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When I began my PhD a decade ago, climate change economics was an extremely niche area. Just a few topics dominated — especially discounting and the relative merits of different climate policy instruments — and the number of researchers was small, incommensurate with the scale of the environmental, economic or policy challenges that climate change presents. However, since then, the field has broadened, deepened and strengthened links to climate science.Notably, there has been an explosion of studies documenting the sensitivity of social and economic systems to temperature. This literature, using statistical approaches designed to identify causal relationships in non-experimental data, has uncovered the effects of temperature across a wide range of outcomes: conflict risk, pre-term birth, classroom learning as well as overall economic productivity across many sectors. This discovery of pervasive and, in some cases, large temperature impacts, even in wealthy countries, is a sharp break with previous work, which understood effects to be mostly limited to a few highly exposed sectors, such as agriculture and coastal infrastructure.Important advances have come from questioning assumptions underlying the cost–benefit assessment of climate policy. Ten years ago, conventional wisdom held that substantial emissions reductions by 2050, required to limit warming to less than 2 °C, could not be justified on a cost–benefit basis. Many studies now show that this finding is overturned under alternate but justifiable models of how climate change affects the economy and human welfare. Two prominent examples are the question of whether climate change affects the underlying growth rate of the economy, and disentangling risk and time preferences in the utility function.A welcome development has been growing interest across the entire economics discipline, with scholars from labour, development, macro, health and financial economics working on questions of weather and climate. Even more important has been recognition of systemic climate risk within major financial institutions. Central banks, institutional investors and credit rating agencies direct capital investment flows and manage economic risks, and will play a critical role in structuring future adaptive transitions. Markets, communities, households and businesses will have to adapt both to a continuously changing climate, and to a low-carbon economy. Forward-looking regulations and investments that anticipate these changes will lower the costs of these transitions.I see several important areas still in need of substantive work. Firstly, an assessment of alternative policy instruments that better incorporates the political and technological feedbacks that will accompany major climate policy. Economists tend to favour carbon pricing because of its cost-effectiveness. But how do pricing policies perform given a richer representation of other relevant market failures or real political constraints? Examples include subsidy-driven declines in technology costs or strategic interest group dynamics, where policies themselves create or undermine powerful interest groups and therefore alter the space of political possibility. Collaboration with engineers and political scientists can help address these questions. An expanded focus on desirable policies for low- and middle-income countries, essential to meet ambitious decarbonization goals and which present distinct challenges, is also critical.More work is needed on understanding climate damages, particularly those that fall outside of traditional market measures, such as losses of cultural heritage, conflict risk or biodiversity loss. These are extremely difficult to value and are not adequately incorporated into current estimates of aggregate climate damages, such as the social cost of carbon. Also critical is understanding the transition and adjustment costs associated with a continuously changing climate. Too many studies estimate equilibrium damages or assume costless adjustment. But infrastructure is long-lived, and natural hazards are already under-priced in many property markets. In this context, climate change risks creating stranded assets, price bubbles and unsustainable liabilities for local or even national governments, all of which could add substantially to climate change cost estimates.
