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German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstrasse 4, 04103, Leipzig, GermanyHelen R. P. Phillips, Joanne M. Bennett, Rémy Beugnon, Olga Ferlian, Carlos A. Guerra, Birgitta König-Ries, Julia J. Krebs, Ulrich Brose & Nico EisenhauerInstitute of Biology, Leipzig University, Puschstrasse 4, 04103, Leipzig, GermanyHelen R. P. Phillips, Rémy Beugnon, Olga Ferlian, Julia J. Krebs & Nico EisenhauerDepartment of Environmental Science, Saint Mary’s University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, CanadaHelen R. P. Phillips & Erin K. CameronGlobal Soil Biodiversity Initiative and School of Global Environmental Sustainability, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USAElizabeth M. Bach & Diana H. WallDepartment of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USAElizabeth M. Bach & Diana H. WallUniversidade Positivo, Rua Prof. Pedro Viriato Parigot de Souza, 5300, Curitiba, PR, 81280-330, BrazilMarie L. C. 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Loss & Shishir PaudelUPR Systèmes de Pérennes, CIRAD, Univ Montpellier, TA B-34/02 Avenue Agropolis, Montpellier, FranceRaphael MarichalDepartment of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, Prague, Czech RepublicRadim MatulaTochigi Prefectural Museum, 2-2 Mutsumi-cho, Utsunomiya, JapanYukio MinamiyaThuenen-Institute of Biodiversity, Bundesallee 65, Braunschweig, GermanyJan Hendrik MoosThuenen-Institute of Organic Farming, Trenthorst 32, Westerau, GermanyJan Hendrik MoosPlant Biology, Ecology and Earth Science, INDEHESA, University of Extremadura, Plasencia, SpainGerardo MorenoConservación de la Biodiversidad, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Av. Rancho, poligono 2 A, Cd. Industrial de Lerma, Campeche, MexicoAlejandro Morón-RíosDepartment of Environmental Systems Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Doshisha University, Kyoto, 602-8580, JapanHasegawa MotohiroDepartment of Earth & Environmental Sciences, Division of Forest, Nature and Landscape, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200E Box, 2411, Leuven, BelgiumBart MuysResearch Institute for Nature and Forest, Gaverstraat 35, 9500, Geraardsbergen, BelgiumJohan NeirynckSchool of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, Bern University of Applied Sciences, Länggasse 85, Zollikofen, SwitzerlandLindsey NorgroveSoil Ecosystems, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Tietotie 4, Jokioinen, FinlandVisa NuutinenNatural Area Consultants, 1 West Hill School Road, Richford, NY, USAVictoria NuzzoDepartment of Zoology, PSMO College, Tirurangadi, Malappuram, Kerala, India, Malappuram, IndiaP. Mujeeb RahmanCSIRO Ocean and Atmosphere, CSIRO, New Illawarra Road, Lucas Heights, NSW, AustraliaJohan PansuUMR7144 Adaptation et Diversité en Milieu Marin, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CNRS/Sorbonne Université, Place Georges Teissier, Roscoff, FranceJohan PansuPhipps Conservatory and Botanical Gardens, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USAShishir PaudelUMR SAS, INRAE, Institut Agro Agrocampus Ouest, 35000, Rennes, FranceGuénola PérèsForest Ecology and Restoration Group, Department of Life Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28805, Alcalá De Henares, SpainLorenzo Pérez-Camacho & Salvador RebolloAdaptations du Vivant, CNRS UMR 7179, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, 4 Avenue du Petit Château, Brunoy, FranceJean-François PongeDepartment of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Technical University of Munich, Emil-Ramann-Str. 2, 85354, Freising, GermanyJörg PrietzelTembotov Institute of Ecology of Mountain Territories, Russian Academy of Sciences, I. Armand, 37a, Nalchik, RussiaIrina B. RapoportCenter of Excellence in Environmental Studies, King Abdulaziz University, P.O Box 80216, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi ArabiaMuhammad Imtiaz RashidGlobal Change Ecology and Evolution Research Group (GloCEE), Department of Life Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28805, Alcalá De Henares, SpainMiguel Á. RodríguezDepartment of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, 1530, Cleveland Ave. N, St. Paul, USAAlexander M. RothFriends of the Mississippi River, 101 E 5th St. Suite 2000, St Paul, USAAlexander M. RothBiology, Biodiversity and Conservation Postgraduate Program, Federal University of Maranhão, Avenida dos Portugueses 1966, São