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Species composition of stone wall treesFamilies and genera of stone wall treesThere were 96 stone wall trees belonging to 6 genera and 5 families in Macao. Among them, Moraceae and Ficus appeared the most frequently, both reaching 85 times, accounting for 88.5% (Table 1). It showed that Moraceae, a kind of tropical distribution family, was dominant in the stone wall trees communities, which meant that stone wall trees species in Macao appeared distinctly tropical nature18.Table 1 Frequency of occurrence of stone wall Trees in different families and genera.Full size tableSpecies of stone wall treesThere were 16 species of the stone wall trees in Macao including Bridelia tomentosa, Celtis sinensis, Eriobotrya japonica, Ficus altissima, F. benjamina, F. elastica, F. hispida, F. microcarpa, F. pandurata, F. subpisocarpa, F. tinctoria subsp. gibbosa, F. rumphii, F. variegata, F. virens, Leucaena leucocephala, and Trema cannabina (Fig. 2).Figure 216 species of stone wall trees in Macao (photo was taken by Professor Qin Xingsheng).Full size imageBased on the frequency of occurrence of various tree species, the frequency was concentrated in the range of 1–5%. Among them, Ficus microcarpa had the highest frequency, reaching 58 times, with a frequency of 60.4% (Fig. 3). This tree species is robust, adaptable and fast growing, which is the main population of Ficus19.Figure 3Frequency distribution of stone wall tree species in Macao.Full size imageStone wall trees in the historic center of MacaoThe historic center of Macao, covering an area of about 2.8 km2, is the heartland of Macao’s historical and cultural heritage, which plays a significant role in the cultural heritage around the world18. The historic center of Macao provides valuable historical and cultural resources that enable Macao to transform into a world tourism center20.A total of 14 plots were located in the historic Center of Macao (Fig. 4), with 45 stone wall trees, accounting for 47.9% of the total number of trees in the survey. Among them, Jardim Luís de Camões has the largest number of 9 stone wall trees. The park, built in the mid-eighteenth century, is one of the oldest gardens in Macao and has the largest number of old trees in Macao. The park had provided good time and environmental conditions for the growth of stone wall trees.Figure 4(a) Schematic diagram of distribution and number of stone wall trees in the historic Center of Macao. (b) Schematic diagram of historic center of Macao. (URL of the Macao map: https://www.d-maps.com/m/asia/china/macau/macau02.gif).Full size imageAccording to Decree No. 56/84/M of the Macao Special Administrative Region Government Printing Department, immovable property that represents the creation of man, or the development of nature or technology and has cultural significance is considered tangible cultural property. The occurrence of the stone wall tree was inextricably linked to ancient wall-building techniques of that time, which was of great significance for the study of the technological development and ecological landscape of the historic center of Macao. The concept of “historic urban landscape” was proposed by Zhang Song20, who argued that cities were organisms in continuous evolution, emphasizing respect for the interrelationship between natural and man-made environments. The stone wall trees in the historic center of Macao have been associated with the local culture and ecology tightly and should be preserved as important urban landscape.Symbiotic relationship between tree and stone wallsAs shown in the table below (Table 2), it was found that most of the stone wall trees had root systems that were not only superficially attached to the wall but also extended to the top or bottom of the wall. In particular, Ficus spp. whose strong root system could closely mosaic with the wall, thus forming a strong symbiosis.Table 2 The relationship between the root system of the stone wall tree and the wall.Full size tableStone walls can imitate the traditional nature-accommodating