Ecology

Gillet, N. et al. Canada’s Changing Climate Report (Government of Canada, 2019).Bintanja, R. The impact of Arctic warming on increased rainfall. Sci. Rep. 8, 6–11 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
Camill, P. Permafrost thaw accelerates in boreal peatlands during late-20th century climate warming. Clim. Change 68, 135–152 (2005).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Hollesen, J., Matthiesen, H., Møller, A. B. & Elberling, B. Permafrost thawing in organic Arctic soils accelerated by ground heat production. Nat. Clim. Change 5, 574–578 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
Walvoord, M. A. & Striegl, R. G. Increased groundwater to stream discharge from permafrost thawing in the Yukon River basin: potential impacts on lateral export of carbon and nitrogen. Geophys. Res. Lett. 34, L12402 (2007).Pearson, R. G. et al. Shifts in Arctic vegetation and associated feedbacks under climate change. Nat. Clim. Change 3, 673–677 (2013).Article 

Google Scholar 
Heijmans, M. M. P. D. et al. Tundra vegetation change and impacts on permafrost. Nat. Rev. Earth Environ. 3, 68–84 (2022).Article 

Google Scholar 
Tape, K., Sturm, M. & Racine, C. The evidence for shrub expansion in Northern Alaska and the Pan-Arctic. Glob. Change Biol. 12, 686–702 (2006).Article 

Google Scholar 
Mekonnen, Z. A. et al. Arctic tundra shrubification: a review of mechanisms and impacts on ecosystem carbon balance. Environ. Res. Lett. 16, 053001 (2021).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Shevtsova, I. et al. Strong shrub expansion in tundra-taiga, tree infilling in taiga and stable tundra in central Chukotka (north-eastern Siberia) between 2000 and 2017. Environ. Res. Lett. 15, 085006 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Wild, B. et al. Rivers across the Siberian Arctic unearth the patterns of carbon release from thawing permafrost. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 116, 10280–10285 (2019).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Rowland, J. C. et al. Arctic landscapes in transition: responses to thawing permafrost. Eos 91, 229–230 (2010).Article 

Google Scholar 
Walcker, R., Corenblit, D., Julien, F., Martinez, J. M. & Steiger, J. Contribution of meandering rivers to natural carbon fluxes: evidence from the Ucayali River, Peruvian Amazonia. Sci. Total Environ. 776, 146056 (2021).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Torres, M. A. et al. Model predictions of long-lived storage of organic carbon in river deposits. Earth Surf. Dyn. 5, 711–730 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
Allen, J. R. Sedimentary structures: their character and physical basis. Dev. Sedimentol. 30B, 1–593 (1982).
Google Scholar 
Howard, A. D. & Knutson, T. R. Sufficient conditions for river meandering: a simulation approach. Water Resour. Res. 20, 1659–1667 (1984).Article 

Google Scholar 
Chassiot, L., Lajeunesse, P. & Bernier, J. F. Riverbank erosion in cold environments: review and outlook. Earth-Sci. Rev. 207, 103231 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Constantine, J. A., Dunne, T., Ahmed, J., Legleiter, C. & Lazarus, E. D. Sediment supply as a driver of river meandering and floodplain evolution in the Amazon Basin. Nat. Geosci. 7, 899–903 (2014).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Horton, A. J. et al. Modification of river meandering by tropical deforestation. Geology 45, 511–514 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
Ielpi, A. & Lapôtre, M. G. A. A tenfold slowdown in river meander migration driven by plant life. Nat. Geosci. 13, 82–86 (2020).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Kokelj, S. V., Lantz, T. C., Tunnicliffe, J., Segal, R. & Lacelle, D. Climate-driven thaw of permafrost preserved glacial landscapes, northwestern Canada. Geology 45, 371–374 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
Zhang, T. et al. Warming-driven erosion and sediment transport in cold regions. Nat. Rev. Earth Environ. 3, 832–851(2022).Brown, D. R. N. et al. Implications of climate variability and changing seasonal hydrology for subarctic riverbank erosion. Clim. Change 162, 385–404 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Gautier, E. et al. Fifty-year dynamics of the Lena River islands (Russia): spatio-temporal pattern of large periglacial anabranching river and influence of climate change. Sci. Total Environ. 783, 147020 (2021).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Piliouras, A., Lauzon, R. & Rowland, J. C. Unraveling the combined effects of ice and permafrost on Arctic delta morphodynamics. J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf. 126, e2020JF005706 (2021).Matsubara, Y. et al. Geomorphology river meandering on Earth and Mars: a comparative study of Aeolis Dorsa meanders, Mars and possible terrestrial analogs of the Usuktuk River, AK, and the Quinn River, NV. Geomorphology 240, 102–120 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
Lininger, K. B. & Wohl, E. Floodplain dynamics in North American permafrost regions under a warming climate and implications for organic carbon stocks: a review and synthesis. Earth-Sci. Rev. 193, 24–44 (2019).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Treat, C. C. & Jones, M. C. Near-surface permafrost aggradation in Northern Hemisphere peatlands shows regional and global trends during the past 6000 years. Holocene 28, 998–1010 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
Lapôtre, M. G. A., Ielpi, A., Lamb, M. P., Williams, R. M. E. & Knoll, A. H. Model for the formation of single-thread rivers in barren landscapes and implications for pre-Silurian and martian fluvial deposits. J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf. 124, 2757–2777 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
Wang, G., Hu, H. & Li, T. The influence of freeze-thaw cycles of active soil layer on surface runoff in a permafrost watershed. J. Hydrol. 375, 438–449 (2009).Article 

Google Scholar 
Tananaev, N. & Lotsari, E. Defrosting northern catchments: fluvial effects of permafrost degradation. Earth-Sci. Rev. 228, 103996 (2022).Article 

Google Scholar 
Tarnocai, C., Nixon, M. F. & Kutny, L. Circumpolar-active-layer-monitoring (CALM) sites in the Mackenzie Valley, northwestern Canada. Permafr. Periglac. Process. 15, 141–153 (2004).Article 

Google Scholar 
Nguyen, T.-N., Burn, C. R., King, D. J. & Smith, S. L. Estimating the extent of near-surface permafrost using remote sensing, Mackenzie Delta, Northwest Territories. Permafr. Periglac. Process. 20, 141–153 (2009).Article 

Google Scholar 
Stephani, E., Drage, J., Miller, D., Jones, B. M. & Kanevskiy, M. Taliks, cryopegs, and permafrost dynamics related to channel migration, Colville River Delta, Alaska. Permafr. Periglac. Process. 31, 239–254 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Walvoord, M. A. & Kurylyk, B. L. Hydrologic impacts of thawing permafrost—a review. Vadose Zo. J. 15, vzj2016.01.0010 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
Leopold, L. B., Wolman, M. G. & Miller, J. P. Fluvial Processes in Geomorphology (Dover, 1964).Sylvester, Z., Durkin, P. & Covault, J. A. High curvatures drive river meandering. Geology 47, 263–266 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
Lageweg, W. I. van de et al. Bank pull or bar push: what drives scroll-bar formation in meandering rivers? Geology 42, 319–322 (2014).Liljedahl, A. K., Timling, I., Frost, G. V. & Daanen, R. P. Arctic riparian shrub expansion indicates a shift from streams gaining water to those that lose flow. Commun. Earth Environ. 1, 50 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Parker, G. et al. A new framework for modeling the migration of meandering rivers. Earth Surf. Process. Landf. 36, 70–86 (2011).Article 

Google Scholar 
Blanckaert, K. Topographic steering, flow recirculation, velocity redistribution, and bed topography in sharp meander bends. Water Resour. Res. 46, W09506 (2010).
Google Scholar 
Ielpi, A. & Lapôtre, M. G. A. Biotic forcing militates against river meandering in the modern Bonneville Basin of Utah. Sedimentology 66, 1896–1929 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
Fox, G. A. et al. Measuring streambank erosion due to ground water seepage: correlation to bank pore water pressure, precipitation and stream stage. Earth Surf. Process. Landf. 1573, 1558–1573 (2007).Article 

Google Scholar 
O’Neill, H. B., Smith, S. L. & Duchesne, C. Long-term permafrost degradation and thermokarst subsidence in the Mackenzie Delta Area indicated by thaw tube measurements. In 18th International Conference on Cold Regions Engineering and 8th Canadian Permafrost Conference (eds Bilodeau, J.-P. et al.) 643–651 (ASCE, 2019).Qiu, J. Thawing permafrost reduces river runoff. Nature https://doi.org/10.1038/nature.2012.9749 (2012).Zheng, L., Overeem, I., Wang, K. & Clow, G. D. Changing Arctic river dynamics cause localized permafrost thaw. J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf. 124, 2324–2344 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
Jorgenson, M. T. et al. An Ecological Land Survey for the Colville River Delta, Alaska, 1996 (ABR, Inc., 1997).Park, H., Yoshikawa, Y., Yang, D. & Oshima, K. Warming water in arctic terrestrial rivers under climate change. J. Hydrometeorol. 18, 1983–1995 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
Roy-Leveillee, P. & Burn, C. R. Near-shore talik development beneath shallow water in expanding thermokarst lakes, Old Crow Flats, Yukon. J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf. 122, 1070–1089 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
Langer, M. et al. Rapid degradation of permafrost underneath waterbodies in tundra landscapes—toward a representation of thermokarst in land surface models. J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf. 121, 2446–2470 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
O’Neill, H. B., Roy-Leveillee, P., Lebedeva, L. & Ling, F. Recent advances (2010–2019) in the study of taliks. Permafr. Periglac. Process. 31, 346–357 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
French, H. The Periglacial Environment (Wiley, 2017).Prowse, T. D. River-ice ecology. I: Hydrologic, geomorphic, and water-quality aspects. J. Cold Reg. Eng. 15, 1–16 (2001).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Yang, X., Pavelsky, T. M. & Allen, G. H. The past and future of global river ice. Nature 577, 69–73 (2020).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Brown, J., Ferrians, O. J. Jr, Heginbottom, J. A. & Melkinov, E. S. Circum-Arctic Map of Permafrost and Ground-Ice Conditions (USGS, 1997); https://pubs.usgs.gov/cp/45/report.pdfIelpi, A., Lapotre, M. G. A., Finotello, A. & Roy-Léveillée, P. Large sinuous rivers are slowing down in a warming Arctic. Zenodo https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7556050 (2023).Leopold, L. B. & Maddock, T. J. The Hydraulic Geometry of Stream Channels and Some Physiographic Implications (USGS, 1953).Giorgino, T. Computing and visualizing dynamic time warping alignments in R: the dtw package. J. Stat. Softw. 31, 1–24 (2009).Article 

