Ecology

1.Loreau, M. et al. Do not downplay biodiversity loss. Nature https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-04179-7 (2022).2.Leung, B. et al. Clustered versus catastrophic global vertebrate declines. Nature 588, 267–271 (2020).ADS 
CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
3.Antão, L. H. et al. Temperature-related biodiversity change across temperate marine and terrestrial systems. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 4, 927–933 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
4.Leung, B., Greenberg, D. A. & Green, D. M. Trends in mean growth and stability in temperate vertebrate populations. Divers. Distrib. 23, 1372–1380 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
5.Daskalova, G. N., Myers-Smith, I. H. & Godlee, J. L. Rare and common vertebrates span a wide spectrum of population trends. Nat. Commun. 11, 4394 (2020).ADS 
CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
6.Murali, G. et al. Emphasizing declining populations in the Living Planet Report. Nature https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-04165-z (2022).7.Leung, B., et al. Reply to: Emphasizing declining populations in the Living Planet Report. Nature https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-04166-y (2022).8.Dornelas, M., et al. A balance of winners and losers in the Anthropocene. Ecol. Lett. 22, 847–854 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
9.Hilborn, R. Faith based fisheries. Fisheries 31, 554–555 (2006).
Google Scholar  More

Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaBrian Leung & Anna L. HargreavesBieler School of Environment, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaBrian LeungDepartment of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, CanadaDan A. GreenbergSchool of Biology and Ecology and Mitchell Center for Sustainability Solutions, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USABrian McGillCentre for Biological Diversity, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UKMaria DornelasIndicators and Assessments Unit, Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London, UKRobin FreemanB.L. wrote the response. A.C.H. and D.A.G. helped with writing, editing and discussing ideas. B.M. and M.D. discussed ideas with some editing. R.F. contributed discussions to the original manuscript2. More

Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaBrian Leung & Anna L. HargreavesBieler School of Environment, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaBrian LeungDepartment of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, CanadaDan A. GreenbergSchool of Biology and Ecology and Mitchell Center for Sustainability Solutions, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USABrian McGillCentre for Biological Diversity, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UKMaria DornelasIndicators and Assessments Unit, Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London, UKRobin FreemanB.L. wrote the response. A.L.H. and D.A.G. helped with writing, editing and discussing ideas. B.M., M.D. and R.F. discussed ideas and did some editing. More

Cite this articleLeung, B., Hargreaves, A.L., Greenberg, D.A. et al. Reply to: Shifting baselines and biodiversity success stories.
Nature 601, E19 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03749-zDownload citationPublished: 26 January 2022Issue Date: 27 January 2022DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03749-zShare this articleAnyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:Get shareable linkSorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.Copy to clipboard
Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative More

1.Leung, B. et al. Clustered versus catastrophic global vertebrate declines. Nature 588, 267–271 (2020).CAS 
Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
2.McRae, L., Deinet, S. & Freeman, R. The diversity-weighted Living Planet Index: controlling for taxonomic bias in a global biodiversity indicator. PLoS ONE 12, e0169156 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
3.Koricheva, J. & Gurevitch, J. Uses and misuses of meta-analysis in plant ecology. J. Ecol. 102, 828–844 (2014).Article 

Google Scholar 
4.Cardinale, B. J., Gonzalez, A., Allington, G. R. H. & Loreau, M. Is local biodiversity in decline or not? A summary of the debate over analysis of species richness time trends. Biol. Conserv. 219, 175–183 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
5.Inger, R. et al. Common European birds are declining rapidly while less abundant species’ numbers are rising. Ecol. Lett. 18, 28–36 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
6.Rosenberg, K. V. et al. Decline of the North American avifauna. Science 366, 120–124 (2019).CAS 
Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
7.Gonzalez, A. et al. Estimating local biodiversity change: a critique of papers claiming no net loss of local diversity. Ecology 97, 1949–1960 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
8.Scholes, R. J. et al. Toward a global biodiversity observing system. Science 321, 1044–1045 (2008).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar  More