features to permit spontaneous establishment of a diverse plant assemblage. Besides vegetative diversities in terms of species composition, growth form and biomass structure, stone walls can support a mass collection of urban wildlife and provide various ecosystem service. It is highly recommended that modern urban design be created to embrace stone wall landscape as an integral part of naturalistic or ecological design.Vision for the establishment of the stone wall tree trail system in the historic of MacaoThe traditional street environment in the Macao Peninsula is a kind of distinctive urban landscape, which can highlight the specificity and value of the urban context. The combination of the stone wall trees and walls, together with the traditional streets, form a spatial urban landscape. Starting from the location of the stone wall tree landscape, the dots and lines are prospective to promote the establishment of a comprehensive stone wall tree landscape trail system (Fig. 5), so that the public can make use of the existing biological resources to have a better understanding of the land on which they live.Figure 5Schematic diagram of the stone wall trees trail system on the Macao Peninsula (URL of the Macao map: https://www.d-maps.com/m/asia/china/macau/macau02.gif and the finished map is created by Meisi Chen through the Photoshop CS6 and Arc GIS 10.2).Full size imageSince 2012, the Macao Government has been implementing the “Strolling along Macao Street” project, which aims at studying and exploring the history and culture of the streets of Macao through an in-depth cultural tourism route and promoting it to different levels of society. The establishment of the stone wall tree trail system can rely on this project to raise the public’s awareness of the protection and cultural identity of the stone wall tree landscape through a variety of ways. For example, route design competition, photography competition and exhibition, recruitment of “Stonewall Tree Protection Ambassadors” and other forms of participation, so that the public could complete the “role change” in the high degree of such participation—from “onlookers” to “bystanders”.Survey results of associated plant speciesSpecies composition and occurrence of frequencyThe survey showed that there were 101 species of stone wall tree associated plants in Macao, under 88 genera and 51 families. Most associated plants belonged to Euphorbiaceae, Compositae, and Araceae.There were 85 species with a frequency of 1–5 times, accounting for 84.2% of total species. A total of 11 species appeared 11–15 times, accounting for 4.0% (Fig. 6). There were a total of 4 species that appeared more than 15 times. They were Cocculus orbiculatus, Pteris cretica, Paederia scandens, and Pyrrosia adnascens. Most of the associated species appeared only 1–5 times, indicating that most plants were selective and accidental for the growth conditions of stone wall sites.Figure 6Occurrence frequency in various species of associated plants.Full size imageLife form compositionHerbaceous plants with 37 species, accounting the percentage of 52.3% (Fig. 7), were dominant in the associated plant species because the seeds of herbaceous plants are lighter and can be propagated to the wall surface by wind force.Figure 7Life form of associated plants with stone wall trees in Macao.Full size imageSimilarity analysis of the associated plants in MacaoIn order to compare the similarity of associated plant species in different environment, the surveyed sample sites for this study were divided into three categories: motorized lanes, non-motorized lanes, and park habitats (Table 3). According to Jaccard’s similarity principle, Sj is extremely dissimilar when it is 0.00–0.25, and the analysis showed that the similarity of companion plant species in all three habitats was extremely dissimilar. Therefore, it indicated that the companion plants in different habitats had obvious diversity and uniqueness.Table 3 Jaccard similarity index for companion plant species composition among three habitats.Full size table More

