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European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO)-Euphresco, Paris, France
Baldissera Giovani & Nico Horn

Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Institute for Sustainable Plant Production, Vienna, Austria
Sylvia Blümel

Food Department, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry of Finland, Helsinki, Finland
Ralf Lopian

Better Border Biosecurity (B3), Plant and Food Research, Christchurch, New Zealand
David Teulon

North American Plant Protection Organization (NAPPO), Raleigh, NC, USA
Stephanie Bloem

Comite Regional de Sanidad Vegetal del Cono Sur (COSAVE), Dirección de Protección Vegetal, del Servicio Nacional y Sanidad Vegetal y Semillas, Asuncion, Paraguay
Cristina Galeano Martínez

Comunidad Andina (CAN), Secretaría General de la Comunidad Andina, Lima, Peru
Camilo Beltrán Montoya

Organismo Internacional Regional de Sanidad Agropecuaria (OIRSA), San Salvador, El Salvador
Carlos Ramon Urias Morales

Asia and Pacific Plant Protection Commission (APPPC), Bangkok, Thailand
Sridhar Dharmapuri

Pacific Plant Protection Organization (PPPO), Pacific Community Land Resources Division, Suva, Fiji
Visoni Timote

Near East Plant Protection Organization (NEPPO), Rabat, Morocco
Mekki Chouibani

African-Union Interafrican Phytosanitary Council (IAPSC), Yaoundé, Cameroon
Jean Gérard Mezui M’Ella

Ministry of Primary Industries (MPI), Wellington, New Zealand
Veronica Herrera & Aurélie Castinel

Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment (DAWE), Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
Con Goletsos, Carina Moeller & Ian Naumann

European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), Parma, Italy
Giuseppe Stancanelli, Stef Bronzwaer & Sara Tramontini

Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA), Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Philip MacDonald & Loren Matheson

French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), Plant Health Laboratory, Angers, France
Géraldine Anthoine

Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Merelbeke, Belgium
Kris De Jonghe

Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (NVWA), Wageningen, the Netherlands
Martijn Schenk

Julius Kühn Institute (JKI), Braunschweig, Germany
Silke Steinmöller

National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA), Madrid, Spain
Elena Rodriguez

National Institute for Agriculture and Veterinary Research (INIAV), Oeiras, Portugal
Maria Leonor Cruz

Plant Biosecurity Research Initiative (PBRI), Hort Innovation, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Jo Luck

Plant Health Australia (PHA), Deakin, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
Greg Fraser

International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
Sarah Brunel, Mirko Montuori, Craig Fedchock & Jingyuan Xia

Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs (DEFRA), London, UK
Elspeth Steel & Helen Grace Pennington

Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International (CABI), Nairobi, Kenya
Roger Day

French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), INRA-Montpellier-CBGP, Montferrier-sur-Lez, France
Jean Pierre Rossi More

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Prophylactic administration of OTC to honey bees is a common practice in beekeeping for the prevention of AFB. To evaluate the efficacy of this long-standing apiculture management strategy, we monitored a 2-week treatment regimen with OTC under natural field conditions in honey bee hives experiencing low-grade chronic infection with P. larvae (Fig. 1a). Using a qPCR-based approach to enumerate pathogen load, P. larvae abundance was found to be significantly lower in honey bee larvae (primary target of AFB) at week 1 and week 2 of OTC treatment (Kruskal–Wallis with Dunn’s multiple comparisons, P = 0.0071 and P = 0.0005, respectively) compared to baseline levels at day 0 (Fig. 1b). In contrast, no observable differences in P. larvae abundance were found in adult honey bees (active vector of AFB) at any time point during this treatment (Kruskal–Wallis with Dunn’s multiple comparisons, P = 0.9999, P = 0.6367, respectively; Fig. 1c).
Fig. 1: LX3 enhances larval pathogen eradication by antibiotics.

Experimental hives were subjected to standard antibiotic treatment with oxytetracycline (OTC) for 2 weeks and then supplemented for 4 weeks with either pollen patties containing LX3 (LX3) or pollen patties containing vehicle (VEH). No treatment control (NTC) hives received no further treatment after OTC. a Schematic diagram outlining the experimental design. b, c Molecular-based quantification of P. larvae in honey bee larvae (whole body) and adults (dissected abdomen) collected just prior to the start of OTC exposure (A.0), and then after 1 (A.1) and 2 (A.2) weeks of exposure. Data are depicted as median ± 95% confidence intervals (Kruskal–Wallis with Dunn’s multiple comparisons) at different time points. Each data point represents either one individual (adults) or three pooled individuals (larvae) sampled equally from a total of n = 6 hives. d, e Molecular-based quantification of P. larvae in larvae (whole body) and adults (dissected whole abdomens) at the start of the supplementation period (S.0; corresponding to 3 days post A.2 time point), and then after 2 (S.2) and 4 (S.4) weeks. Data are depicted as mean ± standard deviation (two-way ANOVA with Sidak’s multiple comparisons) at different time points with each data point representing either one individual (adults) or three pooled individuals (larvae) sampled equally from n = 4 hives per treatment group. f, g Capped brood counts during OTC treatment (n = 6 hives) and subsequent supplementation period (n = 4 hives per treatment group). Data represents the median (line in box), IQR (box), and minimum/maximum (whiskers) of relative change in brood counts normalized by hive. Statistics shown for one-way and two-way ANOVA, respectively, with Sidak’s multiple comparisons for both. **P  More