Google Scholar 
Donovan, M., Belmont, P. & Sylvester, Z. Evaluating the relationship between meander-bend curvature, sediment supply, and migration rates. J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf. 126, e2020JF006058 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
Sylvester, Z., Durkin, P. R., Hubbard, S. M. & Mohrig, D. Autogenic translation and counter point bar deposition in meandering rivers. GSA Bull. 133, 2439–2456 (2021).Titov, M. Code for dynamic time warping analysis. GitHub http://mlt.github.io/QGIS-Processing-tools/tags/dtw.html (2015).Finotello, A., D’Alpaos, A., Lazarus, E. D. & Lanzoni, S. High curvatures drive river meandering: COMMENT. Geology 47, e485 (2019).Finotello, A. et al. American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting Abstracts (AGU, 2020).Congedo, L. Semi-automatic classification plugin: a Python tool for the download and processing of remote sensing images in QGIS. J. Open Source Softw. 6, 3172 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar  More

To supplement the limited publicly available information on rabies risk, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) performs an annual country-by-country qualitative assessment of rabies risks and protective factors. The results of this assessment are released annually in an open-access database of core metrics consisting of the presence of lyssaviruses (specifically canine or wildlife rabies virus variants, or other bat lyssaviruses), access to rabies immunoglobulins and vaccines, rabies surveillance capacity and canine rabies control capacity18. The analysis presented here builds upon the current CDC evaluation and specifically examines publicly available data to better inform the parameter of rabies surveillance capacity. This study found publicly available data regarding rabies animal testing by species, described testing practices in relation to the country’s human and dog populations, as well as by their stage of DMRVV control (defined by WHO), and used this data to calculate a surveillance testing threshold for DMRVV endemic countries.Data sources were categorized into four tiers, with the order reflecting the preference for selecting the most appropriate data for the purposes of this analysis. Tier 1 data sources were considered to be the preferential data source and included any official government data submitted to a Regional or International data repository. Official data repositories included the WHO GHO, Pan-American Health Organization Regional Information System for Epidemiologic Surveillance of Rabies (PAHO SIRVERA), and the European Rabies Bulletin. Tier 1 data sources also included official country reports found through literature search, so long as they were publicly available. Tier 2 data sources consisted of published reports in peer-reviewed literature or on a ministry of health or agriculture site that includes data from the entire country, as well as unofficial data repositories (e.g., Global Alliance on Rabies Control (GARC) Rabies Epidemiologic Bulletin). Tier 3 data consisted of one-time cross-sectional studies or studies describing sub-national testing activities and which could not be reliably extrapolated to an entire country. Tier 4 data sources include any resource not captured in the previous criteria that were obtained during literature searches. The primary data search was conducted in September 2021, with an update in September 2022. Only Tier 1 and Tier 2 data sources were included in the evaluation of animal testing rates. If multiple data sources contained conflicting testing rates, we prioritized data from surveillance repositories, then reports from ministries of health or agriculture, and, finally, peer-reviewed publications.For Tier 1 data (i.e., surveillance repository), data was included in this study if it described rabies testing conducted between the years 2010 and 2019. As political, economic, and epidemiologic factors directly influence the reliability and transparency of surveillance system data, we decided that a ten-year limit would capture any year-to-year variation in data and better characterize current passive surveillance practices. Additionally, the cutoff of 2019 was chosen so that the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on rabies surveillance capacity would not affect this comprehensive evaluation and would account for lag time in reporting to Tier 1 data sources19,20. This study assumed data from these surveillance repositories is entered secondary to passive surveillance systems. If data was known to be from active surveillance activities, it was removed from analyses.For Tier 2 data (i.e., peer-reviewed publications), certain publications presented aggregated testing data that included years prior to the Tier 1 cutoff (i.e., 2010). To increase inclusivity of eligible data and keep the findings from this evaluation representative of current practices, eligible data must have had an end year ≥ 2012, regardless of the starting year of data (Table S1). The literature search was conducted on PubMed, Scopus, and Google for “rabies” AND “[country name]” from 2010 to December 2021. “Publicly available” was defined as any result appearing in PubMed or Scopus, or within the first three pages of a Google search. Exceptions to the first three pages were made for similar country names (e.g., Guinea, Congo). The first 10% of Spanish- and French-speaking countries were also searched for “rabia” and “raj,” respectively, to potentially capture any other sources of surveillance data. However, after no additional data was found, this was discontinued. If an article or resource quantifying animal testing capacity within these criteria was not found, the country was deemed to not have readily available data for analysis.For any countries that were part of the surveillance threshold calculation for DMRVV endemic countries, the preferred tiered data was compared to all other data sources. For one country (i.e., Brazil), there was a notable lack of dog testing data and known discrepancies in data reporting between their two reporting systems (i.e., SINAN, SIRVERA)21. In this situation, a median rate was calculated between a Tier 1 and Tier 3 data source. No other such discrepancies were noted. The type of surveillance (active or passive) was noted for each data source; we assumed passive surveillance with Tier 1 data unless compelling evidence existed to display that this was not the case. A strictly active surveillance program was excluded from all analyses. A summary of overall testing practices was performed and standardized according to the number of years each data source contained.As evaluations of rabies testing rates spanned over multiple years, population estimates were obtained to reflect the most recent year in the available data. Three separate testing rates were calculated and standardized based on the human population within the country: [1] All animal, [2] Domestic animal, and [3] Wildlife. There are different social and cultural behaviors that affect the human to dog ratio and interactions between people and animals. These differences can impact the susceptibility of dogs to rabies virus infection and the likelihood of human interactions with rabid animals. Therefore, we additionally calculated country testing rates standardized by the estimated dog population, to provide an additional indicator value of adequate surveillance capacity. Estimated dog populations were obtained from a previous study22. This resulted in up to four calculated rabies testing rates per country, depending upon available data.Equation 1: All-animal per human testing rate (AAHR)$$frac{Average,number,of,all,animals,tested/year}{{Estimated,human,population}} times 100,000$$
(1)
Equation 2: Domestic animal per human testing rate (DAHR)$$frac{Average, number, of, domestic, animals, tested/year}{{Estimated, human, population}} times 100,000$$
(2)
Equation 3: Domestic animal per dog testing rate (DADR)$$frac{Average, number, of, domestic ,animals, tested/year}{{Estimated ,dog, population}} times 100,000$$
(3)
Equation 4: Wildlife per human testing rate (WHR)$$frac{Average, number ,of, wildlife, animals, tested/year}{{Estimated ,human, population}} times 100,000$$
(4)
The WHO rabies epidemiologic Status is divided into five categories in escalating levels of dog rabies control: [1] Endemic dog-transmitted human rabies, [2] Endemic dog rabies, [3] Sporadic dog-transmitted rabies, [4] Controlled dog rabies, and [5] No dog rabies. The WHO Status was established based on existing data and expert knowledge to help better define the level of rabies control for each country23. In addition to these five WHO Statuses, countries in Status [5] were further sub-categorized into [5a] (rabies virus free), and [5b] (wildlife rabies enzootic) based on CDC’s wildlife rabies status; the CDC rabies status was also used for any country without a WHO Status (n = 11)24. Average testing rates for the aforementioned equations were calculated for each WHO Rabies Status category, treating each country as an equally weighted value in the rate calculation. Only descriptive analyses were conducted to describe surveillance and testing data, as data quality was not deemed acceptable for multi-variable statistical analysis and testing rates were heavily left-skewed. Data is presented as median and IQR as the data was noted to not reflect a parametric distribution.Ethics approvalThis activity was reviewed by CDC and was conducted consistent with applicable federal law and CDC policy. (See e.g., 45 C.F.R. part 46, 21 C.F.R. part 56; 42 U.S.C. §241(d); 5 U.S.C. §552a; 44 U.S.C. §3501 et seq.) The views and opinions of the manuscript are of the authors alone and do not represent those of CDC or any other federal agency. More

Summary of SCTLD microbiome studiesInitially, datasets were acquired from 17 SCTLD studies, but one study [24] did not pass quality filtering and was removed from the analysis, resulting in 16 SCTLD studies used in this meta-analysis. In addition, one Acropora spp. rapid tissue loss (RTL) disease study was included for comparison of bacteria which may be associated more generally with coral tissue loss diseases (Supplementary Table 1). The combined dataset included 2425 samples, representing various coral species and environments described below. A total of 63 miscellaneous samples such as lab controls were included in this total (Supplementary Table 1). Samples from the studies were sequenced using five primer pairs: CS1-515F/CS2-806R [31] with additional 5’ linker sequences [32] (n = 79), 515FY [33]/806RB [34] (n = 1219), S-D-Bact-0341-b-S-17/S-D-Bact-0785-a-A-21 [35] (n = 31), 515F/806R [31] (n = 49), and 515F [31]/Arch806R [36] (n = 984; Fig. 1A). Although five primer pairs were used across studies, only the forward reads were evaluated in this analysis (see “Methods”). A description of the differences between 515F primers can be found in detail [34].Fig. 1: The number of aquaria and field samples for each coral species.A small subunit (SSU) rRNA gene primer sets, B sample type, and C disease state. NAs in (A, B) represent sediment and seawater samples. Coral species codes represent the following: Acropora cervicornis (ACER), Acropora palmata (APAL), Colpophyllia natans (CNAT), Diploria labyrinthiformis (DLAB), Dichocoenia stokesii (DSTO), Montastraea cavernosa (MCAV), Meandrina meandrites (MMEA), Orbicella annularis (OANN), Orbicella faveolata (OFAV), Orbicella franksi (OFRA), Porites astreoides (PAST), Pseudodiploria clivosa (PCLI), Pseudodiploria strigosa (PSTR), Stephanocoenia intersepta (SINT), and Siderastrea siderea (SSID).Full size imageSamples were collected throughout Florida and the U.S. Virgin Islands (USVI). Field samples totaled 1274, representing 40 sites, and a further 1088 samples were from aquaria (i.e., laboratory-based experiments; Fig. 1). Thirteen SCTLD-susceptible coral species were included, with Montastraea cavernosa (MCAV; n = 543) and Orbicella faveolata (OFAV; n = 357) most represented and Pseudodiploria clivosa (PCLI; n = 6) and Orbicella franksi (OFRA; n = 7) least represented (Fig. 1). Coral samples (n = 2031) were from three compartments: mucus only (n = 393), mucus and surface tissue (tissue slurry; n = 1585), and skeleton samples with embedded coral tissue (tissue slurry skeleton; n = 53). Seawater (n = 198) and sediment (n = 133) samples from both the field and aquaria experiments also were included to evaluate potential sources of transmission of disease-associated bacteria (Fig. 1B). For seawater from aquaria experiments, 18 L samples were collected [27], while in the field between 60 mL and 1 L samples were collected [11, 25]. In sediment aquaria experiments, 2 mL samples were collected [12], and in the field, approximately 5 mL samples were collected (of the 5 mL, DNA was extracted from 0.25 g sediment [11]). Coral samples represented three SCTLD health states: apparently healthy colonies (AH), which was the most represented (n = 1021), followed by lesions on diseased colonies (DL; n = 661), and unaffected areas on diseased colonies (DU; n = 349; Fig. 1C). AH represents grossly normal tissue, DU grossly normal tissue on diseased colonies, and DL grossly abnormal tissue.Differences in the microbial composition were found in AH corals among zones (vulnerable, endemic, and epidemic)Differences in alpha-diversity were tested among three SCTLD zones: vulnerable (i.e., locations where the disease had not been observed/reported), endemic (i.e., locations where a disease outbreak had moved through the reef and no or few colonies had active lesions), and epidemic (i.e., locations where the outbreak was active and prevalent). For alpha-diversity, for AH field-sourced samples, after filtering, 41,504 amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) remained, which were reduced to 15,021 following rarefaction. Among the filtered AH samples, Shannon (alpha) diversity from the vulnerable zone was slightly higher (estimated marginal means (emmean) = 3.95) compared to the epidemic zone (emmean = 3.70), but this was not significant (Supplementary Fig. 1). For beta-diversity, both within and between-group differences were tested using a filtered counts table. Within-group beta-diversity (variation in microbial composition or dispersion) was not different between zones, but was significant for all comparisons between zones (PERMANOVA, P-adjusted (Padj) More