Luis, BrazilGuillaume X. RousseauInstitute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, Kraków, PolandAnna RozenCollege of Natural Resources, University of Wisconsin, Stevens Point, WI, 54481, USABryant ScharenbrochThe Morton Arboretum, 4100 Illinois Route 53, Lisle, IL, 60532, USABryant ScharenbrochDepartment Engineering for Crop Production, Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy (ATB), Max-Eyth-Allee 100, Potsdam, GermanyMichael SchirrmannSchool of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Agriculture and Food Science Centre, Dublin, IrelandOlaf SchmidtUCD Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, IrelandOlaf SchmidtLandscape Ecology and Environmental Systems Analysis, Institute of Geoecology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Langer Kamp 19c, Braunschweig, GermanyBoris SchröderDepartment of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, Innsbruck, AustriaJulia SeeberInstitute for Alpine Environment, Eurac Research, Viale Druso 1, Bozen/Bolzano, ItalyJulia Seeber & Michael SteinwandterLaboratory of Ecosystem Modelling, Institute of Physicochemical and Biological Problems in Soil Science of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya str., 2, Pushchino, RussiaMaxim P. ShashkovLaboratory of Computational Ecology, Institute of Mathematical Problems of Biology RAS – the Branch of Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vitkevicha str., 1, Pushchino, RussiaMaxim P. ShashkovDepartment of Zoology, Khalsa College Amritsar, Amritsar, Punjab, IndiaJaswinder SinghDepartment of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, USAKatalin SzlaveczDepartment of animal biology, edaphology and geology, Faculty of Sciences (Biology), University of La Laguna, La Laguna, Santa Cruz De Tenerife, SpainJosé Antonio TalaveraForest Science, Kochi University, Monobe Otsu 200, Nankoku, JapanJiro TsukamotoJuárez Autonomous University of Tabasco, Nanotechnology Engineering, Multidisciplinary Academic Division of Jalpa de Méndez, Carr. Estatal libre Villahermosa-Comalcalco, Km 27 S/N, C.P. 86205 Jalpa de Méndez, Tabasco, MexicoSheila Uribe-LópezUnit Food & Agriculture, WWF-Netherlands, Driebergseweg 10, Zeist, The NetherlandsAnne W. de ValençaDpto. Ciencias, IS-FOOD, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Edificio Olivos – Campus Arrosadia, Pamplona, SpainIñigo VirtoDepartment of Soil, Water and Climate, University of Minnesota, 1991 Upper Buford Circle, St Paul, USAAdrian A. WackettEarth Innovation Institute, 98 Battery Street Suite 250, San Francisco, USAMatthew W. WarrenUniversity of California Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, USAEmily R. WebsterNatural Resources & Environmental Management, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1910 East West Rd, Honolulu, USANathaniel H. WehrNatural Resource Sciences, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Road, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, CanadaJoann K. WhalenThe Nature Conservancy, 4245 Fairfax Drive, Arlington, USAMichael B. WironenAnimal Ecology, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26, Giessen, GermanyVolkmar WoltersInstitute of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, ChinaPengfei WuLaboratory of terrestrial ecosystems, Federal Research Centre “Kola Science Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, Institute of North Industrial Ecology Problems (INEP KSC RAS), Akademgorodok, 14a, Apatity, Murmansk, Province, RussiaIrina V. ZenkovaKey Laboratory of Geospatial Technology for the Middle and Lower Yellow River Regions (Henan University), Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Planning, Henan University, Kaifeng, ChinaWeixin ZhangFaculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Post Office Box 65, FI 00014, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FinlandErin K. CameronThe sWorm workshops were organised by N.E., E.K.C. and H.R.P.P., with funding acquired by N.E., E.K.C. and M.P.T. Data collation and formatting was led by H.R.P.P., with assistance from J.K., M.J.I.B., G.B., K.B.G. and B.S. Harmonisation of earthworm species names was completed by G.B., M.J.I.B., M.L.C.B. and P.L. Advice and feedback on data collation protocols was provided by E.M.B., M.J.I.B., G.B., O.F., C.A.G., B.K.R., A.O., D.R., and D.H.W. Writing of the manuscript was led by H.R.P.P. All authors provided input and comments on the manuscript. The majority of authors provided data to the database. More

