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Our analysis suggests that, over 465 ha of mangrove area, almost 83% of aboveground tree biomass were harvested annually for commercial timber purposes, using a keyhole harvest pattern (Fig. S3b). Yet after 25 years of natural and human-induced regeneration, both field- and satellite-based assessments reveal that biomass carbon stocks and canopy cover had fully recovered. Our approach using space-for-time substitution indicates that manual selective logging did not significantly affect soil carbon stocks and rates of annual carbon burial. While the differences in soil carbon stock between sites may be due to the diverse hydro-geomorphic settings8,14 the mangrove root mass in the top 1-m were not disturbed by manual logging activities. Similar situation was found in Tampa Bay, Florida where peat formation from root mass has enhance carbon sequestration15. These findings reduce uncertainty around the effects of mangrove forest management on the long-term functional capacity of blue carbon storage and provide evidence that managed mangrove ecosystems may deliver nature-based climate solutions.Recovery of forest structure, canopy cover and species diversityAlong carbon stocks, forest structure and species diversity also demonstrated recovery (Fig. 2, Table S1). Seedling densities were significantly higher in 5 year-old mangrove plots than in plots at any other stage (F(5,13) = 28.321, p  More