Ecology

Ward, M. et al. Impact of 2019–2020 mega-fires on Australian fauna habitat. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 4(10), 1321–1326. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-020-1251-1 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Legge, S. et al. Estimates of the impacts of the 2019–20 fires on populations of native animal species, Brisbane (2021).Yibo, H. et al. Genomic evidence for two phylogenetic species and long-term population bottlenecks in red pandas. Sci. Adv. 6(9), eaax5751. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aax5751 (2022).Article 

Google Scholar 
Grossen, C., Guillaume, F., Keller, L. F. & Croll, D. Purging of highly deleterious mutations through severe bottlenecks in Alpine ibex. Nat. Commun. 11(1), 1001. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-14803-1 (2020).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
van Aalst, M. K. The impacts of climate change on the risk of natural disasters. Disasters 30(1), 5–18. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9523.2006.00303.x (2006).Article 

Google Scholar 
Banholzer, S., Kossin, J. & Donner, S. The impact of climate change on natural disasters. In Reducing Disaster: Early Warning Systems For Climate Change (eds Singh, A. & Zommers, Z.) 21–49 (Springer Netherlands, 2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8598-3_2.Chapter 

Google Scholar 
Frankham, R., Ballou, J. D. & Briscoe, D. A. Introduction to Conservation Genetics 2nd edn. (Cambridge University Press, 2010).Book 

Google Scholar 
Bouzat, J. L. Conservation genetics of population bottlenecks: The role of chance, selection, and history. Conserv. Genet. 11(2), 463–478. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-010-0049-0 (2010).Article 

Google Scholar 
Leigh, D. M., Hendry, A. P., Vázquez-Domínguez, E. & Friesen, V. L. Estimated six per cent loss of genetic variation in wild populations since the industrial revolution. Evol. Appl. 12(8), 1505–1512. https://doi.org/10.1111/eva.12810 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
Willi, Y., Van Buskirk, J. & Hoffmann, A. A. Limits to the adaptive potential of small populations. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 37(1), 433–458 (2006).Article 

Google Scholar 
Tanaka, M. M., Wahl, L. M. & Wahl, L. M. Surviving environmental change: When increasing population size can increase extinction risk. Proc. R. Soc. B 289, 20220439. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2022.0439 (2022).Article 

Google Scholar 
Gomulkiewicz, R. & Holt, R. D. When does evolution by natural selection prevent extinction?. Evolution 49(1), 201–207. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1995.tb05971.x (1995).Article 

Google Scholar 
Bell, G. Evolutionary rescue. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 48(1), 605–627. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110316-023011 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
Wood, J. L. A., Yates, M. C. & Fraser, D. J. Are heritability and selection related to population size in nature? Meta-analysis and conservation implications. Evol. Appl. 9(5), 640–657. https://doi.org/10.1111/eva.12375 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
Sgrò, C. M., Lowe, A. J. & Hoffmann, A. A. Building evolutionary resilience for conserving biodiversity under climate change. Evol. Appl. 4(2), 326–337 (2011).Article 

Google Scholar 
Hohenlohe, P. A., Funk, W. C. & Rajora, O. P. Population genomics for wildlife conservation and management. Mol. Ecol. 30(1), 62–82. https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.15720 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
Walters, A. D. & Schwartz, M. K. Population genomics for the management of wild vertebrate populations. In Population Genomics: Wildlife 419–436 (Springer, 2020).Chapter 

Google Scholar 
Willi, Y. et al. Conservation genetics as a management tool: The five best-supported paradigms to assist the management of threatened species. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 119(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2105076119 (2022).Article 

Google Scholar 
Moore, J. F. et al. The potential and practice of arboreal camera trapping. Methods Ecol. Evol. https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.13666 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
Frankham, R. Challenges and opportunities of genetic approaches to biological conservation. Biol. Conserv. 143(9), 1919–1927. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2010.05.011 (2010).Article 

Google Scholar 
Allendorf, F. W., Luikart, G. H. & Aitken, S. N. Conservation and the Genetics of Populations 2nd edn. (Wiley, 2012).
Google Scholar 
Franklin, I. Evolutionary change in small populations. In Conservation Biology—An Evolutionary-Ecological Perspective 135–149 (Sinauer Associates, 1980).
Google Scholar 
Soulé, M. E. Thresholds for survival: maintaining fitness and evolutionary potential. In Conservation Biology: An Evolutionary-Ecological Perspective 151–169 (Sinauer, 1980).
Google Scholar 
Hoban, S. et al. Genetic diversity targets and indicators in the CBD post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework must be improved. Biol. Conserv. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BIOCON.2020.108654 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
McGregor, D. C. et al. Genetic evidence supports three previously described species of greater glider, Petauroides volans, P. minor, and P. armillatus. Sci. Rep. 10(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-76364-z (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Hogg, C. J. et al. Threatened species initiative: Empowering conservation action using genomic resources. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 119(4), e2115643118. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2115643118 (2022).Article 

Google Scholar 
Pierson, J. C. et al. Genetic factors in threatened species recovery plans on three continents. Front. Ecol. Environ. 14(8), 433–440. https://doi.org/10.1002/fee.1323 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
Harris, J. M. & Maloney, K. S. S. Petauroides volans (Diprotodontia: Pseudocheiridae). Mamm. Species 42(866), 207–219. https://doi.org/10.1644/866.1 (2010).Article 

Google Scholar 
Kavanagh, R. P. & Lambert, M. J. Food selection by the greater glider, Petauroides volans: Is foliar nitrogen a determinant of habitat quality?. Austral. Wildl. Res. 17(3), 285–299 (1990).Article 

Google Scholar 
Youngentob, K. N. et al. Foliage chemistry influences tree choice and landscape use of a gliding marsupial folivore. J. Chem. Ecol. 37(1), 71–84. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10886-010-9889-9 (2011).Article 