Roux, R., Gosselin, M., Desrosiers, G. & Nozais, C. Effects of reduced UV radiation on a microbenthic community during a microcosm experiment. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 225, 29–43. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps225029 (2002).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Häder, D. P., Helbling, E. W., Williamson, C. E. & Worrest, R. C. Effects of UV radiation on aquatic ecosystems and interactions with climate change. Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. 10, 242–260. https://doi.org/10.1039/C0PP90036B (2011).Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Schmidt, É. C. et al. Response of the agarophyte Gelidium floridanum after in vitro exposure to ultraviolet radiation B: changes in ultrastructure, pigments, and antioxidant systems. J. Appl. Phycol. 24, 1341–1352. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-012-9786-4 (2012).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Zhu, L. et al. Physiological responses of macroalga Gracilaria lemaneiformis (Rhodophyta) to UV-B radiation exposure. Chin. J. Oceanol. Limnol. 33, 389–399. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00343-015-4073-2 (2015).Article 
ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Liu, Y. N., Ao, M., Li, B. & Guan, Y. X. Effect of ultraviolet- B( UV-B) radiation on plant growth and development and its application value. Soils and Crops 9, 191–202. https://doi.org/10.11689/j.issn.2095-2961.2020.02.011 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Chen, Y. Y., Xu, X. L., Shen, X. Y. & Zhang, Z. G. Advances of Research on Effects of Enhanced UV-B on Algae. JiangXi Science 23, 180–184. https://doi.org/10.13990/j.issn1001-3679.2005.02.025 (2005).Article 

Google Scholar 
Aguilera, J., Bischof, K., Karsten, U., Hanelt, D. & Wiencke, C. Seasonal variation in ecophysiological patterns in macroalgae from an Arctic fjord. II. Pigment accumulation and biochemical defence systems against high light stress. Mar. Biol. 140, 1087–1095. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-002-0792-y (2002).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Xu, F. H., Zhang, P. Y., Yu, D. S. & Li, Y. The effect of enhanced UV-B radiation to the growth of Ulva Pertusa Kjell man and Platy monas Hel gol andi ca Kylin var. Tsi ngt aoensis. J. Qingdao Univ. (E & T) 21, 49–53. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1006-9798.2006.02.010 (2006).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Guan, W. C., Chen, H., Wang, T., Chen, S. & Xu, J. Effect of the solar ultraviolet radiation on the growth and fluorescence parameters of Sargassum horner. J. Fish. China 40, 83–91. https://doi.org/10.11964/jfc.20150109683 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
Sun, Y. et al. Physiological responses and metabonomics analysis of male and female Sargassum thunbergii macroalgae exposed to ultraviolet-B stress. Front. Plant Sci. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.778602 (2022).Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Sun, Y. et al. The differing responses of central carbon cycle metabolism in male and female Sargassum thunbergii to ultraviolet-B radiation. Front. Plant Sci. 13, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.904943 (2022).Article 

Google Scholar 
Lu, P. et al. Gender differences response characteristics of Sargassum thunbergii in reactive oxygen species scavenging system to enhanced UV-B radiation. Period. Ocean Univ. China 52, 5259. https://doi.org/10.16441/j.cnki.hdxb.20210224 (2022).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Ji, Y., Xu, Z., Zou, D. & Gao, K. Ecophysiological responses of marine macroalgae to climate change factors. J. Appl. Phycol. 28, 2953–2967. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-016-0840-5 (2016).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Chen, S. W. & Wu, B. X. Algal responses to enhanced UV-B and its mechanism on molecular level. J. Jinan Univ. (Nat. Sci.) 21, 88–94. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-9965.2000.05.017 (2000).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Pescheck, F., Lohbeck, K. T., Roleda, M. Y. & Bilger, W. UV-B -induced DNA and photosystem II damage in two intertidal green macroalgae: distinct survival strategies in UV-screening and non-screening Chlorophyta. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B 132, 85–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2014.02.006 (2014).Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Dong, K. Physiological and biochemical responses of Ulva pertusa and Sargassum thunbergii to UV-B radiation Master thesis, Ocean University of China (2008).Selvarajan, R., Sibanda, T., Venkatachalam, S., Ogola, H. & Msagati, T. A. Distribution, interaction and functional profiles of epiphytic bacterial communities from the rocky intertidal seaweeds, South Africa. Sci. Rep. 9, 19835. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-56269-2 (2019).Article 
ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Zhang, Z. H., Tang, L. L. & Zhang, Y. Y. Algae-bacteria interactions and their ecological functions in the ocean. Microbiol. China 45, 2043–2053. https://doi.org/10.13344/j.microbiol.china.180178 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
Xuan, L. et al. Effects of UV-B radiation on quantity of epiphytic bacteria, endophytic bacteria and physiological mechanism of Erigeron breviscapus. Ecol. Environ. Sci. 18, 2211–2215. https://doi.org/10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2009.06.055 (2009).Article 

Google Scholar 
Zheng, H. Effects of UV-B radiation on the endophytic bacteria in plants of Qinghai-Tibet plateau Master thesis, Lanzhou University (2009).Dobretsov, S., Véliz, K., Romero, M. S., Tala, F. & Thiel, M. Impact of UV radiation on the red seaweed Gelidium lingulatum and its associated bacteria. Eur. J. Phycol. 56, 129–141. https://doi.org/10.1080/09670262.2020.1775309 (2021).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Serebryakova, A., Aires, T., Viard, F., Serrao, E. & Engelen, A. Summer shifts of bacterial communities associated with the invasive brown seaweed Sargassum muticum are location and tissue dependent. PLoS ONE 13, e0206734. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0206734 (2018).Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Florez, J. Z., Carolina, C., Hengst, M. B. & Buschmann, A. H. A functional perspective analysis of macroalgae and epiphytic bacterial community interaction. Front. Microbiol. 8, 2561. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2017.02561 (2017).Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Xu, X. et al. Different growth sensitivity to enhanced UV-B radiation between male and female Populus cathayana. Tree Physiol. 30, 1489–1498. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpq094 (2010).Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Chen, M. et al. Various responses of antioxidant enzyme system and photosynthetic pigments in male and female mulberry (Morus alba L.) seedlings to UV-B radiation. J. China West Normal Univ. (Nat. Sci.) 35, 327–332. https://doi.org/10.16246/j.issn.1673-5072.2014.04.010 (2014).Article 

Google Scholar 
Norul, S. et al. Accumulation of phenolics and growth of dioecious Populus tremula (L.) seedlings over three growing seasons under elevated temperature and UV-B radiation. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 165, 114–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.05.012 (2021).Article 
ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Sun, Y. et al. Development and utilization status of Sargassum thunbergii. Fish. Sci. Technol. Inf. 45, 343–346. https://doi.org/10.16446/j.cnki.1001-1994.2018.06.011 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
Amaral-Zettler, L. A. et al. Comparative mitochondrial and chloroplast genomics of a genetically distinct form of Sargassum contributing to recent “Golden Tides” in the Western Atlantic. Ecol. Evol. 7, 516–525. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.2630 (2016).Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Wu, H., Liu, H., Yang, D. & Li, M. Research present situation of Sargassum thunbergii. Terr. Nat. Resour. Study 1, 95–96. https://doi.org/10.16202/j.cnki.tnrs.2010.01.009 (2010).Article 