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Institute of Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USAFrederick C. Draper & Christopher BaralotoSchool of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UKFrederick C. Draper, Oliver L. Phillips, Timothy R. Baker, Roel J. W. Brienen & David R. GalbraithCenter for Global Discovery and Conservation Science, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USAFrederick C. Draper, Gregory P. Asner, Jason Vleminckx & Oscar J. Valverde BarrantesInstituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, BrazilFlavia R. C. Costa, Juliana Schietti, Fernanda Coelho de Souza, William E. Magnusson, Karina Melgaço, André B. Junqueira, Ana C. Andrade, José Luís Camargo, Flávia D. Santana, Ricardo O. Perdiz, Jessica Soares Cravo, Alberto Vicentini, Henrique Nascimento, Niro Higuchi & Thaiane Rodrigues de SousaEcology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USAGabriel Arellano & Paul E. BerryDepartamento de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Medellín, ColombiaAlvaro Duque & Mauricio Sánchez SáenzDepartamento de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, SpainManuel J. MacíaCentro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Cambio Global (CIBC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, SpainManuel J. MacíaNaturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The NetherlandsHans ter Steege & Tinde Van AndelSystems Ecology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The NetherlandsHans ter SteegeLancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UKErika BerenguerEnvironmental Change Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UKErika Berenguer & Yadvinder MalhiFaculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, NorwayJacob B. SocolarSchool of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UKKyle G. DexterMissouri Botanical Garden, St Louis, MO, USAPeter M. Jørgensen & J. 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A.—Ciprogress Greenlife, Bogotá, ColombiaGerardo AymardAMAP, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Montpellier, FranceJulien Engel, Claire Fortunel, Jean-François Molino, Daniel Sabatier & Maxime Réjou-MéchainEnvironmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, AustraliaC. E. Timothy PaineINRA, UMR EcoFoG, AgroParisTech, CNRS, CIRAD, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, Kourou, French GuianaJean-Yves Goret & Elodie AllieCIRAD, UMR EcoFoG, Kourou, French GuianaAurelie Dourdain & Pascal PetronelliBIOMAS, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito, EcuadorJuan E. Guevara AndinoInstituto de Ecología, Herbario Nacional de Bolivia, La Paz, BoliviaLeslie Cayola Pérez, Narel Y. Paniagua Zambrana & Alfredo F. FuentesDepartamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Porto Velho, BrazilÂngelo G. ManzattoLaboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique (EDB) CNRS/UPS, Toulouse, FranceJerôme ChaveSchool of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UKSophie FausetDepartment of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USARoosevelt Garcia VillacortaDepartment of Geography, University of Exeter, Exeter, UKTed R. FeldpauschFacultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de la Amazonía Peruana, Iquito, PeruElvis Valderamma Sandoval, Gilberto E. Navarro Aguilar, Jim Vega Arenas & Manuel FloresEstación Biológica del Jardín Botánico de Missouri, Oxapampa, PeruRodolfo Vasquez Martinez, Victor Chama Moscoso & Luis Valenzuela GamarraInstitut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, SpainAndré B. JunqueiraSchool of Geography & Sustainable Development, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UKKatherine H. RoucouxDepartment of Environment and Development, Federal University of Amapá, Macapa, BrazilJosé J. de Toledo & Renato R. HilárioCentre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science (TESS) and College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, AustraliaWilliam F. Laurance & Susan G. LauranceDepartment of Environmental Science and Policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USAThomas E. LovejoyInventory and Monitoring Program, National Park Service, Fredericksburg, VA, USAJames A. ComiskeySmithsonian Institution, Washington DC, USAJames A. ComiskeyDepartment of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UKMichelle KalamandeenLiving with Lakes Centre, Laurentian University, Greater Sudbury, Ontario, CanadaMichelle KalamandeenDRGB, Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria (INIA), Lima, PeruCarlos A. Amasifuen GuerraHerbarium Amazonense (AMAZ), Universidad Nacional de la Amazonia Peruana, Loreto, PerúLuis A. Torres MontenegroDepartment of Ecology, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, BrazilMarcelo P. PansonatoInstitute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The