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Comparing estimates of parasite’s EIP between the classic dissection approach and the non-destructive individual “spit” assayDestructive approach: mosquito dissection and microscopic observationA total of 121 mosquito females exposed to parasite isolate A and 114 to isolate B were dissected from 8 to 16 dpbm (between 8 and 20 females/day, median = 14) to assess microscopically the presence and number of oocysts in the midguts and of sporozoites in salivary glands. Salivary gland infections were also confirmed through qPCR. The infection rate was high with 117/121 (96.7%) and 114/114 (100%) of females exposed respectively to isolate A and B harboring parasite oocysts in their midguts (supplementary S44, Fig. S4a). The gametocytemia of isolate B (1208 gam/µl) was higher than that of isolate A (168 gam/µl), resulting in strong difference in the number of developing oocysts between the two isolates (B: 191.65 ± 21, A: 13.86 ± 2, supplementary S4, Fig. S4b, LRT X21 = 24.46, P  More

This is a challenge. Hunger, poverty and the continued decline in biodiversity are linked societal challenges. On our current trajectory, biodiversity, and the services it provides, will continue to decline, jeopardizing the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals, due to the increasing impacts of land- and sea-use change, overexploitation of resources, climate change, pollution and invasive species — all pressures driven by unsustainable patterns of production and consumption. The projected decline in biodiversity will affect all people, but especially indigenous and local communities, and the world’s poor and vulnerable, as they rely on biodiversity for their livelihoods. However, it is not too late to change path. We need a portfolio of actions to address all drivers of biodiversity decline, at all levels, using context-specific approaches; urgent transformations are needed in the production of goods and services, especially food, provision of fresh water, energy and products from forestry. This requires a significant shift away from business-as-usual and a focus on synergies. There is no single pathway ahead but many alternative approaches reflecting local conditions and priorities — flexibility is crucial to tailor measures to national realities and circumstances. More