Google Scholar 
Jensen, L. M., Wallis, I. R. & Foley, W. J. The relative concentrations of nutrients and toxins dictate feeding by a vertebrate browser, the greater glider Petauroides volans. PLoS ONE 10(5), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0121584 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
Kehl, J. & Borsboom, A. Home range, den tree use and activity patterns in the greater glider, Petauroides volans. Possums Gliders 229–236 (1984).Goldingay, R. L. Characteristics of tree hollows used by Australian arboreal and scansorial mammals. Aust. J. Zool. 59(5), 277–294 (2012).Article 

Google Scholar 
Eyre, T. J. Regional habitat selection of large gliding possums at forest stand and landscape scales in southern Queensland, Australia: I. Greater glider (Petauroides volans). For. Ecol. Manag 235(1–3), 270–282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2006.08.338 (2006).Article 

Google Scholar 
Kavanagh, R. P. & Bamkin, K. L. Distribution of nocturnal forest birds and mammals in relation to the logging mosaic in south-eastern New South Wales, Australia. Biol. Conserv. 71(1), 41–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(94)00019-M (1995).Article 

Google Scholar 
Lindenmayer, D. B. et al. Fire severity and landscape context effects on arboreal marsupials. Biol. Conserv. 167, 137–148 (2013).Article 

Google Scholar 
May-Stubbles, J. C., Gracanin, A. & Mikac, K. M. Increasing fire severity negatively affects greater glider density. Wildl. Res. https://doi.org/10.1071/wr21091 (2022).Article 

Google Scholar 
Smith, P. & Smith, J. Decline of the greater glider (Petauroides volans) in the lower Blue Mountains, New South Wales. Aust. J. Zool. 66(2), 103–114. https://doi.org/10.1071/ZO18021 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
Kearney, M. R., Wintle, B. A. & Porter, W. P. Correlative and mechanistic models of species distribution provide congruent forecasts under climate change. Conserv. Lett. 3(3), 203–213. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-263X.2010.00097.x (2010).Article 

Google Scholar 
Wagner, B. et al. Climate change drives habitat contraction of a nocturnal arboreal marsupial at its physiological limits. Ecosphere 11(10), e03262 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
McLean, C. M., Kavanagh, R. P., Penman, T. & Bradstock, R. The threatened status of the hollow dependent arboreal marsupial, the greater glider (Petauroides volans), can be explained by impacts from wildfire and selective logging. For. Ecol. Manag. 415, 19–25 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
Lindenmayer, D. B. et al. Conservation conundrums and the challenges of managing unexplained declines of multiple species. Biol. Conserv. 221, 279–292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2018.03.007 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
Lindenmayer, D. B. B. et al. How to make a common species rare: a case against conservation complacency. Biol. Conserv. 144(5), 1663–1672. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2011.02.022 (2011).Article 

Google Scholar 
IUCN. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (2022) https://www.iucnredlist.org (Accessed 17 Nov 2022).Rübsamen, K., Hume, I. D., Foley, W. J. & Rübsamen, U. Implications of the large surface area to body mass ratio on the heat balance of the greater glider (Petauroides volans: Marsupialia). J. Comp. Physiol. B. 154(1), 105–111. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00683223 (1984).Article 

Google Scholar 
Wintle, B. A., Legge, S. & Woinarski, J. C. Z. After the megafires: What next for Australian wildlife?. Trends Ecol. Evol. 35(9), 753–757. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2020.06.009 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Legge, S. et al. Estimates of the impacts of the 2019–2020 fires on populations of native animal species, Brisbane (2021).Hoffmann, A. A. & Sgró, C. M. Climate change and evolutionary adaptation. Nature 470(7335), 479–485. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09670 (2011).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Hoffmann, A. A., Sgrò, C. M. & Kristensen, T. N. Revisiting adaptive potential, population size, and conservation. Trends Ecol. Evol. 32(7), 506–517. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2017.03.012 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
Rossetto, M. et al. A conservation genomics workflow to guide practical management actions. Glob. Ecol. Conserv. 26, e01492. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01492 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
Mcmahon, B. J., Teeling, E. C. & Höglund, J. How and why should we implement genomics into conservation?. Evol. Appl. 7(9), 999–1007. https://doi.org/10.1111/eva.12193 (2014).Article 

Google Scholar 
Hoffmann, A. et al. A framework for incorporating evolutionary genomics into biodiversity conservation and management. Clim. Change Responses https://doi.org/10.1186/s40665-014-0009-x (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
Lindenmayer, D. B. et al. Integrating demographic and genetic studies of the greater glider Petauroides volans in fragmented forests: predicting movement patterns and rates for future testing. Pac. Conserv. Biol. 5(1), 2–8 (1999).Article 

Google Scholar 
Taylor, A. C., Kraaijeveld, K. & Lindenmayer, D. B. Microsatellites for the greater glider, Petauroides volans. Mol. Ecol. Notes 2(1), 57–59. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-8286.2002.00148.x (2002).Article 

Google Scholar 
Taylor, A. C., Tyndale-Biscoe, H. & Lindenmayer, D. B. Unexpected persistence on habitat islands: Genetic signatures reveal dispersal of a eucalypt-dependent marsupial through a hostile pine matrix. Mol. Ecol. 16(13), 2655–2666. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2007.03331.x (2007).Article 

Google Scholar 
NSW Scientific Committee. Greater glider population in the Mount Gibraltar Reserve area” endangered population listing. Final Determination to list an endangered ecological community under the Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995 (2015).NSW Scientific Committee. Greater glider, Petauroides volans, in the Eurobodalla local government area endangered population listing. Final Determination to list an endangered ecological community under the Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995. (2007).NSW Scientific Committee. Greater Glider population at Seven Mile Beach National Park Endangered population listing. Final Determination to list an endangered ecological community under the Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995 (2016).Woinarski, J. C. Z., Burbidge, A. A. & Harrison, P. L. The Action Plan for Australian Mammals 2012 (CSIRO Publishing, 2014).Book 

