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This section provides an overview of methods. The Supplementary Information provides additional detailed descriptions of the leech collections, laboratory processing, bioinformatics pipeline, and site-occupancy modelling. Code for our bioinformatics pipeline is available at Ji72 and Yu73. Code for our site-occupancy modelling and analysis is available at Baker et al.74.Leech collectionsSamples were collected during the rainy season, from July to September 2016, by park rangers from the Ailaoshan Forestry Bureau. The nature reserve is divided into 172 non-overlapping patrol areas defined by the Yunnan Forestry Survey and Planning Institute. These areas range in size from 0.5 to 12.5 km2 (mean 3.9 ± sd 2.5 km2), in part reflecting accessibility (smaller areas tend to be more rugged). These patrol areas pre-existed our study, and are used in the administration of the reserve. The reserve is divided into six parts, which are managed by six cities or autonomous counties (NanHua, ChuXiong, JingDong, ZhenYuan, ShuangBai, XinPing) which assign patrol areas to the villages within their jurisdiction based on proximity. The villages establish working groups to carry out work within the patrol areas. Thus, individual park rangers might change every year, but the patrol areas and the villages responsible for them are fixed.Each ranger was supplied with several small bags containing tubes filled with RNAlater preservative. Rangers were asked to place any leeches they could collect opportunistically during their patrols (e.g. from the ground or clothing) into the tubes, in exchange for a one-off payment of RMB 300 ( ~USD 45) for participation, plus RMB 100 if they caught one or more leeches. Multiple leeches could be placed into each tube, but the small tube sizes generally required the rangers to use multiple tubes for their collections.A total of 30,468 leeches were collected in 3 months by 163 rangers across all 172 patrol areas. When a bag of tubes contained  More

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