Google Scholar 
Njage, P. et al. Quantitative microbial risk assessment based on whole genome sequencing data: case of Listeria monocytogenes. Microorganisms 8, 1772. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8111772 (2020).Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
McHugh, A. J. et al. Tracking the dairy microbiota from farm bulk tank to skimmed milk powder. mSystems 5, e00226-00220. https://doi.org/10.1128/mSystems.00226-20 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Sun, Y. Polyphasic Taxonomy of Fluviibacterium aquatile SM1902T and Effect of starvation treatment on the variation of bacterial community in the open ocean surface seawater Master thesis, Shandong University, (2020).Gao, X. et al. Survival, virulent characteristics, and transcriptomic analyses of the pathogenic Vibrio anguillarum under starvation stress. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol. 16, 389. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2018.00389 (2018).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Gao, Y. Study on denitrification performance of marine anammox bacteria under UV and electron mediators Master thesis, Qingdao University, (2020).Fernández Zenoff, V., Siñeriz, F. & Farías, M. E. Diverse responses to UV-B radiation and repair mechanisms of bacteria isolated from high-altitude aquatic environments. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 72, 7857–7863. https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.01333-06 (2006).Article 
ADS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Kadivar, H. & Stapleton, A. E. Ultraviolet radiation alters maize phyllosphere bacterial diversity. Microb. Ecol. 45, 353–361. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-002-1065-5 (2003).Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Lynch, M. D. J. & Neufeld, J. D. Ecology and exploration of the rare biosphere. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 13, 217–229. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro3400 (2015).Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Reintjes, G., Arnosti, C., Fuchs, B. & Amann, R. Selfish, sharing and scavenging bacteria in the Atlantic Ocean: A biogeographical study of bacterial substrate utilisation. ISME J. 13, 1119–1132. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41396-018-0326-3 (2019).Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Roth Rosenberg, D. et al. Prochlorococcus cells rely on microbial interactions rather than on chlorotic resting stages to survive long-term nutrient starvation. MBio 11, e01846-01820. https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.01846-20 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Berg, K. A. et al. High diversity of cultivable heterotrophic bacteria in association with cyanobacterial water blooms. ISME J. 3, 314–325. https://doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2008.110 (2009).Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Pootakham, W. et al. High resolution profiling of coral-associated bacterial communities using full-length 16S rRNA sequence data from PacBio SMRT sequencing system. Sci. Rep. 7, 2774. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-03139-4 (2017).Article 
ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Soto, C. Y. et al. IS6110 mediates increased transcription of the phoP virulence gene in a multidrug-resistant clinical isolate responsible for tuberculosis outbreaks. J. Clin. Microbiol. 42, 212–219. https://doi.org/10.1128/jcm.42.1.212-219.2004 (2004).Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Di Cesare, A. et al. Diverse distribution of Toxin-Antitoxin II systems in Salmonella enterica serovars. Sci. Rep. 6, 28759. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep28759 (2016).Article 
ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Das, S., Saha, S. K., De, A., Das, D. & Khuda-Bukhsh, A. R. Potential of the homeopathic remedy, Arnica Montana 30C, to reduce DNA damage in Escherichia coli exposed to ultraviolet irradiation through up-regulation of nucleotide excision repair genes. Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Xue Bao 10, 337–346. https://doi.org/10.3736/jcim20120314 (2012).Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Jallouli, W., Sellami, S., Sellami, M. & Tounsi, S. Efficacy of olive mill wastewater for protecting Bacillus thuringiensis formulation from UV radiations. Acta Trop. 140, 19–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2014.07.016 (2014).Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Huang, L. et al. Effects of UV-B radiation on the expression of four pathogenic genes in the infection stage of Magnaporthe grisea. J. Agro-Environ. Sci. 38, 494–501. https://doi.org/10.11654/jaes.2018-0625 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
He, K., Marden, J. N., Quardokus, E. M. & Bauer, C. E. Phosphate flow between hybrid histidine kinases CheA3 and CheS3 controls Rhodospirillum centenum cyst formation. PLoS Genet. 9, e1004002. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1004002 (2013).Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Deutscher, J., Francke, C. & Postma, P. W. How phosphotransferase system-related protein phosphorylation regulates carbohydrate metabolism in bacteria. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 70, 939–1031. https://doi.org/10.1128/mmbr.00024-06 (2006).Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Li, L., Zhao, Y., Zhou, B., Dong, K. S. & Tang, X. X. Effect of UV-B irradiation on the activity and isoforms of antioxidant enzymes in the Brown Alga Sargassum thunbergii(Mert.) O.Kuntze. Period. Ocean Univ. China 39, 1246–1250. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1672-5174.2009.06.012 (2009).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Li, L., Tang, T., Hai, M., Chen, J. & Zhou, P. Response and molecular mechanisms of plants to enhanced UV-B radiation. Chin. Agric. Sci. Bull. 31, 159–163. https://doi.org/10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1871 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
Zhang, Y. et al. Dietary corn-resistant starch suppresses broiler abdominal fat deposition associated with the reduced cecal Firmicutes. Poult. Sci. 99, 5827–5837. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2020.07.042 (2020).Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Pilla, R. et al. Effects of metronidazole on the fecal microbiome and metabolome in healthy dogs. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 34, 1853–1866. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.15871 (2020).Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Hong, S. Cloning and identification of a novel CDF family transporter gene cdffT from Planococcus sp. NEAU-ST10–9 Master thesis, Northeast Forestry University (2014).Egan, S., Thomas, T. & Kjelleberg, S. Unlocking the diversity and biotechnological potential of marine surface associated microbial communities. Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 11, 219–225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mib.2008.04.001 (2008).Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Wang, J. et al. Sex plays a role in the construction of epiphytic bacterial communities on the algal bodies and receptacles of Sargassum thunbergii. Front. Microbiol. 13, 935222. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2022.935222 (2022).Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Wang, J. et al. Diversity of epiphytic bacterial communities on male and female Sargassum thunbergii. AMB Express 12, 97. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13568-022-01439-1 (2022).Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Tang, X. X. et al. Simulated intertidal UV-B radiation enhancement large-sized seaweed culture irradiation system, has salinity detector and temperature detector, culturing tank provided with fluorescent lamp tube and adjustable bracket. China patent CN208047639-U (2018).Lu, P. et al. Gender differences response characteristics of Sargassum thunbergii in reactive oxygen species scavenging system to enhanced UV-B radiation. Period. Ocean Univ. China 52, 52–59. https://doi.org/10.16441/j.cnki.hdxb.20210224 (2022).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Ren, G. et al. Response of soil, leaf endosphere and phyllosphere bacterial communities to elevated CO2 and soil temperature in a rice paddy. Plant Soil 392, 27–44. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-015-2503-8 (2015).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Mathai, P. et al. Spatial and temporal characterization of epiphytic microbial communities associated with Eurasian Watermilfoil: A highly invasive macrophyte in North America. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 94, 12–21. https://doi.org/10.1093/femsec/fiy178 (2018).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Czekalski, N., Berthold, T., Caucci, S., Egli, A. & Bürgmann, H. Increased levels of multiresistant bacteria and resistance genes after wastewater treatment and their dissemination into lake Geneva, Switzerland. Front. Microbiol. 3, 106–106. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2012.00106 (2012).Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Bolyen, E. et al. Reproducible, interactive, scalable and extensible microbiome data science using QIIME 2. Nat. Biotechnol. 37, 852–857. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41587-019-0252-6 (2019).Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Janssen, S. et al. Phylogenetic placement of exact amplicon sequences improves associations with clinical information. MSystems 3, e00021-e118. https://doi.org/10.1128/mSystems.00021-18 (2018).Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Li, S. et al. Exploring untapped potential of Streptomyces spp. in Gurbantunggut Desert by use of highly selective culture strategy. Sci. Total Environ. 790, 148235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148235 (2021).Article 
ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Qin, W. et al. Gut microbiota plasticity influences the adaptability of wild and domestic animals in co-inhabited areas. Front. Microbiol. 11, 125. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.00125 (2020).Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Douglas, G. M., Beiko, R. G. & Langille, M. G. I. Predicting the functional potential of the microbiome from marker genes using PICRUSt. Methods Mol. Biol. 169–177, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-8728-311 (1849).Article 

Google Scholar 
Kanehisa, M. et al. KEGG: Ntegrating viruses and cellular organisms. Nucleic Acids Res. 49, D545–D551. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkaa970 (2021).Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Kanehisa, M. Toward understanding the origin and evolution of cellular organisms. Protein Sci. 28, 1947–1951. https://doi.org/10.1002/pro.3715 (2019).Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Kanehisa, M. & Goto, S. KEGG: Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes. Nucleic Acids Res. 28, 27–30. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/28.1.27 (2000).Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Douglas, G. M. et al. PICRUSt2: An improved and extensible approach for metagenome inference. BioRxiv 7, 672295. https://doi.org/10.1101/672295 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar  More

Jones, J. B., Arkhipkin, A. I., Marriott, A. L. & Pierce, G. J. Using statolith elemental signatures to confirm ontogenetic migrations of the squid Doryteuthis gahi around the Falkland Islands (Southwest Atlantic). Chemi. Geol. 481, 85–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2018.01.034 (2018).Article 
ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Wright, P. J., Regnier, T., Gibb, F. M., Augley, J. & Devalla, S. Assessing the role of ontogenetic movement in maintaining population structure in fish using otolith microchemistry. Ecol. Evol. 8, 7907–7920. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.4186 (2018).Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Hobbs, J. A., Lewis, L. S., Willmes, M., Denney, C. & Bush, E. Complex life histories discovered in a critically endangered fish. Sci. Rep. 9, 16772. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-52273-8 (2019).Article 
ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Ryan, D., Wogerbauer, C. & Roche, W. K. Otolith microchemistry to investigate nursery site fidelity and connectivity of juvenile European sea bass in Ireland. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. MFCav2 https://doi.org/10.3354/meps14185 (2022).Article 

Google Scholar 
Sabetian, A. et al. Fish nearshore habitat-use patterns as ecological indicators of nursery quality. Ecol. Indic. 131, 108225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2021.108225 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
Nelson, T. R., Hightower, C. L., Coogan, J., Walther, B. D. & Powers, S. P. Patterns and consequences of life history diversity in salinity exposure of an estuarine dependent fish. Environ. Biol. Fish. 104, 419–436. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10641-021-01080-0 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
Russell, A., Taylor, M. D., Barnes, T. C., Johnson, D. D. & Gillanders, B. M. Habitat transitions by a large coastal sciaenid across life history stages, resolved using otolith chemistry. Mar. Environ. Res. 176, 105614. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2022.105614 (2022).Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Moore, J. W., Yeakel, J. D., Peard, D., Lough, J. & Beere, M. Life-history diversity and its importance to population stability and persistence of a migratory fish: steelhead in two large North American watersheds. J. Anim. Ecol. 83, 1035–1046. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.12212 (2014).Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Moore, B. R. & Simpfendorfer, C. A. Assessing connectivity of a tropical estuarine teleost through otolith elemental profiles. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 501, 225–238 (2014).Article 
ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Pan, X. et al. Population connectivity in a highly migratory fish, Japanese Spanish mackerel (Scomberomorus niphonius), along the Chinese coast, implications from otolith chemistry. Fish. Res. 231, 105690. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2020.105690 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Delerue-Ricard, S. et al. Extensive larval dispersal and restricted movement of juveniles on the nursery grounds of sole in the Southern North Sea. J. Sea Res. 155, 101822. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seares.2019.101822 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
Hoey, J. A. et al. Using multiple natural tags provides evidence for extensive larval dispersal across space and through time in summer flounder. Mol. Ecol. 29, 1421–1435. https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.15414 (2020).Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Campana, S. E. Chemistry and composition of fish otoliths: Pathways, mechanisms and applications. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 188, 263–297 (1999).Article 
ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Thomas, O. R., Ganio, K., Roberts, B. R. & Swearer, S. E. Trace element-protein interactions in endolymph from the inner ear of fish: Implications for environmental reconstructions using fish otolith chemistry. Metallomics 9, 239–249. https://doi.org/10.1039/c6mt00189k (2017).Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Doubleday, Z. A., Harris, H. H., Izzo, C. & Gillanders, B. M. Strontium randomly substituting for calcium in fish otolith aragonite. Anal. Chem. 86, 865–869. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac4034278 (2014).Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Izzo, C., Doubleday, Z. A. & Gillanders, B. M. Where do elements bind within the otoliths of fish?. Mar. Freshwater Res. 67, 1072–1076. https://doi.org/10.1071/mf15064 (2016).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Clarke, L. M., Gillanders, B., Thorrold, S. R. & Conover, D. O. Population differences in otolith chemistry have a genetic basis in Menidia menidia. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 68, 105–114. https://doi.org/10.1139/f10-147 (2011).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Sturrock, A. M. et al. Quantifying physiological influences on otolith microchemistry. Methods in Ecology and Evolution 6(7), 806–816 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
Hamer, P. et al. Atypical correlation of otolith strontium : calcium and barium : calcium across a marine–freshwater life history transition of a diadromous fish. Mar. Freshwater Res. 66, 411–419. https://doi.org/10.1071/mf14001 (2015).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Izzo, C., Reis-Santos, P. & Gillanders, B. M. Otolith chemistry does not just reflect environmental conditions: A meta-analytic evaluation. Fish Fish. 19, 441–454. https://doi.org/10.1111/faf.12264 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
Motomura, H. Threadfins of the World (family Polynemidae). An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Polynemid Species Known to Date 117 (FAO, 2004).
Google Scholar 
Huang, C. T. et al. Bioeconomic evaluation of Eleutheronema tetradactylum farming: A case study in Taiwan. Fish. Sci. 88, 437–447. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12562-022-01591-4 (2022).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Shihab, I. et al. Histological profiling of gonads depicting protandrous hermaphroditism in Eleutheronema tetradactylum. J. Fish. Biol. 90, 2402–2411. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.13324 (2017).Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Presti, P., Johnson, G. D. & Datovo, A. Anatomy and evolution of the pectoral filaments of threadfins (Polynemidae). Sci. Rep. 10, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-74896-y (2020).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Alshari, N. F. M. A. H. et al. Metabarcoding of fish larvae in the merbok river reveals species diversity and distribution along its mangrove environment. Zool. Stud. 60, e76. https://doi.org/10.6620/ZS.2021.60-76 (2021).Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Tobin, A. J., Mapleston, A., Harry, A. V. & Espinoza, M. Big fish in shallow water; use of an intertidal surf-zone habitat by large-bodied teleosts and elasmobranchs in tropical northern Australia. Environ. Biol. Fish. 97, 821–838. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10641-013-0182-y (2013).Article 