1.Almond, R. E. A., Grooten, M. & Petersen, T. (eds) Living Planet Report 2020 – Bending the Curve of Biodiversity Loss (WWF, 2020).2.Leung, B. et al. Clustered versus catastrophic global vertebrate declines. Nature 588, 267–271 (2020).CAS 
Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
3.Buckland, S. T., Studeny, A. C., Magurran, A. E., Illian, J. B. & Newson, S. E. The geometric mean of relative abundance indices: a biodiversity measure with a difference. Ecosphere 2, 1–15 (2011).Article 

Google Scholar 
4.McRae, L., Deinet, S. & Freeman, R. The diversity-weighted living planet index: controlling for taxonomic bias in a global biodiversity indicator. PLoS ONE 12, e0169156 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
5.Leung, B., Greenberg, D. A. & Green, D. M. Trends in mean growth and stability in temperate vertebrate populations. Divers. Distrib. 23, 1372–1380 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
6.Marconi, V., McRae, L., Deinet, S., Ledger, S. & Freeman, F. in Living Planet Report 2020 – Bending the Curve of Biodiversity Loss (eds Almond, R. E. A., Grooten, M. & Petersen, T.) (WWF, 2020).7.Daskalova, G. N., Myers-Smith, I. H. & Godlee, J. L. Rare and common vertebrates span a wide spectrum of population trends. Nat. Commun. 11, 4394 (2020).CAS 
Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
8.Daskalova, G. N. et al. Landscape-scale forest loss as a catalyst of population and biodiversity change. Science 368, 1341–1347 (2020).CAS 
Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
9.IPBES. Summary for Policymakers of the Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES Secretariat, 2019).10.van Strien, A. J., Soldaat, L. L. & Gregory, R. D. Desirable mathematical properties of indicators for biodiversity change. Ecol. Indic. 14, 202–208 (2012).Article 

Google Scholar  More

1.Almond, R. E. A., Grooten, M. & Petersen, T. (eds) Living Planet Report 2020 – Bending the Curve of Biodiversity Loss (WWF, 2020).2.Leung, B. et al. Clustered versus catastrophic global vertebrate declines. Nature 588, 267–271 (2020).ADS 
CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
3.Deinet, S. et al. Wildlife Comeback in Europe: The Recovery of Selected Mammal and Bird Species (final report to Rewilding Europe by ZSL, BirdLife International and the European Bird Census Council) (2013).4.Ceballos, G., Ehrlich, P. R. & Dirzo, R. Biological annihilation via the ongoing sixth mass extinction signaled by vertebrate population losses and declines. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 114, E6089–E6096 (2017).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
5.Pauly, D. Anecdotes and the shifting baseline syndrome of fisheries. Trends Ecol. Evol. 10, 430 (1995).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
6.Daskalova, G. N., Myers-Smith, I. H. & Godlee, J. L. Rare and common vertebrates span a wide spectrum of population trends. Nat. Commun. 11, 4394 (2020).ADS 
CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
7.Setiawan, R. et al. Preventing global extinction of the Javan rhino: tsunami risk and future conservation direction. Conserv. Lett. 11, e12366 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
8.Mondol, S., Bruford, M. W. & Ramakrishnan, U. Demographic loss, genetic structure and the conservation implications for Indian tigers. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 280, 20130496 (2013).
Google Scholar 
9.Milner-Gulland, E. J. & Beddington, J. R. The exploitation of elephants for the ivory trade: An historical perspective. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 252, 29–37 (1993).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
10.Casas-Marce, M. et al. Spatiotemporal dynamics of genetic variation in the iberian lynx along its path to extinction reconstructed with ancient DNA. Mol. Biol. Evol. 34, 2893–2907 (2017).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
11.Chase, M. J. et al. Continent-wide survey reveals massive decline in African savannah elephants. PeerJ 4, e2354 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
12.Jhala, Y. V, Qureshi, Q. & Nayak, A. K. (eds) Status of Tigers, Co-Predators and Prey in India 2018. Summary Report (National Tiger Conservation Authority, Government of India, New Delhi & Wildlife Institute of India, 2019).13.Sanderson, E. W. et al. The ecological future of the North American bison: conceiving long-term, large-scale conservation of wildlife. Conserv. Biol. 22, 252–266 (2008).Article 

