Contribution to unravel variability in bowhead whale songs and better understand its ecological significance
1.
Würsig, B. & Clark, C. W. Behavior. in The bowhead whale (eds. Burns, J. J., Montague, J. & Cowles, C. J.) 157–199 (the Society for Marine Mammalogy, 1993).
2.
Stafford, K. M., Moore, S. E., Laidre, K. L. & Heide-Jørgensen, M. P. Bowhead whale springtime song off West Greenland. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 124, 3315–3323 (2008).
PubMed Article ADS Google Scholar
3.
Delarue, J., Laurinolli, M. & Martin, B. Bowhead whale (Balaena mysticetus) songs in the Chukchi Sea between October 2007 and May 2008. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 126, 3319–3328 (2009).
PubMed Article ADS Google Scholar
4.
Tervo, O. M., Christoffersen, M. F., Parks, S. E., Kristensen, R. M. & Madsen, P. T. Evidence for simultaneous sound production in the bowhead whale (Balaena mysticetus). J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 130, 2257–2262 (2011).
PubMed Article ADS Google Scholar
5.
Tervo, O. M., Parks, S. E., Christoffersen, M. F., Miller, L. A. & Kristensen, R. M. Annual changes in the winter song of bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus) in Disko Bay, Western Greenland . Mar. Mammal Sci. 27, E241–E252 (2011).
Article Google Scholar
6.
Payne, R. S. & McVay, S. Songs of humpback whales. Science 173, 585–597 (1971).
CAS PubMed Article ADS Google Scholar
7.
Collins, S. Vocal fighting and flirting: the functions of birdsong. in Nature’s Music 39–79 (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2004).
8.
Johnson, H. D., Stafford, K. M., George, J. C., Ambrose, W. G. & Clark, C. W. Song sharing and diversity in the Bering-Chukchi-Beaufort population of bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus), spring 2011. Mar. Mammal Sci. 31, 902–922 (2015).
Article Google Scholar
9.
Cholewiak, D. M., Cerchio, S., Jacobsen, J. K., Urbán-R, J. & Clark, C. W. Songbird dynamics under the sea: acoustic interactions between humpback whales suggest song mediates male interactions. R. Soc. Open Sci. 5, 171298 (2018).
PubMed PubMed Central Article ADS Google Scholar
10.
Murray, A., Dunlop, R. A., Noad, M. J. & Goldizen, A. W. Stereotypic and complex phrase types provide structural evidence for a multi-message display in humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae). J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 143, 980–994 (2018).
PubMed Article ADS Google Scholar
11.
Garland, E. C. et al. Humpback whale song on the Southern Ocean feeding grounds: Implications for cultural transmission. PLoS ONE 8, e79422 (2013).
PubMed PubMed Central Article ADS CAS Google Scholar
12.
Rekdahl, M. L. et al. Culturally transmitted song exchange between humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) in the southeast Atlantic and southwest Indian Ocean basins. 15 (2018).
13.
Darling, J. D., Acebes, J. M. V., Frey, O., Jorge Urbán, R. & Yamaguchi, M. Convergence and divergence of songs suggests ongoing, but annually variable, mixing of humpback whale populations throughout the North Pacific. Sci. Rep. 9, 7002 (2019).
PubMed PubMed Central Article ADS CAS Google Scholar
14.
Garland, E. C. et al. Quantifying humpback whale song sequences to understand the dynamics of song exchange at the ocean basin scale. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 133, 560–569 (2013).
PubMed Article ADS Google Scholar
15.
Garland, E. C. et al. The devil is in the detail: Quantifying vocal variation in a complex, multi-levelled, and rapidly evolving display. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 142, 460–472 (2017).
PubMed Article ADS Google Scholar
16.
Allen, J. A., Garland, E. C., Dunlop, R. A. & Noad, M. J. Cultural revolutions reduce complexity in the songs of humpback whales. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 285, 20182088 (2018).
Article Google Scholar
17.
Tervo, O. M., Parks, S. E. & Miller, L. A. Seasonal changes in the vocal behavior of bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus) in Disko Bay, Western-Greenland. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 126, 1570–1580 (2009).
PubMed Article ADS Google Scholar
18.
Payne, K. & Payne, R. Large scale changes over 19 years in songs of humpback whales in Bermuda. Ethology 68, 89–114 (1985).
Google Scholar
19.
Cholewiak, D. M., Sousa-Lima, R. S. & Cerchio, S. Humpback whale song hierarchical structure: historical context and discussion of current classification issues. Mar. Mammal Sci. 29, E312–E332 (2013).
Article Google Scholar
20.
Kowarski, K., Moors-Murphy, H., Maxner, E. & Cerchio, S. Western North Atlantic humpback whale fall and spring acoustic repertoire: Insight into onset and cessation of singing behavior. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 145, 2305–2316 (2019).
PubMed Article ADS PubMed Central Google Scholar
21.
Stafford, K. M. et al. Spitsbergen’s endangered bowhead whales sing through the polar night. Endanger. Spec. Res. 18, 95–103 (2012).
Article Google Scholar
22.
