Any further delay would be unacceptable.”“This isn’t even the hard work,” Todd says. “Implementing the deal will be the real work.”

doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-022-00916-8

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Vanvitelli”, Caserta, ItalyGiovanna BattipagliaService of Wood Biology, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, BelgiumHans Beeckman, Camille Couralet & Benjamin ToirambeBrazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa), Embrapa Forestry, Colombo, BrazilPaulo Cesar BotossoU.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, NWCG Member Agency, Washington, DC, USATim BradleyInstitute of Geography, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, GermanyAchim Bräuning, Mahmuda Islam, Mulugeta Mokria & Mizanur RahmanSchool of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UKRoel Brienen & Emanuel GloorLamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USABrendan M. Buckley & Rosanne D’ArrigoInstituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), Zaragoza, SpainJ. Julio CamareroCentre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, PortugalAna Carvalho & Cristina NabaisDepartment of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, BrazilGregório Ceccantini, Bruno Barçante Ladvocat Cintra & Giuliano Maselli LocosselliInstituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP), Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaría en Relación Agua-Suelo-Planta-Atmósfera (CENID-RASPA), Gómez Palacio, MéxicoLibrado R. Centeno-Erguera, Julián Cerano-Paredes & Jose Villanueva-DiazInstituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP), Campo Experimental Centro – Altos de Jalisco, Tepatitlán de Morelos, MéxicoÁlvaro Agustín Chávez-DuránDepartment of Geosciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USAMalcolm K. Cleaveland & Daniela Granato-SouzaDepartment of Forest Sciences, Universidad Nacional de Colombia – Sede Medellín, Medellín, ColombiaJorge Ignacio del ValleMaster School for Carpentry and Cabinetmaking, Ebern, GermanyOliver DünischDepartment of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USABrian J. EnquistSanta Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM, USABrian J. EnquistDepartment of Biological Sciences, University of Joinville Region ‐ UNIVILLE, Joinville, BrazilKarin Esemann-QuadrosPostgraduate Program in Forestry, Regional University of Blumenau – FURB, Blumenau, BrazilKarin Esemann-QuadrosCollege of Life Science, Climate Science Center and Department of Earth Science, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, EthiopiaZewdu EshetuDepartamento de Dendrocronología e Historia Ambiental, IANIGLA, CCT-CONICET-Mendoza, Mendoza, ArgentinaM. Eugenia Ferrero, Lidio Lopez, Fidel Alejandro Roig & Ricardo VillalbaLaboratorio de Dendrocronología, Universidad Continental, Huancayo, PerúM. Eugenia Ferrero, Janet G. Inga & Edilson Jimmy Requena-RojasDepartment of Crop Sciences, Tropical Plant Production and Agricultural Systems Modelling, Göttingen University, Göttingen, GermanyEsther FichtlerInstitute of Pacific Islands Forestry, USDA Forest Service Pacific Southwest Research Station, Hilo, HI, USAKainana S. Francisco & Mulugeta MokriaWorld Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Nairobi, KenyaAster GebrekirstosFlanders Heritage Agency, Brussels, BelgiumKristof HanecaDepartment of Geography and Geological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USAGrant Logan HarleyGerman Archaeological Institute DAI, Berlin, GermanyIngo HeinrichGeography Department, Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, GermanyIngo HeinrichGFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, GermanyIngo Heinrich & Gerd HelleDepartment of Forestry and Environmental Science, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, BangladeshMahmuda Islam & Mizanur RahmanFaculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech RepublicYu-mei JiangUS Fish and Wildlife Service, Albuquerque, NM, USAMark KaibDepartment of Ecology and Biogeography, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, PolandMarcin