Google Scholar  More

1.Laffoley, D. & Baxter, J.M. Ocean Deoxygenation: Everyone’s Problem-Causes, Impacts, Consequences and Solutions. (IUCN, 2019).2.Heinze, C. et al. The quiet crossing of ocean tipping points. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 118(9), e2008478118 (2021).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
3.Ekau, W., Auel, H., Pörtner, H. O. & Gilbert, D. Impacts of hypoxia on the structure and processes in pelagic communities (zooplankton, macro-invertebrates and fish). Biogeosciences 7(5), 1669–1699 (2010).ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
4.Gallo, N. D. & Levin, L. A. Fish ecology and evolution in the world’s oxygen minimum zones and implications of ocean deoxygenation. Adv. Mar. Biol. 74, 117–198 (2016).CAS 

Google Scholar 
5.Breitburg, D. et al. Declining oxygen in the global ocean and coastal waters. Science 359(6371), eaam7240 (2018).
Google Scholar 
6.Hoegh-Guldberg, O. et al. The human imperative of stabilizing global climate change at 1.5 C. Science 365(6459), eaaw6974 (2019).CAS 

Google Scholar 
7.Sampaio, E. et al. Impacts of hypoxic events surpass those of future ocean warming and acidification. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 5, 311–321 (2021).
Google Scholar 
8.Chan, F. et al. Emergence of anoxia in the California current large marine ecosystem. Science 319(5865), 920–920 (2008).ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
9.Levin, L. A. et al. Effects of natural and human-induced hypoxia on coastal benthos. Biogeosciences 6, 2063–2098 (2009).ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
10.Stramma, L., Schmidtko, S., Levin, L. A. & Johnson, G. C. Ocean oxygen minima expansions and their biological impacts. Deep Sea Res Part I Oceanogr. Res. Pap. 57(4), 587–595 (2010).ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
11.Hoegh-Guldberg, O. et al. 2018: Impacts of 1.5 °C Global Warming on Natural and Human Systems. In: Global Warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report on the Impacts of Global Warming of 1.5°C Above Pre-industrial Levels and Related Global Greenhouse Gas Emission Pathways, in the Context of Strengthening the Global Response to the Threat of Climate Change, Sustainable Development, and Efforts to Eradicate Poverty 175–311 (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2019).12.Zhang, X. et al. In situ Raman-based measurements of high dissolved methane concentrations in hydrate-rich ocean sediments. Geophys. Res. Lett. 38, L08605 (2011).ADS 

Google Scholar 
13.Wright, J. J., Konwar, K. M. & Hallam, S. J. Microbial ecology of expanding oxygen minimum zones. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 10, 381–394 (2012).CAS 

Google Scholar 
14.Kalvelage, T. et al. Nitrogen cycling driven by organic matter export in the South Pacific oxygen minimum zone. Nat. Geosci. 6, 228–234 (2013).ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
15.Falkowski, P. G. Evolution of the nitrogen cycle and its influence on the biological sequestration of CO2 in the ocean. Nature 387(6630), 272–275 (1997).ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
16.Zehr, J. P. & Kudela, R. M. Nitrogen cycle of the open ocean: From genes to ecosystems. Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci. 3, 197–225 (2011).ADS 

Google Scholar 
17.Pack, M. A. et al. Methane oxidation in the Eastern Tropical North Pacific Ocean water column. J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosci. 120, 1078–1092 (2015).CAS 

Google Scholar 
18.Lashof, D. A. & Ahuja, D. R. Relative contributions of greenhouse gas emissions to global warming. Nature 344, 529–531 (1990).ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
19.Reeburgh, W. S. Oceanic methane biogeochemistry. Chem. Rev. 107, 486–513 (2007).CAS 

