Phenotypic and environmental correlates of natal dispersal in a long-lived territorial vulture
1.
Greenwood, P. J. & Harvey, P. H. The natal and breeding dispersal of birds. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 13, 1–21 (1982).
Article Google Scholar
2.
Paradis, E., Baillie, S. R., Sutherland, W. J. & Gregory, R. D. Patterns of natal and breeding dispersal in birds. J. Anim. Ecol. 67, 518–536 (1998).
Article Google Scholar
3.
Clobert, J. Dispersal (Oxford University Press, 2001).
Google Scholar
4.
Clobert, J., Baguette, M., Benton, T. G. & Bullock, J. M. Dispersal Ecology and Evolution (Oxford University Press, 2012).
Google Scholar
5.
Bowler, D. E. & Benton, T. G. Causes and consequences of animal dispersal strategies: Relating individual behaviour to spatial dynamics. Biol. Rev. 80, 205–225 (2005).
PubMed Article Google Scholar
6.
Ronce, O. How does it feel to be like a rolling stone? Ten questions about dispersal evolution. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 38, 231–253 (2007).
Article Google Scholar
7.
Nathan, R., Perry, G., Cronin, J. T., Strand, A. E. & Cain, M. L. Methods for estimating long-distance dispersal. Oikos 103, 261–273 (2011).
Article Google Scholar
8.
Stevens, V. M. et al. Dispersal syndromes and the use of life-histories to predict dispersal. Evol. Appl. 6, 630–642 (2013).
PubMed PubMed Central Article Google Scholar
9.
Driscoll, D. A. et al. The trajectory of dispersal research in conservation biology: Systematic review. PLoS ONE 9, e95053 (2014).
ADS PubMed PubMed Central Article Google Scholar
10.
Smith, A. L. et al. Managing uncertainty in movement knowledge for environmental decisions. Conserv. Lett. 12, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12620 (2018).
Article Google Scholar
11.
Koenig, W. D., Van Vuren, D. & Hooge, P. N. Detectability, philopatry, and the distribution of dispersal distances in vertebrates. Trends Ecol. Evol. 11, 514–517 (1996).
CAS PubMed Article Google Scholar
12.
Trakhtenbrotl, A., Nathan, R., Perry, G. & Richardson, D. M. The importance of long-distance dispersal in biodiversity conservation. Divers. Distrib. 11, 173–181 (2005).
Article Google Scholar
13.
Nathan, R., Klein, E., Robledo-Arnuncio, J. J. & Revilla, E. Dispersal kernels: Review. In Dispersal Ecology and Evolution (eds Clobert, J. et al.) 187–210 (Oxford University Press, 2012).
Google Scholar
14.
Van Houtan, K. S., Pimm, S. L., Halley, J. M., Bierregaard, R. O. & Lovejoy, T. E. Dispersal of Amazonian birds in continuous and fragmented forest. Ecol. Lett. 10, 219–229 (2007).
PubMed Article Google Scholar
15.
Matthysen, E. Multicausality of dispersal: A review. Dispersal Ecol. Evol. 3, 18 (2012).
Google Scholar
16.
Ronce, O., Olivieri, I., Clobert, J. & Danchin, E. Perspectives on the study of dispersal evolution. In Dispersal (eds Clobert, J. et al.) 341–357 (Oxford University Press, 2001).
Google Scholar
17.
Clobert, J., Le Galliard, J.-F., Cote, J., Meylan, S. & Massot, M. Informed dispersal, heterogeneity in animal dispersal syndromes and the dynamics of spatially structured populations. Ecol. Lett. 12, 197–209 (2009).
PubMed Article Google Scholar
18.
McPeek, M. A. & Holt, R. D. The evolution of dispersal in spatially and temporally varying environments. Am. Midl. Nat. 140, 1010–1027 (1992).
Article Google Scholar
19.
Dingle, H. Migration. The Biology of Life on the Move (Oxford University Press, 1996).
Google Scholar
20.
Verhulst, S., Perrins, C. M. & Riddington, R. Natal dispersal of great tits in a patchy environment. Ecology 78, 864 (1997).
Article Google Scholar
21.
Tarwater, C. E., Beissinger, S. R. & Gaillard, J.-M. Dispersal polymorphisms from natal phenotype-environment interactions have carry-over effects on lifetime reproductive success of a tropical parrot. Ecol. Lett. 15, 1218–1229 (2012).