NetherlandsJoost F. DuivenvoordenCentro de Estudos da Biodiversidade, Universidade Federal de Roraima, Boa Vista, BrazilSidney Araújo de Sousa & Marcos Salgado VitalMuseo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado, Universidad Autónoma Gabriel Rene Moreno, Santa Cruz, BoliviaLuzmila Arroyo, Alejandro Araujo-Murakami & Germaine A. Parada GutierrezFaculdade de Ciências Agrárias, Biológicas e Sociais Aplicadas, Universidad do Estado de Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina, BrazilBeatriz S. Marimon, Ben Hur Marimon Junior, Ricardo Keichi Umetsu & Nayane C. C. S. PrestesCentro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, BrazilFernanda Antunes CarvalhoDepartment of Ecology, Evolution and Behaviour, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USAGabriel DamascoDepartment of Geography, University College London, London, UKMathias DisneyDepartamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Los Andes (Colombia), Bogotá, ColombiaPablo R. Stevenson Diaz & Ana M. AldanaCentro de Ciências Biológicas e da Natureza, Universidade Federal do Acre, Rio Branco, BrazilSabina Cerruto Ribeiro, Richarlly da Costa Silva & Wenderson CastroNicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USAJohn W. TerborghIwokrama International Centre for Rainforest Conservation and Development, Georgetown, GuyanaRaquel S. ThomasSmithsonian’s National Zoo & Conservation Biology Institute, Washington DC, USAFrancisco DallmeierInstituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, ColombiaAdriana PrietoUniversidade Federal Rural da Amazônia—UFRA/CAPES, Belém, BrazilRafael P. SalomãoMuseu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, BrasilRafael P. Salomão, Ima C. Guimarães Vieira & Antonio S. LimaLaboratorio de Ecología de Bosques Tropicales y Primatología, Fundación Natura Colombia, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, ColombiaLuisa F. CasasFacultad de Forestales, Universidad Nacional de la Amazonía Peruana, Iquito, PeruFredy Ramirez ArevaloInstitute of Research for Forestry Development, Universidad de los Andes, Merida, VenezuelaHirma Ramírez-Angulo, Emilio Vilanova Torre & Armando Torres-LezamaSchool of Environmental and Forest Sciences (SEFS), University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USAEmilio Vilanova TorreUniversidad Regional Amazónica Ikiam, Tena, EcuadorMaria C. PeñuelaAgteca-Amazonica, Santa Cruz, BoliviaTimothy J. KilleenUniversidad Autónoma del Beni, Riberalta, BoliviaGuido Pardo & Vincent VosInstituto Amazónico de Investigaciones (IMANI), Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Amazonia, BrazilEliana Jimenez-RojasBroward County Parks and Recreation, Miami, FL, USAJohn PipolyBiological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University-Davie, Miami, FL, USAJohn PipolyMuseu Universitário, Universidade Federal do Acre, Rio Branco, BrazilMarcos SilveraFacultad de Ingeniería Ambiental, Universidad Estatal Amazónica, Puyo, EcuadorDavid NeillDepartment of Biology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USADilys M. VelaNational Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos, BrazilLuiz E. O. C. AragãoGeoinformática & Sistemas (GeoIS), Quito, EcuadorRodrigo SierraSchool of Earth Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USAOphelia WangDepartment of Geography and the Environment, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USAKenneth R. YoungInstituto de Ciência e Tecnologia, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José dos Campos, BrazilKlécia G. MassiSchool of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, UKMiguel N. AlexiadesUniversidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, BrazilFabrício BaccaroHerbario Alfredo Paredes (QAP), Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, EcuadorCarlos CéronSchool of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UKAdriane Esquivel MuelbertDepartment of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UKJonathan L. LloydScience and Education, The Field Museum, Chicago, IL, USANigel C. A. PitmanUniversidad Tecnica del Norte, Herbario Nacional del Ecuador, Quito, EcuadorWalter PalaciosResearch Institute Alexander von Humboldt, Bogotá, ColombiaSandra PatiñoF.C.D. and C.B. conceived the study. F.C.D., G.P.A. and C.B. designed the study with input from F.R.C.C., G. Arellano, O.L.P. and H.t.S. F.C.D. and J.B.S. performed the analysis with input from C.B., G.P.A., G. Arellano, O.L.P., A. Duque, F.C.d.S. and K.D. F.C.D. wrote the manuscript with input from C.B., F.R.C.C., G. Arellano, O.L.P., A. Duque, M.J.M., G.P.A. and H.t.S. All other coauthors contributed data and had the opportunity to comment on the manuscript. More