Google Scholar 
Adkins, M. E., Simpfendorfer, C. A. & Tobin, A. J. Large tropical fishes and their use of the nearshore littoral, intertidal and subtidal habitat mosaic. Mar. Freshwater Res. 67, 1534–1545. https://doi.org/10.1071/mf14339 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
Xuan, Z. et al. Otolith microchemistry reveals different environmental histories for two endangered fourfinger threadfin species. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 700, 161–178 (2022).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Condini, M. V. et al. Prolonged estuarine habitat use by dusky grouper Epinephelus marginatus at subtropical latitudes revealed by otolith microchemistry. Endanger. Species Res. 29, 271–277 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
Teichert, N. et al. A multi-approach study to reveal eel life-history traits in an obstructed catchment before dam removal. Hydrobiologia 849, 1885–1903. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-022-04833-9 (2022).Article 

Google Scholar 
Wang, J., Sun, P. & Yin, F. Low mtDNA Cytb diversity and shallow population structure of Eleutheronema tetradactylum in the East China Sea and the South China Sea. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 55, 268–274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bse.2014.03.026 (2014).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Du, J. et al. Connectivity of fish assemblages along the mangrove-seagrass-coral reef continuum in Wenchang, China. Acta Oceanol. Sin. 39, 43–52. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13131-019-1490-7 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Pember, M. B., Newman, S.J., Hesp, S.A., Young, G.C., Skepper, C.L., Hall, N.G. & Potter, I.C. Biological parameters for managing the fisheries for Blue and King Threadfin Salmons, Estuary Rockcod, Malabar Grouper and Mangrove Jack in north-western Australia. Fisheries Research and Development Corporation. (2005).Zheng, Q., Fang, G. & Song, Y. T. Introduction to special section: Dynamics and Circulation of the Yellow, East, and South China Seas. J. Geophys. Res. https://doi.org/10.1029/2005jc003261 (2006).Article 

Google Scholar 
Zhang, P. et al. Spatiotemporal variation, speciation, and transport flux of TDP in Leizhou Peninsula coastal waters, South China Sea. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 167, 112284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112284 (2021).Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Stewart, J., Hughes, J. M., Stanley, C. & Fowler, A. M. The influence of rainfall on recruitment success and commercial catch for the large sciaenid, Argyrosomus japonicus, in eastern Australia. Mar. Environ. Res. 157, 104924. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2020.104924 (2020).Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Alber, M. A conceptual model of estuarine freshwater inflow management. Estuaries 25, 1246–1261. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02692222 (2002).Article 

Google Scholar 
Possamai, B. et al. Freshwater inflow variability affects the relative importance of allochthonous sources for estuarine fishes. Estuar. Coast. 43, 880–893. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-019-00693-0 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Halliday, I. A., Robins, J. B., Mayer, D. G., Staunton-Smith, J. & Sellin, M. J. Effects of freshwater flow on the year-class strength of a non-diadromous estuarine finfish, king threadfin (Polydactylus macrochir), in a dry-tropical estuary. Mar. Freshwater Res. 59, 157–164. https://doi.org/10.1071/MF07077 (2008).Article 

Google Scholar 
Muñoz Sabater, J. ERA5-Land monthly averaged data from 1981 to present. Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS). doi:https://doi.org/10.24381/cds.68d2bb30 (2023).Xiao, J. et al. Molecular phylogenetic and morphometric analysis of population structure and demography of endangered threadfin fish Eleutheronema from Indo-Pacific waters. Sci. Rep. 12, 3455. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-07342-w (2022).Article 
ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Mischel, S. A., Mertz-Kraus, R., Jochum, K. P. & Scholz, D. TERMITE: An R script for fast reduction of laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry data and its application to trace element measurements. Rapid Commun. Mass Sp. 31, 1079–1087. https://doi.org/10.1002/rcm.7895 (2017).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Butcher, D. J. Recent advances in the determination of calcium and its use as an internal standard in environmental samples: Fundamentals and applications. Appl. Spectrosc. Rev. 55, 60–75. https://doi.org/10.1080/05704928.2019.1570520 (2020).Article 
ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Vignon, M. Extracting environmental histories from sclerochronological structures—Recursive partitioning as a mean to explore multi-elemental composition of fish otolith. Ecol. Inform. 30, 159–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2015.10.002 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
Vivancos, A. et al. Hydrological connectivity drives longitudinal movement of endangered endemic Chilean darter Percilia irwini (Eigenmann, 1927). J. Fish. Biol. 98, 33–43. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.14554 (2021).Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
R Core Team, R: A language and environment for statistical computing. (2013).Hegg, J. C. & Kennedy, B. P. Let’s do the time warp again: non-linear time series matching as a tool for sequentially structured data in ecology. Ecosphere 12, e03742. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.3742 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
Zhong, L., Wang, M., Li, D., Tang, S. & Chen, X. Mitochondrial genome of Eleutheronema rhadinum with an additional non-coding region and novel insights into the phylogenetics. Front. Mar. Sci. 8, 746598 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
Leis, J. M., Piola, R. F., Hay, A. C., Wen, C. & Kan, K.-P. Ontogeny of behaviour relevant to dispersal and connectivity in the larvae of two non-reef demersal, tropical fish species. Mar. Freshwater Res. 60, 211–223 (2009).Article 

Google Scholar 
Nelson, T. R., DeVries, D. R. & Wright, R. A. Salinity and temperature effects on element incorporation of gulf killifish Fundulus grandis otoliths. Estuar. Coast. 41, 1164–1177. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-017-0341-z (2018).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Nelson, T. R. & Powers, S. P. Elemental concentrations of water and otoliths as salinity proxies in a Northern Gulf of Mexico estuary. Estuar. Coast. 43, 843–864. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-019-00686-z (2020).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Breine, J. J., Lambeens, I., Maes, Y., De Bruyn, A. & Galle, L. First record of the fourfinger threadfin, Eleutheronema tetradactylum (Shaw, 1804) in Belgium. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 187, 28–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2016.12.025 (2017).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Pan, X. et al. Combining otolith elemental signatures with multivariate analytical models to verify the migratory pattern of Japanese Spanish mackerel (Scomberomorus niphonius) in the southern Yellow Sea. Acta Oceanol. Sin. 39, 54–64. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13131-020-1606-0 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
Miller, J. A. Effects of water temperature and barium concentration on otolith composition along a salinity gradient: Implications for migratory reconstructions. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 405, 42–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2011.05.017 (2011).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Yokouchi, K. et al. Time lag of the response on the otolith strontium/calcium ratios of the Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica to changes in strontium/calcium ratios of ambient water. Environ. Biol. Fish. 92, 469–478. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10641-011-9864-5 (2011).Article 

Google Scholar 
Wheeler, S. G., Russell, A. D., Fehrenbacher, J. S. & Morgan, S. G. Evaluating chemical signatures in a coastal upwelling region to reconstruct water mass associations of settlement-stage rockfishes. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 550, 191–206. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps11704 (2016).Article 
ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Lin, P., Hu, J., Zheng, Q., Sun, Z. & Zhu, J. Observation of summertime upwelling off the eastern and northeastern coasts of Hainan Island, China. Ocean Dyn. 66, 387–399. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-016-0934-2 (2016).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Liu, W. et al. Dissolved barium as a tracer of Kuroshio incursion in the Kuroshio region east of Taiwan Island and the adjacent East China Sea. Sci. China Earth Sci. 60, 1356–1367. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-016-9039-7 (2017).Article 
ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Able, K. W. A re-examination of fish estuarine dependence: Evidence for connectivity between estuarine and ocean habitats. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 64, 5–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2005.02.002 (2005).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Whitfield, A. K. Littoral habitats as major nursery areas for fish species in estuaries: A reinforcement of the reduced predation paradigm. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 649, 219–234. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps13459 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Acha, E. M., Simionato, C. G., Carozza, C. & Mianzan, H. Climate-induced year-class fluctuations of whitemouth croaker Micropogonias furnieri (Pisces, Sciaenidae) in the Río de la Plata estuary, Argentina-Uruguay. Fish. Oceanogr. 21, 58–77. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2419.2011.00609.x (2012).Article 