PubMed Article Google Scholar
22.
Baines, C. B., Ferzoco, I. M. C. & McCauley, S. J. Phenotype-by-environment interactions influence dispersal. J. Anim. Ecol. 88, 1263–1274 (2019).
PubMed Article Google Scholar
23.
López-López, P., Zuberogoitia, Í., Alcántara, M. & Gil, J. A. Philopatry, natal dispersal, first settlement and age of first breeding of bearded vultures Gypaetus barbatus in central Pyrenees. Bird Study 60, 555–560 (2013).
Article Google Scholar
24.
Poessel, S. A., Bloom, P. H., Braham, M. A. & Katzner, T. E. Age- and season-specific variation in local and long-distance movement behavior of golden eagles. Eur. J. Wildl. Res. 62, 377–393 (2016).
Article Google Scholar
25.
Benard, M. F. & McCauley, S. J. Integrating across life-history stages: Consequences of natal habitat effects on dispersal. Am. Nat. 171, 553–567 (2008).
PubMed Article Google Scholar
26.
Matthysen, E. Density-dependent dispersal in birds and mammals. Ecography 28, 403–416 (2005).
Article Google Scholar
27.
Stamps, J. A. Conspecific attraction and aggregation in territorial species. Am. Nat. 131, 329–347 (1988).
Article Google Scholar
28.
van Horne, B. Density as a misleading indicator of habitat quality. J. Wildl. Manage. 47, 893–901 (1983).
Article Google Scholar
29.
Serrano, D. & Tella, J. L. The role of despotism and heritability in determining settlement patterns in the colonial lesser kestrel. Am. Nat. 169, E53–E67 (2007).
PubMed Article Google Scholar
30.
Pyle, P. Age at first breeding and natal dispersal in a declining population of Cassin’s Auklet. Auk 118, 996–1007 (2001).
Article Google Scholar
31.
Greenwood, P. J. Mating systems, philopatry and dispersal in birds and mammals. Anim. Behav. 28, 1140–1162 (1980).
Article Google Scholar
32.
Clarke, A., Sæther, B.-E. & Røskaft, E. Sex biases in avian dispersal: A reappraisal. Oikos 79, 429–438 (1997).
Article Google Scholar
33.
Sanz-Aguilar, A. et al. Sex- and age-dependent patterns of survival and breeding success in a long-lived endangered avian scavenger. Sci. Rep. 7, 40204 (2017).
ADS CAS PubMed PubMed Central Article Google Scholar
34.
Sergio, F., Blas, J. & Hiraldo, F. Predictors of floater status in a long-lived bird: A cross-sectional and longitudinal test of hypotheses. J. Anim. Ecol. 78, 109–118 (2009).
PubMed Article Google Scholar
35.
Zabala, J. & Zuberogoitia, I. Breeding performance and survival in the peregrine falcon Falco peregrinus support an age-related competence improvement hypothesis mediated via an age threshold. J. Avian Biol. 46, 141–150 (2015).
Article Google Scholar
36.
Kim, S. Y., Velando, A., Torres, R. & Drummond, H. Effects of recruiting age on senescence, lifespan and lifetime reproductive success in a long-lived seabird. Oecologia 166, 615–626 (2011).
ADS PubMed Article Google Scholar
37.
Bonte, D. et al. Costs of dispersal. Biol. Rev. Camb. Philos. Soc. 87, 290–312 (2012).
PubMed Article Google Scholar
38.
Spear, L. B., Pyle, P. & Nur, N. Natal dispersal in the western gull: Proximal factors and fitness consequences. J. Anim. Ecol. 67, 165–179 (2009).
Article Google Scholar
39.
Forero, M., Donázar, J.A. & Hiraldo, F. Causes and fitness consequences of natal dispersal in a population of black kites. Ecology 83, 858–872 (2002).
Article Google Scholar
40.
Barbraud, C., Johnson, A. R. & Bertault, G. Phenotypic correlates of post-fledging dispersal in a population of greater flamingos: The importance of body condition. J. Anim. Ecol. 72, 246–257 (2003).
Article Google Scholar
41.
McNamara, J. M. & Dall, S. R. X. The evolution of unconditional strategies via the ‘multiplier effect’. Ecol. Lett. 14, 237–243 (2011).