Experimental design and crop establishmentA microcosm experiment was conducted at Yamagata University, Tsuruoka City, Japan, from May to October 2019, with six growth containers (36 cm in height, 30 cm in width, 60 cm in length) to simulate paddy fields of 0.18 m2 in area (see Supplementary Fig. S1). The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design with three replications of two treatments: (1) rice cropping under CSI and (2) conventional rice cultivation fertilized with mineral fertilisers and irrigated with tap water (Control).Each container was filled with 32 kg of a paddy soil collected from an experimental field in the university farm and transplanted with four hills of 30-day-old seedlings (Oryza sativa L., cv. Bekoaoba) on 27th May 2019. The experiment was performed in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations for research involving plants. The experimental soil was classified as loamy soil (air-dried, 20% moisture) with the following basic properties: pH (H2O) of 5.78, electrical conductivity (EC) of 0.09 dS m−1, SOM of 4.9%, and a total N, P, and K of 1.46, 0.88, and 3.17 g kg−1, respectively. The TWW used in the CSI system was collected from a local WWTP and monitored weekly for its basic properties (Table 2) following our previous studies6,7. In brief, pH, EC, and DO of water samples were measured on-site using pH/conductivity and DO portable meters (D-54 and OM-51, HORIBA, Ltd., Kyoto, Japan), whereas TOC and total N were analyzed using a TOC analyzer (TOC-VCSV, Shimadzu Corp., Kyoto, Japan) attached to a total N measuring unit (TNM-1, Shimadzu Corp., Kyoto, Japan). After a standard acid-digestion of water samples6, the concentration of P was measured using a portable colorimeter (DR/890, HATCH, USA), and the concentration of K was measured using an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS ELAN DRCII, PerkinElmer Japan Co., Ltd.). The tap water used in this study was also tested on a regular basis and found to be stable throughout the crop season, with the following properties: pH of 7.8, EC of 0.095 dS m−1, DO, TOC, N, and P of 6.85, 0.49, 0.06, and 0.07 mg L−1, respectively, with K being below the ICP-MS detection limit ( More

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This is the first comparative study of commercial scallop species in the Pacific coast of the MP combining morphological and molecular characters. Our phylogenetic analyses highlight the association between A. natans and Ad. colbecki; two members of monospecific tribes and last extant representatives of their Southern Ocean-restricted genera.These results confirm the presence of both Magallanes scallops in the MP, as well as the so-far unsuspected presence of mixed “banks” where both species occur in sympatry. The BND/VH ratio helps discriminate between two distinct entities that belong to the genetic lineage of Z. patagonica and to a different lineage, highly divergent from the former, which corresponds to A. natans. A. natans is the only species of a whole lineage with a particular phylogenetic value, therefore having developed and tested an accurate identification criterion for both scallops will allow efficient fishery management in the future.Here we discuss the phylogenetic position and the taxonomic status of both Magallanes scallops, as well as the implications of these results for the future management and conservation of Z. patagonica and A. natans in the Magallanes Region. Despite the numerous classifications built on morphological, ecological or molecular data, the relationships among pectinids are still under constant modification depending on the number of taxa, loci, length of the sequence and the selected outgroups1,4. The work of Alejandrino et al.7 is the most inclusive so far in terms of taxon sampling, with 81 species. Although Scherrat et al.25 included 143 species, the node supports of the phylogenetic trees are not provided, making it difficult to assess the robustness of this large phylogeny. In order to define the phylogenetic position of Zygochlamys patagonica and Austrochlamys natans, we included 93 pectinid taxa (43 genera) representative of tribes Chlamydini, Crassadomini, Fortipectini, Palliolini, Aequipectinini, Pectinini and Amussini. Comparing to Waller’s5 and Dijkstra’s15 classifications, only the subfamily Camptonectinae and the tribe Mesoplepini are missing. We used three ribosomal regions (one nuclear and two mitochondrial). Compared to Alejandrino et al.7, histone H3 is missing here, however this locus is among the least