Google Scholar 
W. and the E. Department of Agriculture. Conservation advice for Petauroides volans (Greater Glider (southern)), Canberra (2021).Gracanin, A., Pearce, A., Hofman, M., Knipler, M. & Mikac, K. Greater glider (Petauroides volans) live capture methods. Austral. Mammal. 44(2), 280–286 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
Comport, S. S., Ward, S. J. & Foley, W. J. Home ranges, time budgets and food-tree use in a high-density tropical population of greater gliders, Petauroides volans minor (Pseudocheiridae: Marsupialia). Wildl. Res. 23(4), 401–419. https://doi.org/10.1071/WR9960401 (1996).Article 

Google Scholar 
Henry, S. R. Social organisation of the greater glider (Petauroides volans) in Victoria. In Possums and Gliders (eds Smith, A. P. & Hume, I. D.) 221–228 (1984).Kilian, A. et al. Diversity arrays technology: A generic genome profiling technology on open platforms. Methods Mol. Biol. 888, 67–89. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-870-2_5 (2012).Article 

Google Scholar 
Gruber, B., Unmack, P. J., Berry, O. F. & Georges, A. dartr: An r package to facilitate analysis of SNP data generated from reduced representation genome sequencing. Mol. Ecol. Resour. 18(3), 691–699. https://doi.org/10.1111/1755-0998.12745 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2020).
Google Scholar 
Privé, F., Luu, K., Vilhjálmsson, B. J. & Blum, M. G. B. Performing highly efficient genome scans for local adaptation with R package pcadapt version 4. Mol. Biol. Evol. 37(7), 2153–2154. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msaa053 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Luu, K., Bazin, E. & Blum, M. G. B. pcadapt: An R package to perform genome scans for selection based on principal component analysis. Mol. Ecol. Resour. 17(1), 67–77. https://doi.org/10.1111/1755-0998.12592 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
Dabney, A., Storey, J. D. & Warnes, G. R. qvalue: Q-value estimation for false discovery rate control. R package version, vol. 1, no. 0 (2010).Oksanen, J. et al. Package “vegan”. Community ecology package, version, vol. 2, no. 9, 1–295 (2013).Pratt, E. A. L. et al. Seascape genomics of coastal bottlenose dolphins along strong gradients of temperature and salinity. Mol. Ecol. 31(8), 2223–2241 (2022).Article 

Google Scholar 
Forester, B. R., Lasky, J. R., Wagner, H. H. & Urban, D. L. Comparing methods for detecting multilocus adaptation with multivariate genotype–environment associations. Mol. Ecol. 27(9), 2215–2233 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
Zimmerman, S. J. et al. Environmental gradients of selection for an alpine-obligate bird, the white-tailed ptarmigan (Lagopus leucura). Heredity 126(1), 117–131 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
Lott, M. J. et al. Future‐proofing the koala: Synergising genomic and environmental data for effective species management. Mol. Ecol. (2022).Fick, S. E. & Hijmans, R. J. WorldClim 2: New 1-km spatial resolution climate surfaces for global land areas. Int. J. Climatol. 37(12), 4302–4315 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
Goudet, J. HIERFSTAT, a package for R to compute and test hierarchical F-statistics. Mol. Ecol. Notes 5(1), 184–186. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1471-8286.2004.00828.X (2005).Article 

Google Scholar 
Nei, M. Molecular Evolutionary Genetics (Columbia University Press, 1987).Book 

Google Scholar 
Meirmans, P. G. & Hedrick, P. W. Assessing population structure: FST and related measures. Mol. Ecol. Resour. 11(1), 5–18. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1755-0998.2010.02927.X (2011).Article 

Google Scholar 
Frankham, R., Ballou, J. D. & Briscoe, D. A. Introduction to Conservation Genetics (Cambridge University Press, 2002). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2003.12.001.Book 

Google Scholar 
Weir, B. S. & Cockerham, C. C. Estimating F-statistics for the analysis of population structure. Evolution 38(6), 1358. https://doi.org/10.2307/2408641 (1984).Article 

Google Scholar 
Pembleton, L. W., Cogan, N. O. I. & Forster, J. W. StAMPP: An R package for calculation of genetic differentiation and structure of mixed-ploidy level populations. Mol. Ecol. Resour. 13(5), 946–952. https://doi.org/10.1111/1755-0998.12129 (2013).Article 

Google Scholar 
Bonferroni, S. Teoria statistica delle classi e calcolo delle probabilita. cir.nii.ac.jp, vol. 8, 3–62 (1936).Pritchard, J. K., Stephens, M. & Donnelly, P. Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data. Genetics 155(2), 945–959 (2000).Article 

Google Scholar 
Jombart, T., Devillard, S. & Balloux, F. Discriminant analysis of principal components: A new method for the analysis of genetically structured populations. BMC Genet. 11(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2156-11-94/FIGURES/9 (2010).Article 

Google Scholar 
Janes, J. K. et al. The K = 2 conundrum. Mol. Ecol. 26(14), 3594–3602. https://doi.org/10.1111/MEC.14187 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
Miller, J. M., Cullingham, C. I. & Peery, R. M. The influence of a priori grouping on inference of genetic clusters: Simulation study and literature review of the DAPC method. Heredity 125, 269–280. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41437-020-0348-2 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Cullingham, C. I. et al. Confidently identifying the correct K value using the ΔK method: When does K = 2?. Mol. Ecol. 29(5), 862–869. https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.15374 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Pritchard, J., Wen, X. & Falush, D. Documentation for STRUCTURE software: version 2.3|Request PDF (2003).Earl, D. A. & VonHoldt, B. M. STRUCTURE HARVESTER: A website and program for visualizing STRUCTURE output and implementing the Evanno method. Conserv. Genet. Resour. 4(2), 359–361. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12686-011-9548-7 (2012).Article 

Google Scholar 
Stankiewicz, K. H., Vasquez Kuntz, K. L. & Baums, I. B. The impact of estimator choice: Disagreement in clustering solutions across K estimators for Bayesian analysis of population genetic structure across a wide range of empirical data sets. Mol. Ecol. Resour. 22(3), 1135–1148. https://doi.org/10.1111/1755-0998.13522 (2022).Article 