Google Scholar 
20.Stramma, L., Johnson, G. C., Sprintall, J. & Mohrholz, V. Expanding oxygen-minimum zones in the tropical oceans. Science 320, 655–658 (2008).ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
21.Keeling, R. E., Körtzinger, A. & Gruber, N. Ocean deoxygenation in a warming world. Ann. Rev. Mar. Sci. 2, 199–229 (2010).
Google Scholar 
22.Helm, K. P., Bindoff, N. L. & Church, J. A. Observed decreases in oxygen content of the global ocean. Geophys. Res. Lett. 38, L23602 (2011).ADS 

Google Scholar 
23.Kirschke, S. et al. Three decades of global methane sources and sinks. Nat. Geosci. 6, 813–823 (2013).ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
24.Savrda, C. E. & Bottjer, D. J. Trace·fossil model for reconstruction of paleo-oxgenation in bottom waters. Geology 14, 3–6 (1986).ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
25.Savrda, C. E. & Bottjer, D. J. The exaerobic zone, a new oxygen-deficient marine biofacies. Nature 327, 54–56 (1987).ADS 

Google Scholar 
26.Savrda, C. E. & Bottjer, D. J. Trace·fossil model for reconstructing oxygenation histories of ancient marine bottom waters: Application to Upper Cretaceous Niobrara Formation, Colorado. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 74, 49–74 (1989).
Google Scholar 
27.Kaiho, K. Morphotype changes of deep-sea benthic foraminifera during the Cenozoic Era and their paleoenvironmental implications. Kaseki (Fossils) 47, 1–23 (1989).
Google Scholar 
28.Kaiho, K. Global changes of Paleogene aerobic/anaerobic Benthic foraminifera and deep-sea circulation. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 83, 65–85 (1991).
Google Scholar 
29.Kaiho, K. Benthic foraminiferal dissolved-oxygen index and dissolved-oxygen levels in the modern ocean. Geology 22, 719–722 (1994).ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
30.Schumacher, S., Jorissen, F. J., Dissard, D., Larkin, K. E. & Gooday, A. J. Live (Rose Bengal stained) and dead benthic foraminifera from the oxygen minimum zone of the Pakistan continental margin (Arabian Sea). Mar. Micropaleontol. 62, 45–73 (2007).ADS 

Google Scholar 
31.Abu-Zied, R. H. et al. Benthic foraminiferal response to changes in bottom-water oxygenation and organic carbon flux in the eastern Mediterranean during LGM to Recent times. Mar. Micropaleontol. 67, 46–68 (2008).ADS 

Google Scholar 
32.Grunert, P. et al. Upwelling conditions in the Early Miocene Central Paratethys Sea. Geol. Carpath. 61(2), 129–145 (2010).ADS 
MathSciNet 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
33.Kaminski, M. A. Calibration of the benthic foraminiferal oxygen index in the Marmara Sea. Geol. Q. 56(4), 757–764 (2012).
Google Scholar 
34.Ilies, I. A. et al. Early middle Miocene paleoenvironmental evolution in southwest Transylvania (Romania): Interpretation based on foraminifera. Geol. Carpath. 71(5), 444–461 (2020).
Google Scholar 
35.Bernhard, J. M. & Bowser, S. S. Benthic foraminifera of dysoxic sediments: Chloroplast sequestration and functional morphology. Earth Sci. Rev. 46(1–4), 149–165 (1999).ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
36.Ohkushi, K. et al. Quantified intermediate water oxygenation history of the NE Pacific: A new benthic foraminiferal record from Santa Barbara basin. Paleoceanography 28(3), 453–467 (2013).ADS 

Google Scholar 
37.Lu, W. et al. I/Ca in epifaunal benthic foraminifera: A semi-quantitative proxy for bottom water oxygen in a multi-proxy compilation for glacial ocean deoxygenation. EPSL 533, 116055 (2020).CAS 