Stafford, K. M., Lydersen, C., Wiig, Ø. & Kovacs, K. M. Extreme diversity in the songs of Spitsbergen’s bowhead whales. Biol. Lett. 14, 20180056 (2018).
23.
Boertmann, D., Kyhn, L. A., Witting, L. & Heide-Jørgensen, M. P. A hidden getaway for bowhead whales in the Greenland Sea. Polar Biol. 38, 1315–1319 (2015).
Article Google Scholar
24.
André, M. et al. Listening to the deep: live monitoring of ocean noise and cetacean acoustic signals. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 63, 18–26 (2011).
PubMed Article CAS PubMed Central Google Scholar
25.
Bioacoustics Research Program. Raven Pro: Interactive sound analysis software (Version 1.5). (The Cornell Lab of Ornithology, 2014).
26.
Wilden, I., Herzel, H., Peters, G. & Tembrock, G. Subharmonics, biphonation, and deterministic chaos in mammal vocalization. Bioacoustics 9, 171–196 (1998).
Article Google Scholar
27.
Bonett, D. G. Confidence interval for a coefficient of quartile variation. Comput. Stat. Data Anal. 50, 2953–2957 (2006).
MathSciNet MATH Article Google Scholar
28.
Demšar, J. et al. Orange: data mining toolbox in python. J. Mach. Learn. Res. 14, 2349–2353 (2013).
MATH Google Scholar
29.
Kruskal, J. B. Multidimensional scaling by optimizing goodness of fit to a nonmetric hypothesis. Psychometrika 29, 1–27 (1964).
MathSciNet MATH Article Google Scholar
30.
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E. & Tatham, R. L. Multidimensional scaling. in Multivariate data analysis: A global perspective 539–582 (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson, 2010).
31.
Rousseeuw, P. J. Silhouettes: a graphical aid to the interpretation and validation of cluster analysis. J. Comput. Appl. Math. 20, 53–65 (1987).
MATH Article Google Scholar
32.
Arbelaitz, O., Gurrutxaga, I., Muguerza, J., Pérez, J. M. & Perona, I. An extensive comparative study of cluster validity indices. Pattern Recognit. 46, 243–256 (2013).
Article Google Scholar
33.
Ahonen, H. et al. The underwater soundscape in western Fram Strait: breeding ground of Spitsbergen’s endangered bowhead whales. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 123, 97–112 (2017).
CAS PubMed Article Google Scholar
34.
Ljungblad, D. K., Thompson, P. O. & Moore, S. E. Underwater sounds recorded from migrating bowhead whales, Balaena mysticetus, in 1979. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 71, 477–482 (1982).
Article ADS Google Scholar
35.
Kroodsma, D. E. Reproductive development in a female songbird: differential stimulation by quality of male song. Science 192, 574–575 (1976).
CAS PubMed Article ADS Google Scholar
36.
Byers, B. E. & Kroodsma, D. E. Female mate choice and songbird song repertoires. Anim. Behav. 77, 13–22 (2009).
Article Google Scholar
37.
Payne, K. The progressively changing songs of humpback whales: A window on the creative process in a wild animal. in The origins of music 135–150 (2000).
38.
Parsons, E. C. M., Wright, A. J. & Gore, M. A. The nature of humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) song. J. Mar. Anim. Their Ecol. 1, 22–31 (2008).
Google Scholar
39.
Van Parijs, S. M., Lydersen, C. & Kovacs, K. M. Vocalizations and movements suggest alternative mating tactics in male bearded seals. Anim. Behav. 65, 273–283 (2003).
Article Google Scholar
40.
Ballentine, B., Hyman, J. & Nowicki, S. Vocal performance influences female response to male bird song: an experimental test. Behav. Ecol. 15, 163–168 (2004).
Article Google Scholar
41.
Podos, J., Huber, S. K. & Taft, B. Bird song: the interface of evolution and mechanism. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 35, 55–87 (2004).
Article Google Scholar
42.
Podos, J. A performance constraint on the evolution of trilled vocalizations in a songbird family (Passeriformes: Emberizidae). Evolution 51, 537–551 (1997).
PubMed Article Google Scholar
43.
Moseley, D. L., Lahti, D. C. & Podos, J. Responses to song playback vary with the vocal performance of both signal senders and receivers. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 280, 20131401 (2013).
Article Google Scholar
44.
Reby, D. et al. Evidence of biphonation and source–filter interactions in the bugles of male North American wapiti (Cervus canadensis). J. Exp. Biol. 219, 1224–1236 (2016).
CAS PubMed Article Google Scholar
45.
Aubin, T., Jouventin, P. & Hildebrand, C. Penguins use the two-voice system to recognize each other. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 267, 1081–1087 (2000).
CAS Article Google Scholar
46.
Fitch, W. T., Neubauer, J. & Herzel, H. Calls out of chaos: the adaptive significance of nonlinear phenomena in mammalian vocal production. Anim. Behav. 63, 407–418 (2002).
Article Google Scholar
47.