Google Scholar 
Jombart, T. Adegenet: A R package for the multivariate analysis of genetic markers. Bioinformatics 24(11), 1403–1405. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btn129 (2008).Article 

Google Scholar 
Harmon, L. J. & Braude, S. Conservation of small populations: effective population sizes, inbreeding, and the 50/500 rule. In An Introduction to Methods and Models in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology 125–138 (Princeton University Press, 2010).Chapter 

Google Scholar 
Do, C. et al. NeEstimator v2: re-implementation of software for the estimation of contemporary effective population size (Ne ) from genetic data. Mol. Ecol. Resour. 14(1), 209–214. https://doi.org/10.1111/1755-0998.12157 (2014).Article 

Google Scholar 
Waples, R. S. & Do, C. LDNE: A program for estimating effective population size from data on linkage disequilibrium. Mol. Ecol. Resour. 8(4), 753–756. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1755-0998.2007.02061.X (2008).Article 

Google Scholar 
Potvin, D. A. et al. Genetic erosion and escalating extinction risk in frogs with increasing wildfire frequency. J. Appl. Ecol. 54(3), 945–954. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12809 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
Catullo, R. A. et al. Benchmarking taxonomic and genetic diversity after the fact: Lessons learned from the catastrophic 2019–2020 Australian bushfires. Front. Ecol. Evol. 9, 292. https://doi.org/10.3389/FEVO.2021.645820/BIBTEX (2021).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
DPIE. Fire Extent and Severity Mapping (FESM) 2019/20 (2021) https://datasets.seed.nsw.gov.au/dataset/fire-extent-and-severity-mapping-fesm-2019-20 (Accessed 23 June 2021).Banks, S. C. et al. Fire severity and landscape context effects on arboreal marsupials. Biol. Conserv. 167, 137–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2013.07.028 (2013).Article 

Google Scholar 
Andrew, D., Koffel, D., Harvey, G., Griffiths, K. & Fleming, M. Rediscovery of the greater glider Petauroides volans (Marsupialia: Petauroidea) in the Royal National Park, NSW. Austral. Zool. 37(1), 23–28. https://doi.org/10.7882/AZ.2013.008 (2014).Article 

Google Scholar 
Lindenmayer, D. et al. What 15 years of monitoring is telling us about mammals in Booderee National Park (2018).Chafer, C. J. et al. The post-fire measurement of fire severity and intensity in the Christmas 2001 Sydney wildfires. Int. J. Wildland Fire 13(2), 227–240. https://doi.org/10.1071/WF03041 (2004).Article 

Google Scholar 
Vinson, S. G., Johnson, A. P. & Mikac, K. M. Current estimates and vegetation preferences of an endangered population of the vulnerable greater glider at Seven Mile Beach National Park. Austral. Ecol. 46(2), 303–314. https://doi.org/10.1111/aec.12979 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Kavanagh, R. & Wheeler, R. Home-range of the greater glider Petauroides volans in tall montane forest of southeastern New South Wales, and changes following logging. In The Biology of Possums and Gliders (eds Goldingay, R. & Jackson, S.) 413–425 (Surrey Beatty & Sons, 2004).
Google Scholar 
Fleay, D. Gliders of the Gum Trees: The Most Beautiful and Enchanting Australian Marsupials (1947).Wright, S. Isolation by distance under diverse systems of mating. Genetics 31, 39–59 (1946).Article 

Google Scholar 
McGowan, B. & Wright, C. Braidwood’s enduring Chinese heritage. Historic Environ. 23(3), 34–39 (2011).
Google Scholar 
Pérez, I. et al. What is wrong with current translocations? A review and a decision-making proposal. Front. Ecol. Environ. 10(9), 494–501 (2012).Article 

Google Scholar 
Mace, G. M. et al. Quantification of extinction risk: IUCN’s system for classifying threatened species. Conserv. Biol. 22(6), 1424–1442. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.01044.x (2008).Article 

Google Scholar 
Franklin, I. ‘Evolutionary change in small populations. In Conservation Biology—An Evolutionary-Ecological Perspective 135–149 (Sinauer Associates, 1980).
Google Scholar 
Frankham, R., Bradshaw, C. J. A. & Brook, B. W. Genetics in conservation management: Revised recommendations for the 50/500 rules, Red List criteria and population viability analyses. Biol. Conserv. 170, 56–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BIOCON.2013.12.036 (2014).Article 

Google Scholar 
Seaborn, T. et al. Integrating genomics in population models to forecast translocation success. Restor. Ecol. 29(4), e13395. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.13395 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
Christie, M. R. & Knowles, L. L. Habitat corridors facilitate genetic resilience irrespective of species dispersal abilities or population sizes. Evol. Appl. 8(5), 454–463 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
Office of Environment and Heritage. Woody extent and foliage projective cover (2016) http://data.auscover.org.au/xwiki/bin/view/Product+pages/nsw+5m+woody+extent+and+fpc (Accessed 29 Oct 2020).Ashman, K. R., Watchorn, D. J., Lindenmayer, D. B. & Taylor, M. F. J. Is Australia’s environmental legislation protecting threatened species? A case study of the national listing of the greater glider. Pac. Conserv. Biol. 1980, 277–289. https://doi.org/10.1071/PC20077 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
ESRI. ArcGIS 10.7.1. (Environmental Systems Research Institute, 2011). More

Magnaval, J.-F., Glickman, L. T., Dorchies, P. & Morassin, B. Highlights of human toxocariasis. Korean J. Parasitol. 39, 1 (2001).Article 

Google Scholar 
Parise, M. E., Hotez, P. J. & Slutsker, L. Neglected parasitic infections in the United States: Needs and opportunities. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 90, 783–785 (2014).Article 

