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    Predicting 3D protein structures in light of evolution

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    Vulnerability of the North Water ecosystem to climate change

    Marine sediment recordThe Calypso Square gravity core AMD15-CASQ1 (77°15.035′ N, 74°25.500′ W, 692 m water depth) and accompanying box core (BC; same location) were retrieved aboard the CCGS Amundsen during the ArcticNet 2015 Leg 4a expedition in 2015, in accordance with relevant permits and local laws. The CASQ corer recovered a sequence 543 cm long, while the box core was 40 cm long. Sediment material from these cores is stored at the Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland and available upon reasonable request to the first and corresponding author (SRI).Computed Tomography (CT) scanning of the core was performed using a Siemens SOMATOM Definition AS + 128 at the Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Quebec, Canada. The tomograms were converted into digital DICOM format using a standard Hounsfield scale (HU scale) from −1024 to 3071, where −1024 corresponds to the density of air, 0 to the density of water and 2500 to the density of calcite.The age control on the marine sediment record was provided by 11 accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) radiocarbon dates on mollusc shells (Supplementary. Table 1) at the Keck Carbon Cycle AMS Facility, University of California, Irvine, US, and 210Pb/137Cs measurements conducted on 20 samples at the Gamma Dating Center, Copenhagen University, Denmark. In the box core, the content of unsupported 210Pb showed a clear exponential decline with depth (Supplementary Fig. 1). A clear 137Cs peak was not detected, but the 210Pb-based chronology dates the earliest sample with 137Cs to 1969 ± 2 years, which is close to the expected date, 1963, for the global 137Cs peak induced by nuclear weapons testing in the atmosphere. This, and the very uniform exponential decline in unsupported 210Pb with depth, gives confidence in the calculated chronology. A mixed age-depth model, using both 210Pb and 14C dates, was constructed using BACON, an open-source package of ‘R’54. This Bayesian accumulation model code allows for greater flexibility in sedimentation rates between dated intervals than traditional linear age-depth models54. The AMS radiocarbon dates were calibrated with the Marine13 IntCal1355, and the regional marine reservoir offset was estimated based on existing 14C data from marine specimens collected before the mid-1950s. Distinct regional offset values have been proposed for Arctic Canada, but do not include the Smith Sound region56. Existing data from NW Greenland show local reservoir correction (ΔR) values ranging from -40 years in the Inglefield Fjord to +320 years in Ellesmere Island (the latter consistent with the proposed 335 ± 85 years for the Canadian Arctic Archipelago56). However, these samples have been retrieved from shallow sites ( More

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    Ecological effects on female bill colour explain plastic sexual dichromatism in a mutually-ornamented bird

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    Pelagic organisms avoid white, blue, and red artificial light from scientific instruments

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