PubMed Article Google Scholar
42.
Shields, W. M. Philopatry, inbreeding, and the evolution of sex (State University of New York, 1982).
Google Scholar
43.
Elorriaga, J. et al. First documented case of long-distance dispersal in the Egyptian Vulture (Neophron percnopterus). J. Raptor Res. 43, 142–145 (2009).
Article Google Scholar
44.
Carrete, M. et al. Habitat, human pressure, and social behavior: Partialling out factors affecting large-scale territory extinction in an endangered vulture. Biol. Conserv. 136, 143–154 (2007).
Article Google Scholar
45.
García-Ripollés, C. & López-López, P. Integrating effects of supplementary feeding, poisoning, pollutant ingestion and wind farms of two vulture species in Spain using a population viability analysis. J. Ornithol. 152, 879–888 (2011).
Article Google Scholar
46.
Sanz-Aguilar, A. et al. Action on multiple fronts, illegal poisoning and wind farm planning, is required to reverse the decline of the Egyptian vulture in southern Spain. Biol. Conserv. 187, 10–18 (2015).
Article Google Scholar
47.
Tauler, H. et al. Identifying key demographic parameters for the viability of a growing population of the endangered Egyptian Vulture Neophron percnopterus. Bird Conserv. Int. 25, 426–439 (2015).
Article Google Scholar
48.
Lieury, N., Gallardo, M., Ponchon, C., Besnard, A. & Millon, A. Relative contribution of local demography and immigration in the recovery of a geographically-isolated population of the endangered Egyptian vulture. Biol. Conserv. 191, 349–356 (2015).
Article Google Scholar
49.
Agudo, R., Rico, C., Hiraldo, F. & Donázar, J. A. Evidence of connectivity between continental and differentiated insular populations in a highly mobile species. Divers. Distrib. 17, 1–12 (2011).
Article Google Scholar
50.
Travis, J. M. J. & Dytham, C. Habitat persistence, habitat availability and the evolution of dispersal. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 266, 723–728 (1999).
Article Google Scholar
51.
Poethke, H. J. & Hovestadt, T. Evolution of density- and patch-size-dependent dispersal rates. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 269, 637–645 (2002).
Article Google Scholar
52.
Kun, Á. & Scheuring, I. The evolution of density-dependent dispersal in a noisy spatial population model. Oikos 115, 308–320 (2006).
Article Google Scholar
53.
Hovestadt, T., Kubisch, A. & Poethke, H. J. Information processing in models for density-dependent emigration: A comparison. Ecol. Modell. 221, 405–410 (2010).
Article Google Scholar
54.
Morton, E. R. et al. Dispersal: a matter of scale. Ecology 99, 938–946 (2018).
PubMed Article Google Scholar
55.
Delestrade, A., McCleery, R. H. & Perrins, C. M. Natal dispersal in a heterogeneous environment: The case of the Great tit in Wytham. Acta Oecol. 17, 519–529 (1996).
Google Scholar
56.
Luna, Á., Palma, A., Sanz-Aguilar, A., Tella, J. L. & Carrete, M. Sex, personality and conspecific density influence natal dispersal with lifetime fitness consequences in urban and rural burrowing owls. PLoS ONE 15, 1–17 (2020).
Google Scholar
57.
Eikenaar, C., Richardson, D. S., Brouwer, L. & Komdeur, J. Sex-biased natal dispersal in a closed, saturated population of Seychelles warblers Acrocephalus sechellensis. J. Avian Biol. 39, 73–80 (2008).
Article Google Scholar
58.
Serrano, D., Tella, J. L., Donázar, J. A. & Pomarol, M. Social and individual features affecting natal dispersal in the colonial Lesser Kestrel. Ecology 84, 3044–3054 (2003).
Article Google Scholar
59.
Hernández, M. & Margalida, A. Poison-related mortality effects in the endangered Egyptian vulture (Neophron percnopterus) population in Spain. Eur. J. Wildl. Res. 55, 415–423 (2009).
Article Google Scholar
60.
Fattebert, J., Balme, G., Dickerson, T., Slotow, R. & Hunter, L. Density-dependent natal dispersal patterns in a leopard population recovering from over-harvest. PLoS ONE 10, 1–15 (2015).
Article CAS Google Scholar
61.