Google Scholar 
Holland, C. V. Knowledge gaps in the epidemiology of Toxocara: The enigma remains. Parasitology 144, 81–94 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
Richards, D. T. & Lewis, J. W. Fecundity and egg output by Toxocara canis in the red fox Vulpes vulpes. J. Helminthol. 75, 157–164 (2001).
Google Scholar 
Glickman, L. T. & Schantz, P. M. Epidemiology and pathogenesis of zoonotic toxocariasis. Epidemiol. Rev. 3, 230–250 (1981).Article 

Google Scholar 
Keegan, J. D. & Holland, C. V. A comparison of Toxocara canis embryonation under controlled conditions in soil and hair. J. Helminthol. 87, 78–84 (2013).Article 

Google Scholar 
Overgaauw, P. A. M. & Nederland, V. Aspects of toxocara epidemiology: Toxocarosis in dogs and cats. Crit. Rev. Microbiol. 23, 233–251 (1997).Article 

Google Scholar 
Strube, C., Heuer, L. & Janecek, E. Toxocara spp. infections in paratenic hosts. Vet. Parasitol. 193, 375–89 (2013).Parsons, J. C. Ascarid infections of cats and dogs. Vet. Clin. N. Am. Small Anim. Pract. 17, 1307–1339 (1987).Article 

Google Scholar 
Brunaská, M., Dubinský, P. & Reiterová, K. Toxocara canis: Ultrastructural aspects of larval moulting in the maturing eggs. Int. J. Parasitol. 25, 683–690 (1995).Article 

Google Scholar 
Dubinsky, P., Havasiova-Reiterova, K., Petko, B., Hovorka, I. & Tomasovicova, O. Role of small mammals in the epidemiology of toxocariasis. Parasitology 110(Pt 2), 187–193 (1995).Ma, G. et al. Human toxocariasis. Lancet Infect. Dis. 18, e14–e24 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
Despommier, D. Toxocariasis: clinical aspects, epidemiology, medical ecology, and molecular aspects. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 16, 265–272 (2003).Article 

Google Scholar 
Hotez, P. J. & Wilkins, P. P. Toxocariasis: America’s Most Common Neglected Infection of Poverty and a Helminthiasis of Global Importance?. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 3, e400 (2009).Article 

Google Scholar 
Fan, C.-K., Holland, C. V., Loxton, K. & Barghouth, U. Cerebral toxocariasis: Silent progression to neurodegenerative disorders?. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 28, 663–686 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
Nathwani, D., Laing, R. B. S. & Currie, P. F. Covert toxocariasis—A cause of recurrent abdominal pain in childhood. Br. J. Clin. Pract. (1992).Rostami, A. et al. Seroprevalence estimates for toxocariasis in people worldwide: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 13, e0007809 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
Borecka, A. & Kłapeć, T. Epidemiology of human toxocariasis in Poland—A review of cases 1978–2009. Ann. Agric. Environ. Med. 22, 28–31 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
Krasnov, B. R., Mouillot, D., Shenbrot, G. I., Khokhlova, I. S. & Poulin, R. Geographical variation in host specificity of fleas (Siphonaptera) parasitic on small mammals: The influence of phylogeny and local environmental conditions. Ecography 27, 787–797 (2004).Article 

Google Scholar 
Andreassen, H. P. et al. Population cycles and outbreaks of small rodents: Ten essential questions we still need to solve. Oecologia 195, 601–622 (2021).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Ylönen, H. Vole cycles and antipredatory behaviour. Trends Ecol. Evol. https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-5347(94)90125-2 (1994).Article 

Google Scholar 
Hanski, I., Hansson, L. & Henttonen, H. Specialist predators, generalist predators, and the microtine rodent cycle. J. Anim. Ecol. https://doi.org/10.2307/5465 (1991).Article 

Google Scholar 
Martinez-Bakker, M. & Helm, B. The influence of biological rhythms on host–parasite interactions. Trends Ecol. Evol. 30, 314–326 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
Bajer, A., Pawelczyk, A., Behnke, J. M., Gilbert, F. S. & Sinski, E. Factors affecting the component community structure of haemoparasites in bank voles (Clethrionomys glareolus) from the Mazury Lake District region of Poland. Parasitology 122(Pt 1), 43–54 (2001).Article 

Google Scholar 
Behnke, J. M., Lewis, J. W., Zain, S. N. & Gilbert, F. S. Helminth infections in Apodemus sylvaticus in southern England: interactive effects of host age, sex and year on the prevalence and abundance of infections. J. Helminthol. 73, 31–44 (1999).Article 

Google Scholar 
Ferrari, N., Cattadori, I. M., Nespereira, J., Rizzoli, A. & Hudson, P. J. The role of host sex in parasite dynamics: Field experiments on the yellow-necked mouse Apodemus flavicollis. Ecol. Lett. 7, 88–94 (2003).Article 

Google Scholar 
Grzybek, M. et al. Long-term spatiotemporal stability and dynamic changes in helminth infracommunities of bank voles (Myodes glareolus) in NE Poland. Parasitology 142, 1722–1743 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
Reiterová, K. et al. Small rodents—permanent reservoirs of toxocarosis in different habitats of Slovakia. Helminthologia 50, (2013).Habig, B., Doellman, M. M., Woods, K., Olansen, J. & Archie, E. A. Social status and parasitism in male and female vertebrates: A meta-analysis. Sci. Rep. 8, 3629 (2018).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Izhar, R. & Ben-Ami, F. Host age modulates parasite infectivity, virulence and reproduction. J. Anim. Ecol. 84, 1018–1028 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
Migalska, M. et al. Long term patterns of association between MHC and helminth burdens in the bank vole support Red Queen dynamics. Mol. Ecol. 31, 3400–3415 (2022).Article 