RESEARCH SUMMARY

21 May 2021

Balancing carbon storage under elevated CO2

A global synthesis of experiments reveals that increases in plant biomass under conditions of elevated CO2 mean that plants need to mine the soil for nutrients, which decreases soil’s ability to store carbon. In forests, elevated CO2 generally seems to greatly increase plant biomass, but not soil carbon. In grasslands, by contrast, it causes small changes in biomass and large increases in soil carbon.

César Terrer

 ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5479-3486

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César Terrer

Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA; and the Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.

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This is a summary of Terrer, C. et al. A trade-off between plant and soil carbon storage under elevated CO2. Nature https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03306-8 (2021).

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doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-021-01117-5

References1.van Groenigen, K. J., Qi, X., Osenberg, C. W., Luo, Y. & Hungate, B. A. Science 344, 508–509 (2014PubMedArticle
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If the project — proposed by DeLuca and other researchers at OSU — launches successfully, the newly created Elliott State Research Forest in southwestern Oregon would occupy a roughly 33,000-hectare parcel of land. This would be divided into more than 40 sections, in which scientists would test several forest-management strategies, some including extensive logging. The advisory committee for the project, which comprises environmentalists, hunters, loggers and members of local Indigenous tribes, approved the latest research proposal on 22 April.The plan comes as US President Joe Biden and other international leaders are strengthening commitments to conserve land and biodiversity before a meeting of the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity later this year. In time, the Elliott research forest could help policymakers to determine how best to define and implement those pledges, says DeLuca.A contested forestFor decades, the land that makes up the Elliott State Forest has been mired in controversy. Logging is big business in the US Pacific Northwest, and this particular state-owned piece of land contains old-growth forest filled with valuable Douglas firs (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and other trees. Other sections have been actively logged and replanted since 1930. It also hosts threatened species such as the spotted owl (Strix occidentalis) and the marbled murrelet (Brachyramphus marmoratus), a seabird that nests in old-growth forests. In 2012, a lawsuit aimed at protecting the marbled murrelet brought commercial logging in the forest to a halt.

Source: Deanne Carlson, OSU/Oregon Geospatial Enterprise Office; Design: Nature

The state of Oregon considered various options for the land, before OSU researchers stepped forward with a plan in 2018. Their proposal to convert the property into a research forest would allow logging to resume at a lower level — but in the service of science and conservation, the scientists say. According to the plan, the profit from logging in the Elliott forest — around US$5 million to $7 million annually, says DeLuca — would help to pay for the experiment’s infrastructure and operations.There are dozens of research forests around the globe, including in the United States, and scientists have used them to study everything from ecology and soils to acid rain and the effects of rising atmospheric carbon dioxide levels. But the Elliott research forest would be larger than most of its predecessors, and advocates say that it would provide scientists with the first opportunity to test ecological forestry at such a large scale.A sea change for forestryAs currently designed, the project would leave more than 40% of the forest — a section of old growth that has been regenerating naturally since the area last burnt, a century and a half ago — untouched by logging. In the remaining area, researchers would run a series of replicated experiments, carrying out 4 types of land management across 40 small watersheds. On some plots, selective logging of individual trees would take place across the entire area. On others, clear-cutting would take place on half of the land, with the other half reserved for conservation. Other types of experimental plot would mix these two approaches (see ‘A grand experiment’). To understand the impacts of each management type, scientists would measure a variety of parameters, including levels of carbon in the forest; stream health; and insect, bird and fish diversity.So far, around 20 OSU researchers are involved in the project’s design, but the university hopes eventually to attract more scientists from across the world, who would run their own projects.