Google Scholar 
38.Rathburn, A. E., Willingham, J., Ziebis, W., Burkett, A. M. & Corliss, B. H. A new biological proxy for deep-sea paleo-oxygen: Pores of epifaunal benthic foraminifera. Sci. Rep. 8, 1–8 (2018).CAS 

Google Scholar 
39.Singh, A. D., Rai, A. K., Verma, K., Das, S. & Bharti, S. K. Benthic foraminiferal diversity response to the climate induced changes in the eastern Arabian Sea oxygen minimum zone during the last 30 ka BP. Quat. Int. 374, 118–125 (2015).
Google Scholar 
40.Palmer, H. M. et al. Southern California margin benthic foraminiferal assemblages record recent centennial-scale changes in oxygen minimum zone. Biogeosciences 17(11), 2923–2937 (2020).ADS 

Google Scholar 
41.Tetard, M., Licari, L., Ovsepyan, E., Tachikawa, K. & Beaufort, L. Toward a global calibration for quantifying past oxygenation in oxygen minimum zones using benthic Foraminifera. Biogeosciences 18(9), 2827–2841 (2021).ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
42.Moffitt, S. E., Hill, T. M., Ohkushi, K., Kennett, J. P. & Behl, R. J. Vertical oxygen minimum zone oscillations since 20 ka in Santa Barbara Basin: A benthic foraminiferal community perspective. Paleoceanography 29, 44–57 (2014).ADS 

Google Scholar 
43.Hoogakker, B. A., Elderfield, H., Schmiedl, G., McCave, I. N. & Rickaby, R. E. Glacial–interglacial changes in bottom-water oxygen content on the Portuguese margin. Nat. Geosci. 8, 40–43 (2015).ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
44.Glock, N., Liebetrau, V. & Eisenhauer, A. I/Ca ratios in benthic foraminifera from the Peruvian oxygen minimum zone: analytical methodology and evaluation as a proxy for redox conditions. Biogeosciences 11(23), 7077–7095 (2014).ADS 

Google Scholar 
45.Jorissen, F.J., Fontanier, C., & Thomas, E. Paleoceanographical proxies based on deep-sea benthic foraminiferal assemblage characteristics. In: Hillaire-Marcel, C., & De Vernal, A. Proxies in late Cenozoic paleoceanography. Dev. Mar. Geol., 1, 263–325 (2007).46.Diaz, R. J. Overview of hypoxia around the world. J. Environ. Qual. 30(2), 275–281 (2001).CAS 

Google Scholar 
47.Tetard, M., Licari, L., Tachikawa, K., Ovsepyan, E. & Beaufort, L. Toward a global calibration for quantifying past oxygenation in oxygen minimum zones using benthic Foraminifera. Biogeosci. Discuss. 18(9), 2827–2841 (2021).48.Diaz, R. J. & Rosenberg, R. Marine benthic hypoxia: A review of its ecological effects and the behavioural responses of benthic macrofauna. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. 33, 245–303 (1995).
Google Scholar 
49.Diaz, R. J. & Rosenberg, R. Spreading dead zones and consequences for marine ecosystems. Science 321, 926–929 (2008).ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
50.Sen Gupta, B. K., Eugene Turner, R. & Rabalais, N. N. Seasonal oxygen depletion in continental-shelf waters of Louisiana: Historical record of benthic foraminifers. Geology 24(3), 227–230 (1996).ADS 

Google Scholar 
51.Schlanger, S. O. & Jenkyns, H. C. Cretaceous oceanic anoxic events: Causes and consequences. Geol. Mijnbouw 55, 179–184 (1976).
Google Scholar 
52.Jenkyns, H. C. Geochemistry of oceanic anoxic events. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 11, Q03004 (2010).ADS 

Google Scholar 
53.Clark, P. U. et al. Consequences of twenty-first century policy for multi-millennial climate and sea-level change. Nat. Clim. Change 6, 360–369 (2016).ADS 