KoprowskiCentre for Climate Change Research, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, PolandMarcin KoprowskiWater Systems and Global Change Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the NetherlandsBart KruijtInstituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria, Programa Nacional de Investigación Forestal, Huancayo, PerúEva LaymeEnvironmental Systems Analysis Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the NetherlandsRik LeemansDepartment of Natural Resource Management, South Dakota State University, Brookings, USA, SDA. Joshua LefflerLaboratory of Plant Anatomy and Dendrochronology, Department of Biology, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Sergipe, BrazilClaudio Sergio Lisi, Mariana Alves Pagotto & Adauto de Souza Ribeiro Department of Geography, Swansea University, Swansea, UKNeil J. Loader & Iain RobertsonDepartamento Forestal, Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro, Saltillo, MexicoMaría I. López-HernándezCITAB – Department of Forestry Sciences and Landscape (CIFAP), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, PortugalJosé Luís Penetra Cerveira LousadaEscuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia (UPTC), Tunja, ColombiaHooz A. MendivelsoBrazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa), Embrapa Amazônia Ocidental, Manaus, BrazilValdinez Ribeiro MontóiaIHE Delft, Delft, the NetherlandsEddy MoorsVU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the NetherlandsEddy MoorsDepartment of Biomaterials Science and Technology, School of Natural Resources, The Copperbelt University, Kitwe, ZambiaJustine NgomaLaboratory of Ecology and Dendrology of the Federal Institute of Sergipe, São Cristovão, BrazilFrancisco de Carvalho Nogueira JúniorLaboratory of Plant Ecology, Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos (UNISINOS), São Leopoldo, BrazilJuliano Morales Oliveira & Gabriela Morais OlmedoBIOAPLIC, Departamento de Botánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, EPSE, Lugo, SpainGonzalo Pérez-De-LisLaboratorio de Dendrocronología, Carrera de Ingeniería Forestal, Universidad Nacional de Loja, Loja, EcuadorDarwin Pucha-CofrepFaculty of Environment and Resource studies, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, ThailandNathsuda PumijumnongFacultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad del Cauca, Popayán, ColombiaJorge Andres RamirezHémera Centro de Observación de la Tierra, Escuela de Ingeniería Forestal, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, ChileFidel Alejandro Roig & Alejandro Venegas-GonzálezInstituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP), Centro de Investigación Regional Pacífico Centro – Campo Experimental, Centro Altos de Jalisco, MéxicoErnesto Alonso Rubio-CamachoNational Institute for Amazon Research, Petrópolis, Manaus, BrazilJochen SchöngartDepartment of Earth Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, GermanyFranziska SlottaDepartment of Earth and Environmental Systems, Indiana State University, Terre Haute, IN, USAJames H. SpeerDepartment of Geography, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USAMatthew D. TherrellDepartment of Civil, Environmental and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USAMax C. A. TorbensonDepartment of Geography, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, GermanyMax C. A. TorbensonDepartment of Plant and Environmental Sciences, School of Natural Resources, The Copperbelt University, Kitwe, ZambiaRoyd VinyaForest and Nature Management, Van Hall Larenstein University of Applied Sciences, Velp, the NetherlandsMart VlamSchool of Teacher Training for Secondary Education Tilburg, Fontys University of Applied Sciences, Tilburg, the NetherlandsTommy WilsP.A.Z., P.G. and V.T. initiated the tropical tree-ring network; P.A.Z., F.B., P.G. and V.T. designed the study; all co-authors except F.B. contributed tree-ring data; F.B. and P.G. analysed the data, with important contributions from P.A.Z.; P.A.Z. and V.T. wrote the manuscript, with important contributions from F.B. and P.G. All co-authors read and approved the manuscript. More