ALAN advances timing of activity and BMAL1 expressionDaily cycles of activity were strongly affected by the ALAN treatment (GAMM, p = 0.001, Fig. 2A and Fig. S2; Table S4). In the 5 lux group birds were generally active 6–7 h before lights-on, whereas birds in the other two light treatments (0.5 and 1.5 lux) advanced morning activity to a much lesser extent. Because of the advanced onset of activity, 40% of the overall diel activity in the 5 lux group occurred during the night, compared to 11 and 14% in the 0.5 and 1.5 lux groups, and less than 1% in the control dark group. Thus, with increasing ALAN, nocturnal activity also increased (LMM, treatment p  0.1 for pairwise comparison), and thereafter their timing remained stable. The group exposed to 5 lux showed a much larger instantaneous phase advance of almost five hours (mean ± SEM = 289 ± 21 min), and thereafter continued to gradually phase-advance until reaching a stable phase after 10 days (interaction treatment × day, p  More

OBITUARY
28 January 2022

Richard Leakey (1944–2022)

Palaeontologist of human origins, conservationist and politician.

Marta Mirazón Lahr

0

Marta Mirazón Lahr

Marta Mirazón Lahr is professor of human evolutionary biology and prehistory at the University of Cambridge, UK. Leakey was a friend, colleague and supporter of her work in Turkana, where she directs research in human origins.

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Richard Leakey made palaeontological discoveries of lasting significance, and brought animal poaching to the world’s attention. His fossil finds at Koobi Fora on the shores of Lake Turkana, Kenya, transformed our understanding of the diversity of human ancestors. He directed Kenya’s national museum, reorganized the country’s wildlife services and headed Kenya’s civil service. He died aged 77, at home in the Ngong Hills, Kenya.In science, he liked exploration, big-picture problems and building institutions. He made huge strides in conservation, empowering organizations and deploying shock tactics. He entered politics, creating an opposition party, then worked in government, finally becoming its corruption watchdog. He mentored young Kenyan scholars, conservationists and artists who are now leaders in their field.Born in Nairobi, Richard was the middle child of pioneers in African palaeontology and archaeology Louis and Mary Leakey. He abandoned school at 16 to open an animal-trapping and safari business, earning enough to pay for flying lessons and his own small plane. In 1963, a mix of interest in his parents’ world and a wish to prove himself to them lured him into the study of the past, and he found his first important hominin fossil — a 1.5 million-year-old mandible of Paranthropus boisei — in 1964.
Fifty years after Homo habilis
In 1967, Leakey’s father asked him to direct an expedition to the Omo Valley of southern Ethiopia. There, Leakey found two Homo sapiens fossils now known to be 230,000 years old (C. M. Vidal et al. Nature https://doi.org/gn3794; 2022), key evidence of our species’ African origins. Flying over the eastern shore of Lake Turkana, he recognized the potential of sediments at Koobi Fora, which proved to be a trove of hominin fossils. The discovery of different hominin species living at the same time between 2 million and 1.5 million years ago (P. boisei, Homo habilis, Homo rudolfensis and Homo erectus) changed views of how humans evolved.In 1968, Leakey became director of the National Museums of Kenya, which became a hub of thriving research. Soon afterwards, he met the young British zoologist Meave Epps. They married after his first marriage ended, and became life-long personal and scientific partners. Their work with researchers dubbed the Hominid Gang, led by Kamoya Kimeu, resulted in the discovery of dozens of hominin fossils, including a new genus and four new species (Paranthropus aethiopicus, Australopithecus anamensis and Kenyanthropus platyops, as well as H. rudolfensis). A 1.6-million-year-old skeleton of a juvenile H. erectus proved to have grown more slowly than apes and faster than humans, giving insights into the evolution of human life-history.Leakey became involved in acrimonious scientific arguments — sometimes he was right, sometimes not — which, during the 1970s, gave an antagonistic tone to human-origins research. His health deteriorated, and he had his first kidney transplant (donated by his brother Philip) in 1980. In 1989, Kenya’s president, Daniel arap Moi, asked him to run the Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS). Leakey declared war on poachers, burnt the stockpile of Kenyan ivory and massively reduced elephant deaths. His controversial tactics had an impact on a web of corrupt practices and created serious enemies. In 1993, the plane he was piloting crashed; both his legs had to be amputated below the knee. Sabotage was rumoured.
Human evolution’s ties to tectonics
The relationship with Moi became increasingly hostile. In 1995, Leakey left KWS to create an opposition party, Safina, becoming a member of the Kenyan parliament in 1998. His time in opposition was tense. Leakey was beaten and received death threats. But Kenya needed large investments, and funders demanded assurances. Capitalizing on Leakey’s reputation for integrity, in 1998 Moi asked him to direct KWS again, and in 1999 to head the civil service. Over three years, Leakey raised hundreds of millions of dollars for Kenya and fought corruption.In 2002, he accepted a position at Stony Brook University, New York, that allowed him to live in Kenya and create the Turkana Basin Institute (TBI), which he chaired from 2005 until his death. TBI fostered a burst of discoveries: Miocene primates, hominins, the oldest stone tools in the world at 3.3 million years, evidence of prehistoric warfare, and the earliest monumental architecture in sub-Saharan Africa. In 2004, Leakey founded WildlifeDirect, a non-governmental conservation body, serving on its board for 10 years. In 2007, he became chair of Transparency International Kenya, continuing his battle against corruption.By this time, Leakey had skin cancer and progressively worse health. He underwent a second kidney transplant in 2006, with Meave as the donor, and a liver transplant in 2013. Yet, in 2015, he accepted President Uhuru Kenyatta’s request to return to KWS as chair until 2018. For the past six years, he worked to create a new Kenyan museum, called Ngaren — of which I am a board member — to celebrate science, evolution and humanity’s African origins.Richard was special — fun, insightful, generous, with a sharp sense of humour, and a fabulous cook and sommelier. He embraced life, good and bad, and imbued those around him with the sheer excitement of what could be done, discovered, resolved and enjoyed.