Google Scholar 
54.Clark, P. U. et al. Sea-level commitment as a gauge for climate policy. Nat. Clim. Change 8, 653–655 (2018).ADS 

Google Scholar 
55.Li, C., Held, H., Hokamp, S. & Marotzke, J. Optimal temperature overshoot profile found by limiting global sea level rise as a lower-cost climate target. Sci. Adv. 6(2), eaaw9490 (2020).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
56.Berner, R. A. & Raiswell, R. Burial of organic carbon and pyrite sulfur in sediments over Phanerozoic time: A new theory. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 47(5), 855–862 (1983).ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
57.Gautier, D. L. Cretaceous shales from the western interior of North America: Sulfur/carbon ratios and sulfur-isotope composition. Geology 14(3), 225–228 (1986).ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
58.Kajiwara, Y. & Kaiho, K. Oceanic anoxia at the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary supported by the sulfur isotopic record. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 99, 151–162 (1992).
Google Scholar 
59.Anderson, R. F., LeHuray, A. P., Fleisher, M. Q. & Murray, J. W. Uranium deposition in ancouv inlet sediments, ancouver island. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 53(9), 2205–2213 (1989).ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
60.Kaiho, K., Fujiwara, O. & Motoyama, I. Mid-Cretaceous faunal turnover of intermediate-water benthic foraminifera in the northwestern Pacific Ocean margin. Mar. Micropaleontol. 23, 13–49 (1993).ADS 

Google Scholar 
61.Kaiho, K., Morgans, H. E. & Okada, H. Faunal turnover of intermediate-water benthic foraminifera during the Paleogene in New Zealand. Mar. Micropaleontol. 23, 51–86 (1993).ADS 

Google Scholar 
62.Alegret, L., Molina, E. & Thomas, E. Benthic foraminiferal turnover across the Cretaceous/Paleogene boundary at Agost (southeastern Spain): Paleoenvironmental inferences. Mar. Micropaleontol. 48(3–4), 251–279 (2003).ADS 

Google Scholar 
63.Morigi, C. Benthic environmental changes in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea during sapropel S5 deposition. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 273(3–4), 258–271 (2009).
Google Scholar 
64.Cetean, C. G., Bălc, R., Kaminski, M. A. & Filipescu, S. Integrated biostratigraphy and palaeoenvironments of an upper Santonian—upper Campanian succession from the southern part of the Eastern Carpathians, Romania. Cretac. Res. 32(5), 575–590 (2011).
Google Scholar 
65.Drinia, H. & Anastasakis, G. Benthic foraminifer palaeoecology of the Late Quaternary continental outer shelf of a landlocked marine basin in central Aegean Sea, Greece. Quat. Int. 261, 43–52 (2012).
Google Scholar 
66.Baas, J. H., Schönfeld, J. & Zahn, R. Mid-depth oxygen drawdown during Heinrich events: Evidence from benthic foraminiferal community structure, trace-fossil tiering, and benthic δ13C at the Portuguese Margin. Mar. Geol. 152(1–3), 25–55 (1998).ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
67.Kaiho, K. Global climatic forcing of deep-sea benthic foraminiferal test size during the past 120 my. Geology 26(6), 491–494 (1998).ADS 

Google Scholar 
68.Wang, N., Huang, B. & Dong, Y. The evolution of deepwater dissolved oxygen in the Northern South China Sea during the past 400 ka. In AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts 2016, PP43A-2297 (2016).69.Ukpong, A. J. & Macaulay, E. O. Evaluation of paleo-oxygen conditions of Priabonian-Rupelian sediments of the Agbada Formation, Niger delta based on Fisher’s Diversity Index and Benthic Foraminifera Oxygen Index. IJRD. 2(12), 65–80 (2017).
Google Scholar 
70.Harzhauser, M. et al. Miocene lithostratigraphy of the northern and central Vienna Basin (Austria). Aust. J. Earth Sci. 113, 169–199 (2020).ADS 