informative4. The family Pectinidae appears to be monophyletic with high support values (Fig. 5, S2), as previously demonstrated4,7,26,27,28. According to Dijkstra15 there are currently five subfamilies of Pectinidae, two of which are absent from our analysis: Camptonectinae and Pedinae. This topology supports the classifications of Waller5 and Dijkstra15, except for the position of the tribe Austrochlamydini.Our Magallanes scallops separated into two very divergent clades: Z. patagonica is associated with its conspecifics and congenerics in a single lineage (Fig. 5), which also contains species of Veprichlamys and Talochlamys. This lineage already appeared well supported as the sister clade to Palliolinae and Pectininae in Alejandrino7. For the first time, Talochlamys dichroa and T. gemmulata are nested with high support values into the Zygochlamys clade, making this latter genus paraphyletic (Fig. 5). These taxa are all restricted to high latitudes of the Southern Ocean. Due to phylogenetic and geographic affinities, we suggest that these three genera may constitute a tribe separate from Chlamydini. Since Dijkstra15 moved the two Atlantic ‘Crassadoma’ into the genus Talochlamys, the affinities among Talochlamys spp. had not been explored until now. Talochlamys species rather associate according to geographic affinities, splitting the genus into two highly divergent entities corresponding to European and New Zealand Talochlamys. A systematic revision of these four species would be useful.Austrochlamys natans associated with the Palliolinae, which was elevated to a subfamily rank by Waller5. Of the three extant tribes that compose this group, Mesopleplini are missing from our phylogenetic analyses. We included 4 genera (8 species) of the remaining two tribes: Adamussium (Adamussini) and Palliolum, Pseudamussium, Placopecten (Palliolini). The present sampling of Palliolini is the most inclusive to date and led to the monophyly and full support of the tribe Palliolini. Our phylogenetic results do not support any of the previous classifications of the tribe Austrochlamydini1,5,9,13,15, and introduce this monospecific tribe as a new member of the subfamily Palliolinae. Indeed, Austrochlamys natans clusters together with Adamussium colbecki, both in a sister clade to Palliolini. The first molecular characterization of Ad. colbecki did not lead to a clear classification due to the low polymorphism of the 18S26. Later, Ad. colbecki appears either as sister species to Chlamydinae or to Palliolini, depending on tribe sampling and the choice of outgroup and loci4,10,11. However, in the most recent and inclusive studies of taxon sampling7 (present study) or genomic cover29, Ad. colbecki is the sister group of the tribe Palliolini, as in the present phylogeny.The subfamily Palliolinae originated from a Chlamydinine ancestor in the Cretaceous and subsequently underwent diversification in the Northern Hemisphere1 and in the Southern Hemisphere, where the extinct genus Lentipecten spread in the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum30. The genus Adamussium derived from Lentipecten and appeared in the early Oligocene; it comprises 5 endemic Antarctic species; Ad. colbecki is the only one extant13,31,32. The genus Austrochlamys also appeared in the Oligocene and was first restricted to King George Island (South Shetlands), then spread around the north of the Antarctic Peninsula and achieved a circum-Antarctic distribution until the Pliocene13,33,34. Austrochlamys persisted during the progressive cooling of the Antarctic Continent from the Paleocene to the Pliocene, dominating the coastal areas, while Adamussium occupied the deep seas and continental platform33. The opening and deepening of the Drake Passage and the intensification of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current during the Pliocene provoked a drastic cooling and the extension of sea ice over the coastal habitat, which caused the northward movement of Austrochlamys and its subsequent disappearance from Antarctica, along with the circumpolar expansion of Ad. colbecki in Antarctic shallow waters33. The colonization of the coastal habitat has been related to the sea ice extent that provided a more stable environment and low-energy fine-grained sediment with which Adamussium was associated in the deep waters. Austrochlamys fossils appear in the Subantarctic Heard Island in late Pliocene layers (3.62–2.5 Ma35). Today Ad. colbecki is a circum-Antarctic and eurybathic species that reaches high local density in protected locations13,36, while all Austrochlamys became extinct except for A. natans, which is