Gundersen, G., Andreassen, H. P. & Ims, R. A. Individual and population level determinants of immigration success on local habitat patches: An experimental approach. Ecol. Lett. 5, 294–301 (2002).
Article Google Scholar
62.
Newby, J. R. et al. Human-caused mortality influences spatial population dynamics: Pumas in landscapes with varying mortality risks. Biol. Conserv. 159, 230–239 (2013).
Article Google Scholar
63.
Doligez, B., Danchin, E. & Clobert, J. Public information and breeding habitat selection in a wild bird population. Science 297, 1168–1170 (2002).
ADS CAS PubMed Article Google Scholar
64.
Delibes, M., Gaona, P. & Ferreras, P. Effects of an attractive sink leading into maladaptive habitat selection. Am. Nat. 158, 277–285 (2001).
CAS PubMed Article Google Scholar
65.
Cortés-Avizanda, A., Ceballos, O. & Donázar, J. A. Long-term trends in population size and breeding success in the Egyptian Vulture (Neophron percnopterus) in Northern Spain. J. Raptor Res. 43, 43–49 (2009).
Article Google Scholar
66.
Zuberogoitia, I., Zabala, J., Martínez, J. A., Martínez, J. E. & Azkona, A. Effect of human activities on Egyptian vulture breeding success. Anim. Conserv. 11, 313–320 (2008).
Article Google Scholar
67.
Schlaepfer, M. A., Runge, M. C. & Sherman, P. W. Ecological and evolutionary traps. Trends Ecol. Evol. 17, 474–480 (2002).
Article Google Scholar
68.
Robertson, B. A. & Hutto, R. L. A framework for understanding ecological traps and an evaluation of existing evidence. Ecology 87, 1075–1085 (2006).
PubMed Article Google Scholar
69.
Betts, M. G., Hadley, A. S., Rodenhouse, N. & Nocera, J. J. Social information trumps vegetation structure in breeding-site selection by a migrant songbird. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 275, 2257–2263 (2008).
Article Google Scholar
70.
Stodola, K. W. & Ward, M. P. The emergent properties of conspecific attraction can limit a species’ ability to track environmental change. Am. Nat. 189, 726–733 (2017).
PubMed Article Google Scholar
71.
Serrano, D. Dispersal in raptors. In Birds of Prey. Biology and Conservation in the XXI Century (eds Hernán Sarasola, J. et al.) 95–121 (Springer, 2018).
Google Scholar
72.
Trochet, A., Stevens, V. M. & Baguette, M. Evolution of sex-biased dispersal. Q. Rev. Biol. 91, 297–320 (2016).
PubMed Article Google Scholar
73.
Forsman, E. D., Anthony, R. G., Reid, J. A., Loschl, P. J. & Sovern, S. G. Natal and breeding dispersal of northern spotted owls. Wildl. Monogr. 1, 35 (2002).
Google Scholar
74.
Steiner, U. K. & Gaston, A. J. Reproductive consequences of natal dispersal in a highly philopatric seabird. Behav. Ecol. 16, 634–639 (2005).
Article Google Scholar
75.
González, L. M. et al. Effective natal dispersal and age of maturity in the threatened Spanish Imperial Eagle Aquila adalberti: Conservation implications. Bird Stud. 53, 285–293 (2006).
Article Google Scholar
76.
Oro, D., Tavecchia, G. & Genovart, M. Comparing demographic parameters for philopatric and immigrant individuals in a long-lived bird adapted to unstable habitats. Oecologia 165, 935–945 (2011).
ADS PubMed Article Google Scholar
77.
Grande, J. M. et al. Survival in a long-lived territorial migrant: Effects of life-history traits and ecological conditions in wintering and breeding areas. Oikos 118, 580–590 (2009).
Article Google Scholar
78.
Van Noordwijk, A. J. On bias due to observer distribution in the analysis of data on natal dispersal in birds. J. Appl. Stat. 22, 683–694 (1995).
Article Google Scholar
79.
Ens, B. J. et al. Despotic distribution and deferred maturity: Two sides of the same coin?. Am. Nat. 146, 625–650 (2015).
Article Google Scholar
80.
Maness, T. J. & Anderson, D. J. Predictors of juvenile survival in birds. Ornithol. Monogr. 78, 1–55 (2013).
Article Google Scholar
81.