Google Scholar 
Grzybek, M. et al. Zoonotic viruses in three species of voles from Poland. Animals 10, 1820 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Bajer, A. et al. Rodents as intermediate hosts of cestode parasites of mammalian carnivores and birds of prey in Poland, with the first data on the life-cycle of Mesocestoides melesi. Parasit. Vectors 13, 95 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Rabalski, L. et al. Zoonotic spillover of SARS-CoV-2: Mink-adapted virus in humans. bioRxiv (2021). https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.03.05.433713.Rabalski, L. et al. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in Farmed Mink (Neovison vison) Poland. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 27, 2333–2339 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
Grzybek, M. et al. Seroprevalence of Trichinella spp. infection in bank voles (Myodes glareolus)—A long term study. Int. J. Parasitol. Parasites Wildl. 9, 144–148 (2019).Binder, F. et al. Heterogeneous Puumala orthohantavirus situation in endemic regions in Germany in summer 2019. Transbound Emerg. Dis. 67, 502–509 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Tołkacz, K. et al. Prevalence, genetic identity and vertical transmission of Babesia microti in three naturally infected species of vole, Microtus spp. (Cricetidae). Parasit. Vectors 10, 1–12 (2017).Tołkacz, K. et al. Bartonella infections in three species of Microtus: Prevalence and genetic diversity, vertical transmission and the effect of concurrent Babesia microti infection on its success. Parasit. Vectors 11, 491 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
Behnke, J. M. et al. Variation in the helminth community structure in bank voles (Clethrionomys glareolus) from three comparable localities in the Mazury Lake District region of Poland. Parasitology 123, 401–414 (2001).Article 

Google Scholar 
Behnke, J. M. et al. Temporal and between-site variation in helminth communities of bank voles (Myodes glareolus) from N.E. Poland. 2. The infracommunity level. Parasitology 135, 999–1018 (2008).Behnke, J. M. et al. Temporal and between-site variation in helminth communities of bank voles (Myodes glareolus) from N.E. Poland. 1. Regional fauna and component community levels. Parasitology 135, 985–997 (2008).Tołkacz, K. et al. Prevalence, genetic identity and vertical transmission of Babesia microti in three naturally infected species of vole, Microtus spp. (Cricetidae). Parasit. Vectors 10, 66 (2017).Morris, P. A review of mammalian age determination methods. Mamm. Rev. 2, 69–104 (1972).Antolová, D. et al. Small mammals: Paratenic hosts for species of Toxocara in eastern Slovakia. J. Helminthol. 87, 52–58 (2013).Article 

Google Scholar 
Reiterová, K. et al. Small rodents—permanent reservoirs of toxocarosis in different habitats of Slovakia. Helminthologia 50, 20–26 (2013).Article 

Google Scholar 
Reperant, L. A., Hegglin, D., Tanner, I., Fischer, C. & Deplazes, P. Rodents as shared indicators for zoonotic parasites of carnivores in urban environments. Parasitology 136, 329–337 (2009).Article 

Google Scholar 
Savigny, D. H. In vitro maintenance of Toxocara canis larvae and a simple method for the production of Toxocara ES antigen for use in serodiagnostic tests for visceral larva migrans. J. Parasitol. 61, 781–782 (1975).Article 

Google Scholar 
Cuéllar, C., Fenoy, S. & Guillén, J. L. Cross-reactions of sera from Toxascaris leonina and Ascaris suum infected mice with Toxocara canis, Toxascaris leonina and Ascaris suum antigens. Int. J. Parasitol. 25, 731–739 (1995).Article 

Google Scholar 
Naguleswaran, A., Hemphill, A., Rajapakse, R. P. V. J. & Sager, H. Elaboration of a crude antigen ELISA for serodiagnosis of caprine neosporosis: Validation of the test by detection of Neospora caninum-specific antibodies in goats from Sri Lanka. Vet. Parasitol. 126, 257–262 (2004).Article 

Google Scholar 
Sokal, R. R. & Rohlf, F. J. Statistical Tables (Freeman, 1995).MATH 

Google Scholar 
Behnke, J. M. et al. Variation in the helminth community structure in bank voles (Clethrionomys glareolus) from three comparable localities in the mazury lake istrict region of Poland. Parasitology 123, 401–414 (2001).Article 

Google Scholar 
Grzybek, M., Bajer, A., Behnke-Borowczyk, J., Al-Sarraf, M. & Behnke, J. M. Female host sex-biased parasitism with the rodent stomach nematode Mastophorus muris in wild bank voles (Myodes glareolus). Parasitol. Res. 114, 523–533 (2014).Article 

Google Scholar 
Grzybek, M. et al. Seroprevalence of TBEV in bank voles from Poland-a long-term approach. Emerg. Microbes Infect. 7, 145 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
Pullan, R. L., Smith, J. L., Jasrasaria, R. & Brooker, S. J. Global numbers of infection and disease burden of soil transmitted helminth infections in 2010. Parasit Vectors 7, 37 (2014).Article 

Google Scholar 
GBD 2017 DALYs and HALE Collaborators. Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 359 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet 392, 1859–1922 (2018).Reperant, L. A., Hegglin, D., Tanner, I., Fisher, C. & Deplazes, P. Rodents as shared indicators for zoonotic parasites of carnivores in urban environments. Parasitology 136, 329–337 (2009).Article 

Google Scholar 
Antolová, D., Reiterová, K., Miterpáková, M., Stanko, M. & Dubinský, P. Circulation of Toxocara spp. in suburban and rural ecosystems in the Slovak Republic. Vet. Parasitol 126, 317–324 (2004).Reiterová, K. et al. Small rodents—permanent reservoirs of toxocarosis in different habitats of Slovakia. Helminthologia (Poland) 50, 20–26 (2013).Article 

Google Scholar 
Dvorožňáková, E., Kołodziej-Sobocińska, M., Hurníková, Z., Víchová, B. & Zub, K. Prevalence of zoonotic pathogens in wild rodents living in the Białowieża Primeval Forest, Poland. Ann. Parasitol. 62 (2016).Dubinský, P., Havasiova-Reiterova, K., Peťko, B., Hovorka, I. & Tomašovičová, O. Role of small mammals in the epidemiology of toxocariasis. Parasitology 110, 187–193 (1995).Article 