Google Scholar 
Schilling, H. T. et al. Evaluating estuarine nursery use and life history patterns of Pomatomus saltatrix in eastern Australia. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 598, 187–199. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps12495 (2018).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Menezes, R. et al. Habitat use plasticity by the dog snapper (Lutjanus jocu) across the Abrolhos Bank shelf, eastern Brazil, inferred from otolith chemistry. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 263, 107637. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2021.107637 (2021).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Santos, R. O. et al. Linking bonefish (Albula vulpes) populations to nearshore estuarine habitats using an otolith microchemistry approach. Environ. Biol. Fish. 102, 267–283. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10641-018-0839-7 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
Pinceel, T. et al. An empirical confirmation of diversified bet hedging as a survival strategy in unpredictably varying environments. Ecology 102, e03496. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.3496 (2021).Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Wang, V. H., White, J. W., Arnott, S. A. & Scharf, F. S. Population connectivity of southern flounder in the US South Atlantic revealed by otolith chemical analysis. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 596, 165–179 (2018).Article 
ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Gillson, J., Scandol, J. & Suthers, I. Estuarine gillnet fishery catch rates decline during drought in eastern Australia. Fish. Res. 99, 26–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2009.04.007 (2009).Article 

Google Scholar 
Pritt, J. J., Roseman, E. F. & O’Brien, T. P. Mechanisms driving recruitment variability in fish: Comparisons between the Laurentian Great Lakes and marine systems. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 71, 2252–2267. https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsu080 (2014).Article 

Google Scholar 
Mai, A. C. G. et al. High plasticity in habitat use of Lycengraulis grossidens (Clupeiformes, Engraulididae). Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 141, 17–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2014.01.014 (2014).Article 
ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Horne, J. B., Momigliano, P., Welch, D. J., Newman, S. J. & Van Herwerden, L. Limited ecological population connectivity suggests low demands on self-recruitment in a tropical inshore marine fish (Eleutheronema tetradactylum: Polynemidae). Mol. Ecol. 20, 2291–2306. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2011.05097.x (2011).Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Newman, S. J. et al. Stock structure of blue threadfin Eleutheronema tetradactylum across northern Australia as inferred from stable isotopes in sagittal otolith carbonate. Fish. Manag. Ecol. 18, 246–257. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2400.2010.00780.x (2011).Article 

Google Scholar 
Ballagh, A. C., Welch, D. J., Newman, S. J., Allsop, Q. & Stapley, J. M. Stock structure of the blue threadfin (Eleutheronema tetradactylum) across northern Australia derived from life-history characteristics. Fish. Res. 121–122, 63–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2012.01.011 (2012).Article 

Google Scholar 
Moore, B. R. et al. Stock structure of blue threadfin Eleutheronema tetradactylum across northern Australia, as indicated by parasites. J. Fish. Biol. 78, 923–936. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2011.02917.x (2011).Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
McGuigan, C. J., Schlenker, L. S., Stieglitz, J. D., Benetti, D. D. & Grosell, M. Quantifying the effects of pop-up satellite archival tags on the swimming performance and behavior of young-adult mahi-mahi (Coryphaena hippurus). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 78, 32–39. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2020-0030 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Macdonald, J. I., Drysdale, R. N., Witt, R., Cságoly, Z. & Marteinsdóttir, G. Isolating the influence of ontogeny helps predict island-wide variability in fish otolith chemistry. Rev. Fish Biol. Fisheries 30, 173–202. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11160-019-09591-x (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
Grammer, G. L. et al. Coupling biogeochemical tracers with fish growth reveals physiological and environmental controls on otolith chemistry. Ecol. Monogr. 87, 487–507. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecm.1264 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar  More

Boudreau BP, Huettel M, Forster S, Jahnke RA, McLachlan A, Middelburg JJ, et al. Permeable marine sediments: Overturning an old paradigm. Eos, Trans Am Geophys Union. 2001;82:133–6.Article 

Google Scholar 
Cook PL, Wenzhöfer F, Rysgaard S, Galaktionov OS, Meysman FJ, Eyre BD, et al. Quantification of denitrification in permeable sediments: Insights from a two‐dimensional simulation analysis and experimental data. Limnol Oceanogr Methods. 2006;4:294–307.Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Evrard V, Glud RN, Cook PL. The kinetics of denitrification in permeable sediments. Biogeochemistry. 2013;113:563–72.Article 

Google Scholar 
Huettel M, Berg P, Kostka JE. Benthic exchange and biogeochemical cycling in permeable sediments. Ann Rev Marine Sci. 2014;6:23–51.Article 

Google Scholar 
Rao AMF, McCarthy MJ, Gardner WS, Jahnke RA. Respiration and denitrification in permeable continental shelf deposits on the South Atlantic Bight: Rates of carbon and nitrogen cycling from sediment column experiments. Continental Shelf Res. 2007;27:1801–19.Article 

Google Scholar 
Billerbeck M, Werner U, Polerecky L, Walpersdorf E, de Beer D, Huettel M Surficial and deep pore water circulation governs spatial and temporal scales of nutrient recycling in intertidal sand flat sediment. Marine Ecol Progr Series. 2006;326:61–76.Jansen S, Walpersdorf E, Werner U, Billerbeck M, Böttcher ME, de Beer D. Functioning of intertidal flats inferred from temporal and spatial dynamics of O2, H2S and pH in their surface sediment. Ocean Dyn. 2009;59:317–32.Article 

Google Scholar 
de Beer D, Wenzhöfer F, Ferdelman TG, Boehme SE, Huettel M, van Beusekom JEE, et al. Transport and mineralization rates in North Sea sandy intertidal sediments, Sylt-Rømø Basin, Wadden Sea. Limnol Oceanogr. 2005;50:113–27.Article 

Google Scholar 
Gao H, Matyka M, Liu B, Khalili A, Kostka JE, Collins G, et al. Intensive and extensive nitrogen loss from intertidal permeable sediments of the Wadden Sea. Limnol Oceanogr. 2012;57:185–98.Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Gao H, Schreiber F, Collins G, Jensen MM, Kostka JE, Lavik G, et al. Aerobic denitrification in permeable Wadden Sea sediments. ISME J. 2009;4:417.Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Elliott AH, Brooks NH. Transfer of nonsorbing solutes to a streambed with bed forms: Theory. Water Resour Res. 1997;33:123–36.Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Precht E, Huettel M. Advective pore‐water exchange driven by surface gravity waves and its ecological implications. Limnol Oceanogr. 2003;48:1674–84.Article 

Google Scholar 
Ahmerkamp S, Marchant HK, Peng C, Probandt D, Littmann S, Kuypers MM, et al. The effect of sediment grain properties and porewater flow on microbial abundance and respiration in permeable sediments. Sci Rep. 2020;10:1–12.Article 

Google Scholar 
Ahmerkamp S, Winter C, Krämer K, Beer DD, Janssen F, Friedrich J, et al. Regulation of benthic oxygen fluxes in permeable sediments of the coastal ocean. Limnol Oceanogr. 2017;62:1935–54.Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Cardenas MB, Wilson JL Dunes, turbulent eddies, and interfacial exchange with permeable sediments. Water Resour Res. 2007;43:W08412.Santos IR, Eyre BD, Huettel M. The driving forces of porewater and groundwater flow in permeable coastal sediments: a review. Estuarine, Coastal Shelf Sci. 2012;98:1–15.Article 

Google Scholar 
Probandt D, Eickhorst T, Ellrott A, Amann R, Knittel K. Microbial life on a sand grain: from bulk sediment to single grains. ISME J. 2018;12:623–33.Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Marchant HK, Ahmerkamp S, Lavik G, Tegetmeyer HE, Graf J, Klatt JM, et al. Denitrifying community in coastal sediments performs aerobic and anaerobic respiration simultaneously. ISME J. 2017;11:1799.Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Marchant HK, Holtappels M, Lavik G, Ahmerkamp S, Winter C, Kuypers MMM. Coupled nitrification–denitrification leads to extensive N loss in subtidal permeable sediments. Limnol Oceanogr. 2016;61:1033–48.Article 

Google Scholar 
Marchant HK, Tegetmeyer HE, Ahmerkamp S, Holtappels M, Lavik G, Graf J, et al. Metabolic specialization of denitrifiers in permeable sediments controls N2O emissions. Environ Microbiol. 2018;20:4486–502.Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Laverman AM, Pallud C, Abell J, Van, Cappellen P. Comparative survey of potential nitrate and sulfate reduction rates in aquatic sediments. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 2012;77:474–88.Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Fenchel T, Jørgensen B. Detritus food chains of aquatic ecosystems: the role of bacteria. Adv Microb Ecol. 1977;1:1–58.Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Canfield DE, Kristensen E, Thamdrup B Aquatic Geomicrobiology: Elsevier Science; 2005.Froelich PN, Klinkhammer G, Bender ML, Luedtke N, Heath GR, Cullen D, et al. Early oxidation of organic matter in pelagic sediments of the eastern equatorial Atlantic: suboxic diagenesis. Geochimica et cosmochimica Acta. 1979;43:1075–90.Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Eckford RE, Fedorak PM. Chemical and microbiological changes in laboratory incubations of nitrate amendment “sour” produced waters from three western Canadian oil fields. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol. 2002;29:243–54.Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Grigoryan AA, Cornish SL, Buziak B, Lin S, Cavallaro A, Arensdorf JJ, et al. Competitive oxidation of volatile fatty acids by sulfate- and nitrate-reducing bacteria from an oil field in Argentina. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2008;74:4324.Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Hubert C, Nemati M, Jenneman G, Voordouw G. Containment of biogenic sulfide production in continuous up-flow packed-bed bioreactors with nitrate or nitrite. Biotechnol Progr. 2003;19:338–45.Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Greene EA, Hubert C, Nemati M, Jenneman GE, Voordouw G. Nitrite reductase activity of sulphate-reducing bacteria prevents their inhibition by nitrate-reducing, sulphide-oxidizing bacteria. Environ Microbiol. 2003;5:607–17.Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Wolfe BM, Lui SM, Cowan JA. Desulfoviridin, a multimeric-dissimilatory sulfite reductase from Desulfovibrio vulgaris (Hildenborough) Purification, characterization, kinetics and EPR studies. Eur J Biochem. 1994;223:79–89.Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Fossing H, Gallardo VA, Jørgensen BB, Hüttel M, Nielsen LP, Schulz H, et al. Concentration and transport of nitrate by the mat-forming sulphur bacterium Thioploca. Nature. 1995;374:713–15.Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Jørgensen BB. Big sulfur bacteria. ISME J. 2010;4:1083.Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Marzocchi U, Trojan D, Larsen S, Louise Meyer R, Peter Revsbech N, Schramm A, et al. Electric coupling between distant nitrate reduction and sulfide oxidation in marine sediment. ISME J. 2014;8:1682.Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Londry KL, Suflita JM. Use of nitrate to control sulfide generation by sulfate-reducing bacteria associated with oily waste. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol. 1999;22:582–9.Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
McInerney MJ, Bhupathiraju VK, Sublette KL. Evaluation of a microbial method to reduce hydrogen sulfide levels in a porous rock biofilm. J Ind Microbiol. 1992;11:53–8.Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Schwermer CU, Ferdelman TG, Stief P, Gieseke A, Rezakhani N, Van Rijn J, et al. Effect of nitrate on sulfur transformations in sulfidogenic sludge of a marine aquaculture biofilter. FEMS Microbiol Ecol. 2010;72:476–84.Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Thamdrup B, Fossing H, Jørgensen BB. Manganese, iron and sulfur cycling in a coastal marine sediment, Aarhus Bay, Denmark. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 1994;58:5115–29.Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Al-Raei AM, Bosselmann K, Böttcher ME, Hespenheide B, Tauber F. Seasonal dynamics of microbial sulfate reduction in temperate intertidal surface sediments: controls by temperature and organic matter. Ocean Dyn. 2009;59:351–70.Article 