Old-growth areas such as this one would be protected as reserves under a plan to convert the Elliott State Forest into an experimental forest.Credit: Matthew Betts

The scale and approach of the experiment proposed by OSU would represent a sea change in forestry research, says Sue Baker, a forest ecologist at the University of Tasmania in Hobart, Australia, who is setting up a retrospective study looking at similar questions in Tasmanian forests. “I can’t think of anything similar anywhere in the world where people have been able to manipulate the forest landscape at this scale,” says Baker.More hurdles aheadSince its creation in 1930, the Elliott State Forest has been legally obliged to generate revenue for Oregon’s public schools through logging. Before OSU can take it over, the state must compensate the school fund to the tune of $221 million (the value of the forest); it has so far allocated less than half of that amount.And other hurdles remain. The university must finish a detailed management plan that will lay out rules governing the forest, and it must craft a separate plan for managing threatened and endangered species; this will need to be approved by the US Fish and Wildlife Service.
How much can forests fight climate change?
The OSU team has spent the past few years trying to build a broad — and unlikely — coalition for the effort, through public meetings and engagement with local Indigenous tribes, industry, environmentalists and other members of the project’s advisory panel, whose support will be crucial as state leaders weigh their final decision. But tensions haven’t disappeared entirely. Many environmentalists continue to question the logic of clear-cutting forests that absorb and store carbon in the middle of a climate crisis. Rather than perpetuating a long and damaging legacy of clear-cutting, the Elliott forest could be used to pioneer new forestry methods that restore biodiversity and boost carbon storage, says Josh Laughlin, executive director of Cascadia Wildlands, a conservation group based in Eugene, Oregon. “Let’s not make the same mistakes we’ve made over the past 100 years.”Given OSU’s long-standing ties to the timber industry, and controversies surrounding its management of existing research forests, it will also need to overcome scepticism about its role as a land steward, says Bob Van Dyk, a policy director at the Wild Salmon Center, an environmental group based in Portland, Oregon. In 2019, for instance, OSU’s College of Forestry authorized clear-cutting on 6.5 hectares of one of its forests, felling trees that were hundreds of years old.
When will the Amazon hit a tipping point?
DeLuca acknowledges that there have been mistakes in the past, but says the university has a solid academic record, and is committed to building a world-class research facility with the Elliott forest. “If we are able to demonstrate practices that accommodate the broadest array of species while still generating timber for meeting human resource needs, we can have a much larger impact,” says DeLuca.Everything will depend on the final management plan, but for now, Van Dyk and other members of the advisory board have unanimously given a provisional green light to the latest proposal. “It’s a good project, and we don’t get many chances to do something that is truly novel and interesting,” he says. More

A nineteenth-century illustration of a harvest in ancient Greece. Farming intensified around 2000 BC, when the rate of change in Earth’s plant life sped up. Credit: Docutres/Index/Heritage Images/Alamy

Ecology
20 May 2021
Our radical changes to Earth’s greenery began long ago — with farms, not factories

Humanity’s imprint on plant species and abundance began roughly 4,000 years ago, when agriculture took off.

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Human activity began to transform the number and variety of plant species on Earth thousands of years ago, long before the Industrial Revolution, and might have had an even greater impact on vegetation than did the last ice age.Ice entombed much of the planet from roughly 115,000 to some 20,000 years ago. Then, massive glaciers around the world started to retreat and global temperatures rose, resulting in dramatic alterations to Earth’s ecosystems.To investigate how the abundance and composition of global vegetation changed after that thaw, Ondřej Mottl and Suzette Flantua at the University of Bergen in Norway and their colleagues analysed 1,181 fossilized pollen samples from the past 18,000 years. The pollen came from all continents except Antarctica.The researchers found that global vegetation has been transformed, first by the climate changes that accompanied the end of the last glacial period. However, starting about 4,000 years ago, when agriculture intensified, the pace of change in global vegetation accelerated, reaching or exceeding the rate of change at the end of the most recent ice age.

Science (2021)

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