Google Scholar 
Antolová, D., Reiterová, K., Miterpáková, M., Stanko, M. & Dubinský, P. Circulation of Toxocara spp. in suburban and rural ecosystems in the Slovak Republic. Vet. Parasitol. 126, 317–24 (2004).Hildebrand, J., Zalesny, G., Okulewicz, A. & Baszkiewicz, K. Preliminary studies on the zoonotic importance of rodents as a reservoir of toxocariasis from recreation grounds in Wroclaw (Poland). Helminthologia 46, 80–84 (2009).Article 

Google Scholar 
Dvorožňáková, E., Kołodziej-Sobocińska, M., Hurníková, Z., Víchová, B. & Zub, K. Prevalence of zoonotic pathogens in wild rodents living in the Białowieża Primeval Forest Poland. Ann. Parasitol. 62, 183 (2016).
Google Scholar 
Azam, D., Ukpai, O. M., Said, A., Abd-Allah, G. A. & Morgan, E. R. Temperature and the development and survival of infective Toxocara canis larvae. Parasitol. Res. 110, 649–656 (2012).Article 

Google Scholar 
Kloch, A., Bednarska, M. & Bajer, A. Intestinal macro- and microparasites of wolves (Canis lupus L.) from north-eastern Poland recovered by coprological study. Ann. Agric. Environ. Med. 12, 237–45 (2005).Mierzejewska, E. J. et al. The efficiency of live-capture traps for the study of Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes) cubs: A three-year study in Poland. Animals 10, 374 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Karamon, J. et al. Intestinal helminths of raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides) and red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) from the Augustów Primeval Forest (north-eastern Poland). J. Vet. Res. (Poland) 60, 273–277 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
Cisek, A., Ramisz, A., Balicka-Ramisz, A., Pilarczyk, B. & Laurans, L. The prevalence of Toxocara canis (Werner, 1782) in dogs and red foxes in north-west Poland. Wiad Parazytol 50, 641–646 (2004).
Google Scholar 
Jarošová, J., Antolová, D., Lukáč, B. & Maďari, A. A Survey of Intestinal Helminths of dogs in Slovakia with an emphasis on zoonotic species. Animals 11, 3000 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
Kidawa, D. & Kowalczyk, R. The effects of sex, age, season and habitat on diet of the red fox Vulpes vulpes in northeastern Poland. Acta Theriol. (Warsz) 56, 209–218 (2011).Article 

Google Scholar 
Grzybek, M. et al. Seroprevalence of Trichinella spp. infection in bank voles (Myodes glareolus)—A long term study. Int. J. Parasitol. Parasites Wildl. (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijppaw.2019.03.005.Grzybek, M. et al. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii among Sylvatic Rodents in Poland. Animals 11, 1048 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
Maciag, L., Morgan, E. R. & Holland, C. Toxocara: Time to let cati ‘out of the bag’. Trends Parasitol. 38, 280–289 (2022).Article 

Google Scholar 
Foreman-Worsley, R., Finka, L. R., Ward, S. J. & Farnworth, M. J. Indoors or outdoors? an international exploration of owner demographics and decision making associated with lifestyle of pet cats. Animals 11, 253 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
Liberg, O. Food habits and prey impact by feral and house-based domestic cats in a rural area in southern Sweden. J. Mammal. 65, 424–432 (1984).Article 

Google Scholar 
Krücken, J. et al. Small rodents as paratenic or intermediate hosts of carnivore parasites in Berlin Germany. PLoS ONE 12, e0172829 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
Dunsmore, J. D., Thompson, R. C. A. & Bates, I. A. The accumulation of Toxocara canis larvae in the brains of mice. Int. J. Parasitol. 13, 517–521 (1983).Article 

Google Scholar 
Nijsse, R., Mughini-Gras, L., Wagenaar, J. A., Franssen, F. & Ploeger, H. W. Environmental contamination with Toxocara eggs: a quantitative approach to estimate the relative contributions of dogs, cats and foxes, and to assess the efficacy of advised interventions in dogs. Parasit. Vectors 8, 397 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
Dunsmore, J. D., Thompson, R. C. A. & Bates, I. A. Prevalence and survival of Toxocara canis eggs in the urban environment of Perth Australia. Vet. Parasitol. 16, 303–311 (1984).Article 

Google Scholar 
Duscher, G. G., Leschnik, M., Fuehrer, H.-P. & Joachim, A. Wildlife reservoirs for vector-borne canine, feline and zoonotic infections in Austria. Int. J. Parasitol. Parasites Wildl. 4, 88–96 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
Ghai, R. R. et al. A generalizable one health framework for the control of zoonotic diseases. Sci. Rep. 12, 8588 (2022).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Grzybek, M. et al. Zoonotic virus seroprevalence among bank voles, Poland, 2002–2010. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 25, 1607–1609 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar  More

Biomass yield and WUEBiomass increased with precipitation, as expected and reported in Lee3. There was less water uptake in intercropping compared to sole oat and pea. In general, intercropping represented the median of the two sole cropping treatments, where oat had the highest biomass and WUE while pea had the lowest, and where pea had the highest mineral content and oat had the lowest3. Intercropping resulted in advantages in forage yield stability and was not associated with changes to the AMF community.Alpha diversityWe found differences in AMF species richness estimates in the roots across treatment combinations (i.e., intercropping systems × N fertilizer rate) in 2019 (Chao1, p  More