Volodina, E. V., Volodin, I. A., Isaeva, I. V. & Unck, C. Biphonation may function to enhance individual recognition in the dhole, Cuon alpinus. Ethology 112, 815–825 (2006).
Article Google Scholar
48.
Volodin, I. A. & Nagaylik, M. M. Cues to orientation of a caller to a listener in biphonic and non-biphonic close range contact calls in the dhole (Cuon alpinus). 11 (2006).
49.
Miller, P. J. O., Samarra, F. I. P. & Perthuison, A. D. Caller sex and orientation influence spectral characteristics of “two-voice” stereotyped calls produced by free-ranging killer whales. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 121, 3932 (2007).
PubMed Article ADS Google Scholar
50.
Schoenfuss, H. L. et al. The anatomy of the larynx of the bowhead whale, Balaena mysticetus, and its sound-producing functions. Anat. Rec. 297, 1316–1330 (2014).
Article Google Scholar
51.
Root-Gutteridge, H. et al. A lifetime of changing calls: North Atlantic right whales, Eubalaena glacialis, refine call production as they age. Anim. Behav. 137, 21–34 (2018).
Article Google Scholar
52.
Mercado, E., Herman, L. M. & Pack, A. A. Song copying by humpback whales: themes and variations. Anim. Cogn. 8, 93–102 (2005).
PubMed Article Google Scholar
53.
Zoloth, S. & Green, S. Monkey vocalizations and human speech: Parallels in perception?. Brain. Behav. Evol. 16, 430–442 (1979).
CAS PubMed Article Google Scholar
54.
Soltis, J., Leong, K. & Savage, A. African elephant vocal communication II: rumble variation reflects the individual identity and emotional state of callers. Anim. Behav. 70, 589–599 (2005).
Article Google Scholar
55.
Brady, B., Hedwig, D., Trygonis, V. & Gerstein, E. Classification of Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris ) vocalizations. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 147, 1597–1606 (2020).
PubMed Article ADS Google Scholar
56.
Murray, S. O., Mercado, E. & Roitblat, H. L. Characterizing the graded structure of false killer whale (Pseudorca crassidens ) vocalizations. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 104, 1679–1688 (1998).
CAS PubMed Article ADS Google Scholar
57.
Karlsen, J. D., Bisther, A., Lydersen, C., Haug, T. & Kovacs, K. M. Summer vocalisations of adult male white whales (Delphinapterus leucas) in Svalbard, Norway. 10 (2002).
58.
Nemiroff, L. & Whitehead, H. Structural characteristics of pulsed calls of long-finned pilot whales Globicephala melas. Bioacoustics 19, 67–92 (2009).
Article Google Scholar
59.
Dunlop, R. A., Noad, M. J., Cato, D. H. & Stokes, D. The social vocalization repertoire of east Australian migrating humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae). J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 122, 2893 (2007).
PubMed Article ADS Google Scholar
60.
Clark, C. W. The acoustic repertoire of the Southern right whale, a quantitative analysis. Anim. Behav. 30, 1060–1071 (1982).
Article Google Scholar
61.
Trygonis, V., Gerstein, E., Moir, J. & McCulloch, S. Vocalization characteristics of North Atlantic right whale surface active groups in the calving habitat, southeastern United States. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 134, 4518–4531 (2013).
PubMed Article ADS PubMed Central Google Scholar
62.
Janik, V. M. Pitfalls in the categorization of behaviour: a comparison of dolphin whistle classification methods. Anim. Behav. 57, 133–143 (1999).
CAS PubMed Article PubMed Central Google Scholar
63.
Tougaard, J. & Eriksen, N. Analysing differences among animal songs quantitatively by means of the Levenshtein distance measure. Behaviour 143, 239–252 (2006).
Article Google Scholar
64.
Garland, E. C. et al. Improved versions of the Levenshtein distance method for comparing sequence information in animals’ vocalisations: tests using humpback whale song. Behaviour 149, 1413–1441 (2012).
Article Google Scholar
65.
Garland, E. C. et al. Population structure of humpback whales in the western and central South Pacific Ocean as determined by vocal exchange among populations. Conserv. Biol. 29, 1198–1207 (2015).
PubMed Article PubMed Central Google Scholar
66.
Koski, W. R., Davis, R. A., Miller, G. W. & Withrow, D. E. Reproduction. in The bowhead whale (eds. Burns, J. J., Montague, J. J. & Cowles, C. J.) 239–274 (The Society for Marine Mammalogy, 1993).
67.
Heide-Jørgensen, M. P., Laidre, K. L., Quakenbush, L. T. & Citta, J. J. The Northwest Passage opens for bowhead whales. Biol. Lett. 8, 270–273 (2012).
PubMed Article PubMed Central Google Scholar
68.
Laxon, S. W. et al. CryoSat-2 estimates of Arctic sea ice thickness and volume. Geophys. Res. Lett. 40, 732–737 (2013).
Article ADS Google Scholar
69.
Stafford, K. M., Lydersen, C., Wiig, ø. & Kovacs, K. M. Data from: Extreme diversity in the songs of Spitsbergen’s bowhead whales. Dryad, Dataset. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.1ck400f (2018). More