Azpillaga, M., Real, J. & Hernández-Matías, A. Effects of rearing conditions on natal dispersal processes in a long-lived predator bird. Ecol. Evol. 8, 6682–6698 (2018).
PubMed PubMed Central Article Google Scholar
82.
Delgado, M., Penteriani, V., Revilla, E. & Nams, O. The effect of phenotypic traits and external cues on natal dispersal movements. J. Anim. Ecol. 79, 620–632 (2010).
Article Google Scholar
83.
Zuberogoitia, I., Zabala, J., Martínez, J. E., González-Oreja, J. A. & López-López, P. Effective conservation measures to mitigate the impact of human disturbances on the endangered Egyptian vulture. Anim. Conserv. 17, 410–418 (2014).
Article Google Scholar
84.
Donázar, J. A. et al. Epizootics and sanitary regulations drive long-term changes in fledgling body condition of a threatened vulture. Ecol. Indic. 113, 106188 (2020).
Article Google Scholar
85.
Boulinier, T. & Danchin, E. The use of conspecific reproductive success for breeding patch selection in terrestrial migratory species. Evol. Ecol. 11, 505–517 (1997).
Article Google Scholar
86.
Brown, J. H. & Kodric-Brown, A. Turnover rates in insular biogeography: Effect of immigration on extinction. Ecology 58, 445–449 (1977).
Article Google Scholar
87.
Benton, T. G. & Bowler, D. E. Linking dispersal to spatial dynamics. In Dispersal Ecology and Evolution (eds Clobert, J. et al.) 251–265 (Oxford University Press, 2012).
Google Scholar
88.
Delgado, M. D. M., Ratikainen, I. I. & Kokko, H. Inertia: The discrepancy between individual and common good in dispersal and prospecting behaviour. Biol. Rev. 86, 717–732 (2011).
Article Google Scholar
89.
Doncaster, C. P., Clobert, J., Doligez, B., Gustafsson, L. & Danchin, E. Balanced dispersal between spatially varying local populations: An alternative to the source-sink model. Am. Nat. 150, 425–445 (1997).
CAS PubMed Article Google Scholar
90.
Millon, A., Lambin, X., Devillard, S. & Schaub, M. Quantifying the contribution of immigration to population dynamics: A review of methods, evidence and perspectives in birds and mammals. Biol. Rev. 94, 2049–2067 (2019).
PubMed Article Google Scholar
91.
Altwegg, R., Collingham, Y. C., Erni, B. & Huntley, B. Density-dependent dispersal and the speed of range expansions. Divers. Distrib. 19, 60–68 (2013).
Article Google Scholar
92.
Tauler-Ametller, H., Hernández-Matías, A., Pretus, J. L. L. & Real, J. Landfills determine the distribution of an expanding breeding population of the endangered Egyptian Vulture Neophron percnopterus. Ibis 159, 757–768 (2017).
Article Google Scholar
93.
Gilroy, J. J. & Sutherland, W. J. Beyond ecological traps: Perceptual errors and undervalued resources. Trends Ecol. Evol. 22, 351–356 (2007).
PubMed Article Google Scholar
94.
Patten, M. A. & Kelly, J. F. Habitat selection and the perceptual trap. Ecol. Appl. 20, 2148–2156 (2010).
PubMed Article Google Scholar
95.
Doebeli, M. & Ruxton, G. D. Evolution of dispersal rates in metapopulation models: Branching and cyclic dynamics in phenotype space. Evolution 51, 1730 (1997).
PubMed Article Google Scholar
96.
Murrell, D. J., Travis, J. M. J. & Dytham, C. The evolution of dispersal distance in spatially-structured populations. Oikos 97, 229–236 (2002).
Article Google Scholar
97.
Heino, M. & Hanski, I. Evolution of migration rate in a spatially realistic metapopulation model. Am. Nat. 157, 495–511 (2001).
CAS PubMed Article Google Scholar
98.
Mathias, A., Kisdi, È. & Olivieri, I. Divergent evolution of dispersal in a heterogeneous landscape. Evolution 55, 246–259 (2001).
CAS PubMed Article Google Scholar
99.
Baguette, M., Clobert, J. & Schtickzelle, N. Metapopulation dynamics of the bog fritillary butterfly: Experimental changes in habitat quality induced negative density-dependent dispersal. Ecography 34, 170–176 (2011).
Article Google Scholar
100.