restricted to southern South America33. The phylogenetic affinity highlighted here between A. natans and Ad. colbecki has its origins in the Southern Ocean; the deep divergence between the lineages of these monospecific tribes attests to the long time since their common origin in the Paleogene. These results point out both species as relevant biogeographic models to address longstanding questions regarding the origin of marine biota from Southern Ocean.The nomenclature, taxonomy and ecology of both A. natans and Z. patagonica have been problematic for almost 200 years. Since its original description37, Z. patagonica, a.k.a. the “Ostión Patagónico” has been named with more than 10 synonyms, probably due to the great intra-specific morphological variability throughout its distribution19,38 (see the nomenclatural history in Supplementary Table S1). In contrast, there are very few records in the scientific literature and no genetic data on A. natans, a.k.a. the “Ostión del Sur”13,14,17,19, and some problems of nomenclature and establishing diagnostic characters persist since its description13,39. Many of the current junior synonyms of both species were described from small and juvenile specimens (under 52 mm VH39,40,41). Indeed, all deposited type material of A. natans ranges from 23.5 to 52 mm VH; the latter is half of the maximum size39. The criteria most commonly used for the identification of both scallops were number of radial primary ribs, maximum size, shell colour and presence of laminated concentric lines (Supplementary Table S1). Specimens with marked primary and secondary radial ribs alternated regularly and more whitish colouring of the right shell were attributed to Z. patagonica, while those with weaker and less markedly coloured radial ribs and the maximum size were considered as A. natans42. However, the number of radial ribs overlaps between Z. patagonica (26–4212,43) and A. natans (22–5017,19). These characters also have high variability across different environments and during ontogeny13,17. Thus the use of a taxonomy based on environment-sensitive and allometric characters has led to confusion in the morphological identification of these species13,38. The criterion used in the present study, the BND/VH ratio established by Jonkers13, discriminates the species efficiently. As attested by the narrow dispersal cluster in Fig. 3, this character has low intra-population variability13. In some cases a level of intraspecific variation can be detected, and this is mainly due to the environments where the scallop populations inhabit19 (e.g. exposed, protected, substrate type, fjord, oceanic). However, although there may be some intraspecific variability between populations, this variability does not generate problems for the identification of the two species. Individuals of A. natans generally presented a significantly greater BND/VH ratio than those of Z. patagonica. However, it is important to consider that, given that this character varies during ontogeny, it is more accurate in individuals over 25 mm VH13. Only the molecular identification was able to discriminate juvenile scallops of both species accurately.According to the literature, A. natans is restricted to interior waters of channels and is associated with kelp forests of M. pyrifera (Supplementary Table S1). Z. patagonica inhabits a wider range of environments such as bottoms of shells, sand, mud and gravel in protected and exposed areas, between 2 and 300 m depth (Supplementary Table S1), but is also associated with kelp forests in fjords with different degrees of glacial retreat12,16,44. The juveniles of both scallops recruit in kelp forests44,45. According to the local artisanal fishermen, adults of “Ostión del Sur” (A. natans) occur in fjords with glaciers (orange circles in Fig. 123). We included two sampling locations near glaciers (in Pia and Montañas fjords), where large individuals (between 46 and 86 mm) of A. natans and Z. patagonica occur in sympatry. This sympatry was previously reported in Silva Palma Fjord between 5 and 25 m depth16. In conclusion, scallop banks are not monospecific but rather mixed and Z. patagonica occurs in the interior waters of the channels and fjords. Consequently, these two species have overlapping ecology (recruiting zone and glacial affinity) in the channels and fjords, overturning a long-held view that these scallops have marked habitat segregation.The fishery for both species was established in the 1990s in the political-administrative Region of Magallanes16, despite the complexity of the morphological recognition of scallops. The distinction between species was based