Google Scholar 
Dyksma S, Pjevac P, Ovanesov K, Mussmann M. Evidence for H2 consumption by uncultured Desulfobacterales in coastal sediments. Environ Microbiol. 2018;20:450–61.Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Musat N, Werner U, Knittel K, Kolb S, Dodenhof T, van Beusekom JEE, et al. Microbial community structure of sandy intertidal sediments in the North Sea, Sylt-Rømø Basin, Wadden Sea. Syst Appl Microbiol. 2006;29:333–48.Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Mußmann M, Ishii K, Rabus R, Amann R. Diversity and vertical distribution of cultured and uncultured Deltaproteobacteria in an intertidal mud flat of the Wadden Sea. Environ Microbiol. 2005;7:405–18.Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Dyksma S, Lenk S, Sawicka JE, Mußmann M. Uncultured gammaproteobacteria and desulfobacteraceae account for major acetate assimilation in a coastal marine sediment. Front Microbiol. 2018;9:3124Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Chen J, Hanke A, Tegetmeyer HE, Kattelmann I, Sharma R, Hamann E, et al. Impacts of chemical gradients on microbial community structure. ISME J. 2017;11:920.Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Saad S, Bhatnagar S, Tegetmeyer HE, Geelhoed JS, Strous M, Ruff SE. Transient exposure to oxygen or nitrate reveals ecophysiology of fermentative and sulfate‐reducing benthic microbial populations. Environ Microbiol. 2017;19:4866–81.Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Brunet RC, Garcia-Gil LJ. Sulfide-induced dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonia in anaerobic freshwater sediments. FEMS Microbiol Ecol. 1996;21:131–8.Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Murphy AE, Bulseco AN, Ackerman R, Vineis JH, Bowen JL. Sulphide addition favours respiratory ammonification (DNRA) over complete denitrification and alters the active microbial community in salt marsh sediments. Environ Microbiol. 2020;22:2124–39.Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Krekeler D, Cypionka H. The preferred electron acceptor of Desulfovibrio desulfuricans CSN. FEMS Microbiol Ecol. 1995;17:271–7.Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Seitz H-J, Cypionka H. Chemolithotrophic growth of Desulfovibrio desulfuricans with hydrogen coupled to ammonification of nitrate or nitrite. Arch Microbiol. 1986;146:63–7.Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Dalsgaard T, Bak F. Nitrate reduction in a sulfate-reducing bacterium, Desulfovibrio desulfuricans, isolated from rice paddy soil: sulfide inhibition, kinetics, and regulation. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1994;60:291–7.Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Marietou A. Nitrate reduction in sulfate-reducing bacteria. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2016;363:fnw155.Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Marietou A, Griffiths L, Cole J. Preferential reduction of the thermodynamically less favorable electron acceptor, sulfate, by a nitrate-reducing strain of the sulfate-reducing bacterium Desulfovibrio desulfuricans 27774. J Bacteriol. 2009;191:882–889.Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Korte HL, Saini A, Trotter VV, Butland GP, Arkin AP, Wall JD. Independence of nitrate and nitrite inhibition of Desulfovibrio vulgaris Hildenborough and use of nitrite as a substrate for growth. Environ Sci Technol. 2015;49:924–931.Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Pereira IA, LeGall J, Xavier AV, Teixeira M. Characterization of a heme c nitrite reductase from a non-ammonifying microorganism, Desulfovibrio vulgaris Hildenborough. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Protein Struct Mol Enzymol. 2000;1481:119–130.Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Werner U, Billerbeck M, Polerecky L, Franke U, Huettel M, van Beusekom JEE, et al. Spatial and temporal patterns of mineralization rates and oxygen distribution in a permeable intertidal sand flat (Sylt, Germany). Limnol Oceanogr. 2006;51:2549–63.Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Marchant HK, Lavik G, Holtappels M, Kuypers MMM. The fate of nitrate in intertidal permeable sediments. PLOS ONE. 2014;9:e104517.Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Canfield DE. Reactive iron in marine sediments. Geochimica et cosmochimica acta. 1989;53:619–632.Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Billerbeck M, Werner U, Bosselmann K, Walpersdorf E, Huettel M. Nutrient release from an exposed intertidal sand flat. Marine Ecol Progr Series. 2006;316:35–51.Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Canfield DE, Stewart FJ, Thamdrup B, De Brabandere L, Dalsgaard T, Delong EF, et al. A cryptic sulfur cycle in oxygen-minimum–zone waters off the Chilean Coast. Science. 2010;330:1375.Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Jørgensen BB, Findlay AJ, Pellerin A. The biogeochemical sulfur cycle of marine sediments. Front Microbiol. 2019;10:849.Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Nemati M, Mazutinec TJ, Jenneman GE, Voordouw G. Control of biogenic H2S production with nitrite and molybdate. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol. 2001;26:350–355.Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Haveman SA, Greene EA, Stilwell CP, Voordouw JK, Voordouw G. Physiological and Gene Expression Analysis of Inhibition of Desulfovibrio vulgaris Hildenborough by Nitrite. J Bacteriol. 2004;186:7944–7950.Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Behrendt A, de Beer D, Stief P. Vertical activity distribution of dissimilatory nitrate reduction in coastal marine sediments. Biogeosciences. 2013;10:7509–23.Article 

Google Scholar 
Findlay AJ, Pellerin A, Laufer K, Jørgensen BB. Quantification of sulphide oxidation rates in marine sediment. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 2020;280:441–52.Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Waite DW, Chuvochina M, Pelikan C, Parks DH, Yilmaz P, Wagner M, et al. Proposal to reclassify the proteobacterial classes Deltaproteobacteria and Oligoflexia, and the phylum Thermodesulfobacteria into four phyla reflecting major functional capabilities. Int J Syst Evolut Microbiol. 2020;70:5972–6016.Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Dyksma S, Bischof K, Fuchs BM, Hoffmann K, Meier D, Meyerdierks A, et al. Ubiquitous Gammaproteobacteria dominate dark carbon fixation in coastal sediments. ISME J. 2016;10:1939–1953.Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Lenk S, Arnds J, Zerjatke K, Musat N, Amann R, Mußmann M. Novel groups of Gammaproteobacteria catalyse sulfur oxidation and carbon fixation in a coastal, intertidal sediment. Environ Microbiol. 2011;13:758–774.Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
An S, Gardner W S. Dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) as a nitrogen link, versus denitrification as a sink in a shallow estuary (Laguna Madre/Baffin Bay, Texas). Marine Ecol Progr Series. 2002;237:41–50.Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Wankel SD, Ziebis W, Buchwald C, Charoenpong C, de Beer D, Dentinger J, et al. Evidence for fungal and chemodenitrification based N2O flux from nitrogen impacted coastal sediments. Nat Commun. 2017;8:15595.Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Moura I, Bursakov S, Costa C, Moura JJ. Nitrate and nitrite utilization in sulfate-reducing bacteria. Anaerobe. 1997;3:279–290.Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Song G, Liu S, Zhang J, Zhu Z, Zhang G, Marchant HK, et al. Response of benthic nitrogen cycling to estuarine hypoxia. Limnol Oceanogr. 2021;66:652–66.Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Tiedje JM, Sexstone AJ, Myrold DD, Robinson JA. Denitrification: ecological niches, competition and survival. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 1983;48:569–583.Article 

Google Scholar 
Strohm TO, Griffin B, Zumft WG, Schink B. Growth yields in bacterial denitrification and nitrate ammonification. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2007;73:1420–1424.Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Rütting T, Boeckx P, Müller C, Klemedtsson L. Assessment of the importance of dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium for the terrestrial nitrogen cycle. Biogeosciences. 2011;8:1779–91.Article 

Google Scholar 
Røy H, Lee JS, Jansen S, de Beer D. Tide-driven deep pore-water flow in intertidal sand flats. Limnol Oceanogr. 2008;53:1521–30.Article 

Google Scholar 
Cline JD. Spectrophotometric determination of hydrogen sulfide in natural waters 1. Limnol Oceanogr. 1969;14:454–458.Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Viollier E, Inglett P, Hunter K, Roychoudhury A, Van, Cappellen P. The ferrozine method revisited: Fe (II)/Fe (III) determination in natural waters. Appl Geochem. 2000;15:785–90.Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Røy H, Weber HS, Tarpgaard IH, Ferdelman TG, Jørgensen BB. Determination of dissimilatory sulfate reduction rates in marine sediment via radioactive 35S tracer. Limnol Oceanogr Methods. 2014;12:196–211.Article 

Google Scholar 
García-Robledo E, Corzo A, Papaspyrou S. A fast and direct spectrophotometric method for the sequential determination of nitrate and nitrite at low concentrations in small volumes. Marine Chem. 2014;162:30–36.Article 

Google Scholar 
Miranda KM, Espey MG, Wink DA. A rapid, simple spectrophotometric method for simultaneous detection of nitrate and nitrite. Nitric Oxide. 2001;5:62–71.Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Holtappels M, Lavik G, Jensen MM, Kuypers MMM Chapter ten – 15N-Labeling Experiments to Dissect the Contributions of Heterotrophic Denitrification and Anammox to Nitrogen Removal in the OMZ Waters of the Ocean. In: Klotz MG, editor. Methods in Enzymology. 486: Academic Press; 2011. p. 223-251.Preisler A, De Beer D, Lichtschlag A, Lavik G, Boetius A, Jørgensen BB. Biological and chemical sulfide oxidation in a Beggiatoa inhabited marine sediment.ISME J. 2007;1:341–353.Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Warembourg FR 5 – Nitrogen fixation in soil and plant systems. In: Knowles R, Blackburn TH, editors. Nitrogen Isotope Techniques. San Diego: Academic Press; 1993. p. 127-156.Orellana LH, Rodriguez-R LM, Konstantinidis KT. ROCker: accurate detection and quantification of target genes in short-read metagenomic data sets by modeling sliding-window bitscores. Nucleic Acids Res. 2016;45:e14–e14.PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Menzel P, Ng KL, Krogh A. Fast and sensitive taxonomic classification for metagenomics with Kaiju. Nat Commun. 2016;7:11257.Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Anantharaman K, Hausmann B, Jungbluth SP, Kantor RS, Lavy A, Warren LA, et al. Expanded diversity of microbial groups that shape the dissimilatory sulfur cycle. ISME J. 2018;12:1715–28.Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Watanabe T, Kojima H, Fukui M. Identity of major sulfur-cycle prokaryotes in freshwater lake ecosystems revealed by a comprehensive phylogenetic study of the dissimilatory adenylylsulfate reductase. Sci Rep. 2016;6:36262.Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar  More