Google Scholar 
71.Kranner, M. et al. Miocene ecology of the central and northern Vienna Basin (Austria), based on foraminiferal ecology. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 581, 110640 (2021).
Google Scholar 
72.Loeblich, A. R. & Tappan, H. Foraminiferal Genera and Their Classification (Von Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1987).
Google Scholar 
73.Kaminski, M. A. The year 2010 classification of the agglutinated foraminifera. Micropaleontology 60, 89–108 (2014).
Google Scholar 
74.Pawlowski, J., Lejzerowicz, F. & Esling, P. Next-generation environmental diversity surveys of foraminifera: Preparing the future. Biol. Bull. 227(2), 93–106 (2014).CAS 

Google Scholar 
75.Boersma, A. Foraminifera. In Introduction to Marine Micropaleontology. 19–77 (Elsevier Science BV, 1998).76.Piller, W. E. & Haunold, T. G. The Northern Bay of Safaga (Red Sea, Egypt): An Actuopalaeontological Approach V. Foraminifera (Waldemar Kramer Verlag, 1998).
Google Scholar 
77.Amao, A. O. et al. Distribution of benthic foraminifera along the Iranian coast. Mar. Biodivers. 49, 399–945 (2019).
Google Scholar 
78.Charrieau, L. M. et al. The effects of multiple stressors on the distribution of coastal benthic foraminifera: A case study from the Skagerrak-Baltic Sea region. Mar. Micropaleontol. 139, 42–56 (2018).ADS 

Google Scholar 
79.Charrieau, L. M. et al. Rapid environmental responses to climate-induced hydrographic changes in the Baltic Sea entrance. Biogeosciences 16, 3835–3852 (2019).ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
80.Groeneveld, J. et al. Assessing proxy signatures of temperature, salinity, and hypoxia in the Baltic Sea through foraminifera-based geochemistry and faunal assemblages. J. Micropalaeontol. 37, 403–429 (2018).ADS 

Google Scholar 
81.García-Gallardo, Á. et al. Benthic foraminifera-based reconstruction of the first Mediterranean-Atlantic exchange in the early Pliocene Gulf of Cadiz. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 472, 93–107 (2017).
Google Scholar 
82.Rupp, C. & Ćorić, S. Zur Eferding-Formation. Jahrb. Geol. Bundesanst. 155, 33–95 (2015).
Google Scholar 
83.Murray, J. W. Ecology and Applications of Benthic Foraminifera (Cambridge University Press, 2006).
Google Scholar 
84.Jorissen, F. J., de Stigter, H. C. & Widmark, J. G. A conceptual model explaining benthic foraminiferal microhabitats. Mar. Micropaleontol. 26, 3–15 (1995).ADS 

Google Scholar 
85.Garcia, H.E. et al. World Ocean Atlas 2013. Vol. 3: Dissolved Oxygen, Apparent Oxygen Utilization, and Oxygen Saturation. (NOAA Atlas NESDIS 75, 2013).86.Murray, J. W. Ecology and Palaeoecology of Benthic Foraminifera. (Longman Scientific and Technical, 1991).87.Reymond, C. E., Lloyd, A., Kline, D. I., Dove, S. G. & Pandolfi, J. M. Decline in growth of foraminifer Marginopora rossi under eutrophication and ocean acidification scenarios. Glob. Change Biol. 19, 291–302 (2013).ADS 

Google Scholar 
88.Titelboim, D. et al. Selective responses of benthic foraminifera to thermal pollution. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 105, 324–333 (2016).CAS 

Google Scholar 
89.Renema, W. Terrestrial influence as a key driver of spatial variability in large benthic foraminiferal assemblage composition in the Central Indo-Pacific. Earth-Sci. Rev. 177, 514–544 (2018).ADS 

Google Scholar 
90.Koho, K. A. et al. Sedimentary labile organic carbon and pore water redox control on species distribution of benthic foraminifera: A case study from Lisbon-Setúbal Canyon (southern Portugal). Prog. Oceanogr. 79, 55–82 (2008).ADS 

Google Scholar  More