Nature 602, 29 (2022)
doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-022-00211-6

Competing Interests
M.M.L. is a member of the board of directors of Ngaren, a non-governmental organization founded by Richard Leakey to support the creation of a museum of evolution in Kenya.

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Study areaThe study was conducted in central Hungary, ca. 25–60 km south of Budapest, at around the settlements Alsónémedi (47°18′; 19°09′), Apaj (47°06′; 19°05′), Kunszentmiklós (47°01′; 19°07′) and Tass (47°01′; 19°01′) during the 2020 and 2021 breeding seasons. We also used heterospecific controls with Eurasian collared doves for comparisons conducted in the year 2016. In this study area common cuckoos can be found in high densities in their breeding season (May and June). They almost exclusively parasitize great reed warblers (Acrocephalus arundinaceus) locally, a large host which breeds in narrow reed-beds along small irrigation and flood-relief channels47.All applicable international, national, and/or institutional guidelines for the care and use of animals were followed. Local animal ethics regulations and agreements were followed for fieldwork. All work complied with the Hungarian laws, and the Middle-Danube-Valley Inspectorate for Environmental Protection, Nature Conservation and Water Management, Budapest, provided permission for research (permit no. PE/KTF/17190-3/2015).Playback filesWe used cuckoo calls recorded in May between 2016 and 2019. Recording were made with a Telinga Universal parabola dish, equipped with a Sennheiser ME-62 microphone, a K6 powering module, a FEL MX mono preamp, and a Marantz PMD-620 MKII recorder (sampling rate: 48 kHz, 24-bit quality)30.We constructed ten different sound files for playback from the basic “cu-coo” calls:Heterospecific (negative) control(1) The calls of a neutral species from the local avifauna, the Eurasian collared dove, were used for interspecific vocalization control.Natural (positive) control(2) Normal (natural) “cu-coo” calls.Experimental treatments; one-note calls(3) Deleting the second note, i.e. contained “cu”, only.(4) Deleting the first note, i.e. contained “coo”, only.Two-note calls(5) Reversal of the basic “cu-coo” call, i.e. “coo-cu”.(6) Repeating the first note, and deleting the second note, i.e. “cu-cu”.(7) Repeating the second note, and deleting the first note, i.e. “coo-coo”.Three-note calls(8) Repeating the first note, i.e. “cu-cu-coo”.(9) Repeating the second note. i.e. “cu-coo-coo”.Three-note natural(10) Normal (but rare and context specific) “nat. cu-cu-coo”.The experimental 3-note variant of the calls (“cu-cu-coo”; call type No. (8)) differs from our natural 3-note calls (“nat. cu-cu-coo”; call type No. (10)) in two out of the three acoustic parameters (length: F1,18 = 79.258, P  More