on shell colour and radial ribs42, two characters that, given the results of this study, do not have this diagnostic capacity. Consequently, the scallop fisheries in the Magallanes Region are currently based on inaccurately discriminative characters. Scallop banks in MP have always been considered as monospecific16,47. A great part of scallop landing has always been attributed to A. natans47, about which the scientific literature is scarce (Supplementary Table S1). Conversely, Z. patagonica, which was erroneously considered as the commercial species of southern Chile, has more scientific research (Supplementary Table S1).The difficulty to discriminate A. natans and Z. patagonica morphologically may lead to incorrect fishery statistics and uncertain conservation status of A. natans. Incorrect fishery statistics could overestimate the abundance of banks of A. natans compared to Z. patagonica. If the minimum catch size is reduced23 in the context of the fishing overuse of the last decade, A. natans may suffer a reduction of its maximum size48. Therefore, an identification criterion between species is a need to improve fishery management. We showcased a quantified criterion that is useful to identify both species. In the short-term, this method can be used, but it is difficult to enforce in practical ways. We suggest to train fishing inspectors, following three guidelines. First, the identification should consider only the right valve (RV) for species identification, since the left valve is not taxonomically informative. Second, for visual classification, check the outline of the BN, mainly because the individuals of Z. patagonica have a more arcute BN. Third, a reliable identification has to measure the depth of the byssal notch (BND) and shell height (VH) ratio. Lastly, future research and fishery monitoring should follow these criteria to carry out a correct identification and subsequently better landings statistics.Molecular tools allowed evaluating the phylogenetic relationships of scallops globally or regionally and incorporating parameters that can be used for the management and conservation of species of commercial interest49. For example, in the last few decades metrics have been developed to address conservation problems that give us a measure of the current state of particular taxa. These conservation priorities are often seen as measures for threatened species categorized by the IUCN Red List (World Conservation Union, 1980), one of the most widely and recognized systems. Although this prioritization metric incorporates phylogenetic distinctiveness (PD), this factor has been updated due to the importance of quantifying the loss of evolutionary diversity that would be implied by the extinction of a species50. The magnitude of the PD loss from any species will depend (but not exclusively) on the fate of its close relatives51. The “Ostión del Sur”, Austrochlamys natans is the last representative of its tribe (Austrochlamydini) in the Southern Ocean. Its phylogenetic position and the long branch length (i.e. the length of the branch from the tip to where it joins the tree), which represents an important amount of evolutionary change, highlights the degree of isolation of A. natans and calls attention to the possible loss of a unique genetic lineage. There is currently no conservation value for this relict species; we sought to alert the current fishery management that the “Ostión del Sur” is a distinct taxon and provide integrative evidence for further conservation studies.Finally, regarding the overlapping niche of these scallops and the conservation importance of the clade of A. natans, we propose three key recommendations for the future scallop fishery policies in the sub-Antarctic channels. First, it is necessary to assess the proportion of both species per bank and landing to generate a distribution map through the sub-Antarctic channels. For this assessment, the byssal notch depth is the most appropriate morphological character. Second, we recommend reassessments of biological and ecological parameters (e.g. size at first maturity) for A. natans across the glacial fjords, which are the most relevant fishing sites. As a final point, today there is a complete lack of knowledge of the genetic connectivity along the Subantarctic Channels. Thus we should generate more research about spatial population genetics at different temporal scales. The integration of genomic approaches (e.g. SNPs) with macro- and micro-environmental modelling approaches provide enormous opportunity to establish a new regional zoning for fishery management and conservation scallop strategy. More