Margalida, A. et al. Uneven large-scale movement patterns in wild and reintroduced pre-adult bearded vultures: Conservation implications. PLoS ONE 8, e65857 (2013).
ADS CAS PubMed PubMed Central Article Google Scholar
101.
Buechley, E. R., McGrady, M. J., Çoban, E. & Şekercioğlu, Ç. H. Satellite tracking a wide-ranging endangered vulture species to target conservation actions in the Middle East and East Africa. Biodivers. Conserv. 27, 2293–2310 (2018).
Article Google Scholar
102.
Dwyer, J. F., Fraser, J. D. & Morrison, J. L. Evolution of communal roosting: A social refuge-territory prospecting hypothesis. J. Raptor Res. 52, 407–419 (2018).
Article Google Scholar
103.
Blanco, G. & Tella, J. L. Temporal, spatial and social segregation of red-billed choughs between two types of communal roost: A role for mating and territory acquisition. Anim. Behav. 57, 1219–1227 (1999).
CAS PubMed Article Google Scholar
104.
Bocedi, G., Heinonen, J. & Travis, J. M. J. Uncertainty and the role of information acquisition in the evolution of context-dependent emigration. Am. Nat. 179, 606–620 (2012).
PubMed Article Google Scholar
105.
Delgado, M. M., Bartoń, K. A., Bonte, D. & Travis, J. M. J. Prospecting and dispersal: Their eco-evolutionary dynamics and implications for population patterns. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 281, 20132851 (2014).
CAS Article Google Scholar
106.
Kesler, D. C., Walters, J. R. & Kappes, J. J. Social influences on dispersal and the fat-tailed dispersal distribution in red-cockaded woodpeckers. Behav. Ecol. 21, 1337–1343 (2010).
Article Google Scholar
107.
Ducros, D. et al. Beyond dispersal versus philopatry? Alternative behavioural tactics of juvenile roe deer in a heterogeneous landscape. Oikos 129, 81–92 (2019).
Article Google Scholar
108.
BirdLife International. Species factsheet: Neophron percnopterus. (2019). Available at: http://www.birdlife.org. Accessed 19 Dec 2019.
109.
Donázar, J. A., Ceballos, O. & Tella, J. L. Communal roosts of Egyptian vulture (Neophron percnopterus): Dynamics and implications for the species conservation. In Biología y conservación de las rapaces Mediterráneas (eds Muntaner, J. & Muntaner, J.) 189–201 (SEO/Birdlife, 1996).
Google Scholar
110.
Hernández-Matías, A. et al. Determinants of territorial recruitment in bonelli’s eagle (Aquila fasciata) populations. Auk 127, 173–184 (2010).
Article Google Scholar
111.
Phipps, W. L. et al. Spatial and temporal variability in migration of a soaring raptor across three continents. Front. Ecol. Evol. 7, 1–14 (2019).
Article Google Scholar
112.
del Moral, J. C. El Alimoche Común en España Población Reproductora en 2008 y Método de Censo (SEO/Birdlife, 2009).
Google Scholar
113.
del Moral, J. C. & El Martí, R. Alimoche Común en España y Portugal. (I Censo Coordinado). Año 2000. Monografía no 8 (SEO/Birdlife, 2002).
Google Scholar
114.
Donázar, J. A. & Ceballos, O. Growth rates of nestling Egyptian Vultures Neophrone percnopterus in relation to brood size, hatching order and environmental factors. Ardea 77, 217–226 (1989).
Google Scholar
115.
Imdadullah, M., Aslam, M. & Altaf, S. Mctest: An r package for detection of collinearity among regressors. R J. 8, 499–509 (2016).
Article Google Scholar
116.
Burnham, K. P. & Anderson, D. R. Model Selection and Multimodel Inference: A Practical Information-Theoretic Approach (Springer, 2002).
Google Scholar
117.
Giam, X. & Olden, J. D. Quantifying variable importance in a multimodel inference framework. Methods Ecol. Evol. 7, 388–397 (2016).
Article Google Scholar
118.
Schabenberger, O. & Pierce, F. J. Contemporary Statistical Models for the Plant and Soil Sciences (CRC Press, 2002).
Google Scholar
119.
R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, 2018).
120.
Hartig, F. DHARMa: Residual Diagnostics for Hierarchical (Multi-Level / Mixed) Regression Models. R package version 0.2.4. (2019). More