Scanning electron microscopy and energy spectrum analysisThe SEM images show the morphological structures of DA and Al-DA before and after adsorption (Fig. 1). DA and Al-DA have disk-like microstructures29 with sur-faces containing both large and small pores, that is, DA and Al-DA have unique multi-level pore structures. The main component of DA and Al-DA is silica, which has a large specific surface area, good thermal stability, and is a natural green material for use as a water treatment agent with a porous structure31. The micrographs show that before adsorption, the DA surface is smooth with a distinct pore structure, whereas modification with aluminium hydroxide makes DA coarse and loose because of the formation of amorphous aluminium hydroxide colloids32. After adsorption, the surface pore structure is covered over for DA and completely covered over for Al-DA, which indicates that F− reacts with Al3+ to form nanoscale precipitates22. The results of the EDS analysis (Fig. 2) show that the content of elemental Al increased from 3.96 to 12.74% after DA was modified with aluminium hydroxide, indicating that Al adhered effectively to the modified DA surface. After adsorption, the content of elemental Al decreased from 3.96 to 1.36% for DA and from 12.74 to 2.03% for Al-DA, which fully confirmed that fluorine preferentially combined with Al to form aluminium precipitates during adsorption, thereby decreasing the Al content.Figure 1SEM images of DA and Al-DA before and after adsorption. (A) Before DA adsorption. (B) After DA adsorption. (C) Before Al-DA adsorption. (D) After Al-DA adsorption.Full size imageFigure 2EDS graphs of DA and Al-DA before and after adsorption. (A) Before DA adsorption. (B) After DA adsorption. (C) Before Al-DA adsorption. (D) After Al-DA adsorption.Full size imageXRD analysisThe surface mineral composition and crystallinity of the materials before and after adsorption were analyzed by XRD (Fig. 3). In the DA and Al-DA patterns, the wide diffraction peaks at approximately 22.0°, 26.0°, and 50.0° mainly correspond to amorphous SiO2, and the diffraction peak at approximately 35° mainly corresponds to amorphous Al2O3, indicating that the material is polycrystalline29. It has been re-ported that amorphous materials may be good adsorbents because of a large specific surface area and numerous active sites33. Many Al(OH)3 peaks and NaCl peaks appear in the XRD pattern of Al-DA, indicating the successful modification of DA by aluminium hydroxide. After adsorption, Na3AlF6 peaks appear in the DA pattern, and Na3AlF6 and AlF3 peaks appear in the Al-DA pattern, whereas the characteristic peaks of NaCl are absent in the Al-DA pattern, which indicates the participation of NaCl in the adsorption process. It has been demonstrated that in the presence of excess sodium fluoride in the reaction solution, the generated aluminium fluoride combines with sodium fluoride to form a NaAlF4 intermediate, which is subsequently converted to cryolite complexes by further adsorption of sodium fluoride34. This result confirms the XRD mapping results.Figure 3XRD patterns of DA and Al-DA before and after adsorption.Full size imageInfrared analysisFigure 4 shows the FTIR spectra of DA and Al-DA before and after adsorption: peaks at 3418, 1635, 1096, 791, and 538 cm−1 appear in the spectrum of DA spectrum before adsorption, and peaks at 3630, 3449, 1637, 1094, 913, 793, and 538 cm−1, appear in the Al-DA spectrum before adsorption. The strong and broad band centered at 3418 cm−1 is due to the stretching vibration of the adsorbed water hydroxyl group (O–H) and the surface hydroxyl group, the vibrational peak at approximately 1635 cm−1 is probably from bound water or the surface hydroxyl group; the peaks at 1096 cm−1 and 538 cm−1 correspond to siloxane groups (Si–O–Si–) and an Al–O absorption band, respectively; and the strong oscillations at 791 cm−1 may be attributed to inorganic Al salts35,36,37. The original absorption peak in the DA spectrum is shifted in the spectrum of DA modified with aluminium hydroxide, confirming the successful modification of DA. The shift of the band at 3418 cm−1 in the DA spectrum to a higher frequency at 3623 cm−1 in the DA spectrum after fluoride absorption is caused by fluoride bonding and has been previously reported38. Another noticeable change in the spectra of DA and Al-DA before and after adsorption is the increase or decrease in the intensity of bending vibrations of specific peaks because the highly electronegative fluoride may have an inductive effect on the respective groups that leads to a blueshift, and the formation of hydrogen bonds leads to a redshift and broadening of the spectral band. The shifts and changes of these peaks indicate the interaction of fluoride with the respective groups29. The new peak at approximately 1170 cm−1 in the spectra of DA and Al-DA with adsorbed fluoride may be due to the formation of Al-F bonds6. The IR spectra show that the formation of a new bonding electronic structure by surface complexation with F− is one of the main mechanisms for the adsorption of F−.Figure 4FTIR spectra of DA and Al-DA before and after adsorption.Full size imageZeta potential analysisThe zeta potential of the material surface plays a very key role in the adsorption process, which reflects the surface charge properties of the material under different pH conditions, and also reflects the surface properties of the material. To obtain the zero charge point of the material, we studied the potential change of the material under different pH values. The results are shown in Fig. 5. In the range of pH 3–11, the zeta potential of the two adsorbents decreased linearly with the increase in pH, and the pHzpc of DA and Al-DA were 9.84 and 10.61, respectively. When pH  More

Study siteOur study site is in an intensive agricultural landscape in NW Spain known as “Tierra de Campos”, which occupies part of three out of nine provinces of Castilla-y-León region (Palencia, Valladolid, and Zamora). This area is considered the main “hot-spot” of tularemia in Spain and Southern Europe16 and is characterized by higher-than-average vole abundances during outbreaks17.Iberian hare abundance indexYearly occurrence of vole outbreaks in NW Spain between 1996 and 2020 (i.e., 1997, 1998, 2007, 2008, 2014, 2019) were identified based on reports in the news (historical reconstruction18) and more recently (from 2009 onward) using common vole abundance indices obtained from live-trapping monitoring (i.e.4,19).To study the Iberian hare population trends we used regional hunting statistics available from the regional government (Junta de Castilla-y-León, CAZDATA Project, https://medioambiente.jcyl.es/web/es/caza-pesca/cazdata-banco-datos-actividad.html [Cited 2022 Sep 23]), which included hunting records as well as the number of hunting licences from 1974 to 2020. We used the number of hunted hares divided by the number of hunting licences each year as an abundance index for hares in “Tierra de Campos” (compiling data from the provinces of Palencia, Zamora and Valladolid). CAZDATA Project is an initiative proposed by the Hunting Federation of Castilla y León, which has the support of the regional government and, more importantly, the commitment of almost 60% of the hunting societies in the community to implement a system for monitoring hunting activity. Since this information is gathered by hunters for the benefit of the hunting activity, we are confidence on its reliability to carry out the present study.
Francisella tularensis prevalence in Iberian haresWe compiled data on F. tularensis prevalence in Iberian hares from 2007 to 2016 using previously published information from a passive surveillance program carried out by the “Regional Network of Epidemiological Surveillance” (Red de Vigilancia Epidemiológica de la Dirección General de Salud Pública) of Castilla-y-León region20. This provided us with information on hare tularemia prevalence (amount of positives/number of screened individual) each year within the three provinces from “Tierra de Campos”.Statistical analysesTo study Iberian hare population trends, we calculated an index of yearly hare population instantaneous growth rate (PGR) using the hunting bag data (hare abundance index) from 1996 to 2020. Hare PGR was calculated as follows:$$PGR= lnleft(frac{{AI}_{t}}{{AI}_{t+1}}right)$$where ln stands for natural logarithm, AIt is Iberian hare abundance index on year t. and AIt+1 is the Iberian hare abundance index on year t + 1. PGRs were estimated yearly from 1996 to 2019. This dependent variable was fitted to a Generalized Linear Mixed Model using the glmmTMB function (GLMMTMB, package glmmTMB21) and a gaussian family distribution and identity link function. The categorical variable vole outbreak year (i.e., with two levels: years with (1) or without vole outbreak (0), hereafter “Vole”) and “Province” (i.e., with three levels: Palencia, Valladolid and Zamora), and their interaction were used as explanatory variables. “Year” of sampling was included as a random factor (i.e., 1996–2019). Significance of the fixed effects in the models was calculated with Type II tests using the function Anova in the car package22. We previously checked the model for overdispersion and distribution fitting using function simulateResiduals (package DHARMa23, simulations = 999). The variable PGR expresses the change between year t and t + 1. We included AI at t as a covariate in the model, in order to take into account density-dependence in hare PGR (the extent to which the abundance changes in between year t and t + 1 depends on the abundance during year t). For this to make biological sense, we rescaled the covariable AI so that it has mean equal to zero. Thus, the effect of the other predictor variables in the model (i.e., “Vole” and “Province”) was interpreted as the effect that these variables have on PGR when the abundance value is at 0. Thus, the effect of “Vole” and “Province” on PGR will be obtained by the mean value of abundance.We assessed the effect of vole outbreak years on the Iberian hare’s population PGR by running a multiple Pearson correlation (function ggscatter) between PGR and AI, considering both, PGR for all the years of the study period (i.e., 1996–2019) and only those years where vole outbreaks were detected (i.e., 1997, 1998, 2007, 2008, 2014, 2019).Finally, we tested for difference in the prevalence of F. tularensis on Iberian hare’s during years with or without vole outbreaks using a GLMMTMB21 with a binomial family distribution and a logit link function, where prevalence of F. tularensis in hares was the dependent variable, and “Vole” outbreak years and “Province” (i.e. Palencia, Valladolid and Zamora) were the responses variables. In this case, the variable “Vole” outbreak years included three levels (i.e. 0 = no vole outbreak, 1 = vole outbreak year, 2 = one year after vole outbreak), to assess if F. tularensis prevalence in hare also persist one year after a vole outbreak. “Year” of sampling was included as a random factor (i.e., 2007–2016). Due to the limited sample size, we did not include the interaction between “Vole” and “Province” to not overfit the model. We also previously checked the model for overdispersion and distribution fitting using function simulateResiduals (package DHARMa23, simulations = 999). All analysis were carried out using the R statistical computing environment24. More