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Storage and displayAll collected datasets (directly downloadable as tabular files), the bibtex file with all references, all reports and all kinetic bioaccumulation metric estimates are publicly available on Zenodo17. An rmarkdown file18,19 was created to build the overview table with information collected from the name of the dataset and from the dataset itself (e.g., column headers, number of data, number of replicates), as well as from the bibtex file. The R package DT was additionally used20 to combine all collected information in a user-friendly manner including a convenient search tool, and the rmarkdown file was finally compiled19 in HTML format for display to the user in packs of 10 lines by default. In such a way, each new dataset added into the repository will compile the rmarkdown file automatically for update.In parallel, the database can also be accessed directly via http://lbbe-shiny.univ-lyon1.fr/mosaic-bioacc/data/database/TK_database.html, or from MOSAICbioacc clicking on the “More scientific TK data” button. An example of the output of the overview table is shown in Fig. 2, while the full table is provided in the supplementary information (Table S2). The collected raw TK data of the database consist in the time-course of several types of chemical substances bioaccumulated in various species via different exposure routes.Fig. 2Screenshot of the first page of the overview table of the database available from MOSAICbioacc.Full size imageDatasets overviewEach dataset is summarized by:

the file name (raw data directly downloadable by clicking on the file name, in text or CSV format),

the genus of the tested organism,

the category of the organism (e.g., aquatic, terrestrial, etc.),

the tested chemical substance,

the duration of the accumulation phase,

the tested exposure routes (e.g., water, sediment, food, pore water),

the total number of observations in the dataset (plus the number of replicate(s) in brackets),

the kinetic bioaccumulation metric median value with its 95% uncertainty interval,

the report which contains all the outputs from MOSAICbioacc (in PDF format),

the link to the reference or the source of the data,

some additional comments (e.g., lipid fraction, growth, biotransformation, if exposure was done for chemical mixtures or not, if total radioactivity was used or not, etc.).

A summary of all datasets is presented in Table 1. Genus were separated in 12 categories: aquatic invertebrates (n = 105), fish (n = 42), insects (n = 17), aquatic worms (n = 10), terrestrial worms (n = 16), seawater sponges (n = 2), seawater plants (n = 1), aquatic algae (n = 1), terrestrial invertebrates (n = 1), vertebrates other than fish (n = 4), marine invertebrates (n = 8), and heterotrichea (n = 4). The most represented genus in the database are Gammarus (aquatic invertebrate, n = 43) and Daphnia (aquatic invertebrate, n = 27), followed by Oncorhynchus (fish, n = 15), genus that are classically used in ecotoxicological experiments. Recommended genus by OECD guidelines for bioaccumulation tests are Eisenia and Enchytraeus for terrestrial organisms (OECD 317)21, and Tubifex or Lumbriculus for aquatic invertebrates exposed to sediment (OECD 315)22; some datasets for these specific species are available in the database (n = 24).Table 1 Summary of the collected TK datasets.Full size tableChemical substances were divided in 10 classes following at the best the nomenclature used in Standartox23: pesticides (n = 71), hydrocarbons (n = 37), metals (n = 20), nanoparticules (n = 23), polychlorobiphenyls (PCB, n = 22), flame retardants (brominated or chlorinated, n = 8), pharmaceutical products (n = 14), PFAS (n = 7), octyphenol (n = 2) and other (n = 7). Among all datasets, the majority of bioaccumulation tests were performed via spiked water (n = 137). Besides, 34 datasets account for biotransformation processes, considering from 1 to 8 metabolites.According to ECHA (2017)2, BCF below 1,000 means that the chemical substance is not bioaccumulative, whereas one ranging between 1,000 and 5,000 corresponds to a bioaccumulative chemical substance: low bioaccumulative if BCF ∈]1,000; 2,000]; mid-bioaccumulative if BCF ∈]2,000; 5,000]. If BCF is >5000, the chemical substance is classified as very bioaccumulative. These ranges are reported in Table 1, where BCF median estimates are >5000 for 25 datasets, indicating a very bioaccumulative capacity of the corresponding chemical substances for the corresponding genus. Concerning BSAF and BMF estimates, their value must be compared to threshold 1. A median BSAF estimate >1 indicates that the corresponding chemical substance can bioaccumulate from soil or sediment into organisms at the base of the non-aquatic food chain24,25; a median BMF estimate >1 indicates that the corresponding chemical substance can biomagnify in the trophic relationship under consideration26. In the database, 16 datasets in 36 led to BSAF >1, for genus Eisenia (n = 2), Enchytraeus (n = 6), Gallus (n = 1), Lumbriculus (n = 2), Metaphire (n = 2), Physa (n = 1), Radix (n = 2)), while 8 datasets in 38 led to BMF >1, for genus Gallus (n = 1), Oncorhynchus (n = 5) and Perca (n = 2). On an ecotoxicological point of view, the highest BCF estimates were obtained for genus Culex and Sialis exposed to chlorpyrifos due to a very low estimate of the elimination rate, for genus Gammarus and Calanus exposed to hydrocarbons, and several aquatic invertebrates exposed to pesticides, especially chlorpyrifos (n = 4), attesting to the potential high bioaccumulation capacity and high risk of toxicity associated with this chemical substance for aquatic organisms. Overall, aquatic invertebrates seem to be the most sensitive category of organisms in terms of bioaccumulation of chemical substances representing 20 in the 25 datasets with a BCF estimates >5000. More

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