Zupan Hajna, N. Dinaric karst: Geography and geology in Encyclopedia of Caves (eds. White, W. B. & Culver, D. C.) 195–203 (Academic Press, 2012).Jug-Dujaković, M., Ninčević, T., Liber, Z., Grdiša, M. & Šatović, Z. Salvia officinalis survived in situ Pleistocene glaciation in ‘refugia within refugia’ as inferred from AFLP markers. Plant Syst. Evol. 306, 1–12 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Bănărescu, P. M. Distribution pattern of the aquatic fauna of the Balkan Peninsula in Balkan Biodiversity. Pattern and Process in the European Hotspot (eds. Griffiths, H. I., Kryštufek, B. & Reed J. M.) 203–217 (Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2004).Sket, B. Diversity patterns in the Dinaric Karst in Encyclopedia of Caves (eds. White, W. B. & Culver, D. C.) 228–238 (Academic Press, 2012).Griffiths, H. I., Kryštufek, B., & Reed, J. M. Balkan biodiversity. Pattern and Process in the European Hotspot (eds. Griffiths, H. I., Kryštufek, B., & Reed, J. M.) 1–332 (Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2004).Culver, D. C., Pipan, T. & Schneider, K. Vicariance, dispersal and scale in the aquatic subterranean fauna of karst regions. Freshw. Biol. 54, 918–929 (2009).Article 

Google Scholar 
Gottstein Matočec, S. et al. An overview of the cave and interstitial biota of Croatia. Nat. Croat. 11, 1–112 (2002).
Google Scholar 
Hewitt, G. The genetic legacy of the Quaternary ice ages. Nature 405, 907–913 (2000).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Bilandžija, H., Morton, B., Podnar, M. & Ćetković, H. Evolutionary history of relict Congeria (Bivalvia: Dreissenidae): Unearthing the subterranean biodiversity of the Dinaric Karst. Front. Zool. 10, 1–18 (2013).Article 

Google Scholar 
Bedek, J., Taiti, S., Bilandžija, H., Ristori, E. & Baratti, M. Molecular and taxonomic analyses in troglobiotic Alpioniscus (Illyrionethes) species from the Dinaric Karst (Isopoda: Trichoniscidae). Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 187, 539–584 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
Vörös, J., Márton, O., Schmidt, B. R., Gál, J. T. & Jelić, D. Surveying Europe’s only cave-dwelling chordate species (Proteus anguinus) using environmental DNA. PLoS ONE 12, e0170945. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0170945 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
Delić, T., Švara, V., Coleman, C. O., Trontelj, P. & Fišer, C. The giant cryptic amphipod species of the subterranean genus Niphargus (Crustacea, Amphipoda). Zool. Scr. 46, 740–752 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
Delić, T., Trontelj, P., Rendoš, M. & Fišer, C. The importance of naming cryptic species and the conservation of endemic subterranean amphipods. Sci. Rep. 7, 1–12 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
Delić, T., Stoch, F., Borko, Š., Flot, J. F. & Fišer, C. How did subterranean amphipods cross the Adriatic Sea? Phylogenetic evidence for dispersal–vicariance interplay mediated by marine regression–transgression cycles. J. Biogeogr. 47, 1875–1887 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Podnar, M., Grbac, I., Tvrtković, N., Hörweg, C. & Haring, E. Hidden diversity, ancient divergences, and tentative Pleistocene microrefugia of European scorpions (Euscorpiidae: Euscorpiinae) in the eastern Adriatic region. J. Zool. Syst. Evol. Res. 59, 1824–1849 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
Beron, P. Zoogeography of Arachnida (ed. Beron, P.) Meth. Ecol. Evol. 1–987 (Springer Cham, 2018).Ćurčić, B. P. M. Cave-dwelling pseudoscorpions of the Dinaric karst (ed. Ćurčić, B. P. M.) 1–192 (Slovenska Akademija Znanosti in Umetnosti, 1988).Harms, D., Roberts, J. D. & Harvey, M. S. Climate variability impacts on diversification processes in a biodiversity hotspot: A phylogeography of ancient pseudoscorpions in south-western Australia. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 186, 934–949 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
Muster, C., Schmarda, T. & Blick, T. Vicariance in a cryptic species pair of European pseudoscorpions (Arachnida, Pseudoscorpiones, Chthoniidae). Zool. Anz. 242, 299–311 (2004).Article 

Google Scholar 
Ozimec, R. List of Croatian pseudoscorpion fauna (Arachnida, Pseudoscorpiones). Nat. Croat. 13, 381–394 (2004).
Google Scholar 
World Pseudoscorpiones Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern. https://wac.nmbe.ch (2022).Ćurčić, B. P. M., Dimitrijević, R. N., Rađa, T., Makarov, S. E. & Ilić, B. S. Archaeoroncus, a new genus of pseudoscorpions from Croatia (Pseudoscorpiones, Neobisiidae), with descriptions of two new species. Acta Zool. Bulg. 64, 333–340 (2012).
Google Scholar 
Ćurčić, B. P. M. et al. On two new cave species of pseudoscorpions (Neobisiidae, Pseudoscorpiones) from Herzegovina and Dalmatia. Arch. Biol. Sci. 66, 377–384 (2014).Article 

Google Scholar 
Ćurčić, B. P. M. et al. Roncus sutikvae sp. n. (Pseudoscorpiones: Neobisiidae), a new epigean pseudoscorpion from central Dalmatia (Croatia). Arthropoda Sel. 30, 205–215 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
Ćurčić, B. P. M., Rađa, T., Dimitrijević, R., Ćurčić, N. B. & Ćurčić, S. Roncus ladestani sp. n. and Roncus pecmliniensis sp. n., two new Pseudoscorpions (Pseudoscorpiones, Neobisiidae) from Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, respectively. Zool. Zhurnal. 100, 159–169 (2021).
Google Scholar 
Hebert, P. D. N., Cywinska, A., Ball, S. L. & DeWaard, J. R. Biological identifications through DNA barcodes. Proc. Royal Soc. B. 270, 313–321 (2003).Article 

Google Scholar 
Page, R. D. DNA barcoding and taxonomy: Dark taxa and dark texts. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., B. Biol. Sci. 371, 20150334. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0334 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
Ratnasingham, S. & Hebert, P. D. A DNA-based registry for all animal species: The Barcode Index Number (BIN) system. PLoS ONE 8, e66213. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0066213 (2013).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Kekkonen, M. & Hebert, P. D. DNA barcode-based delineation of putative species: Efficient start for taxonomic workflows. Mol. Ecol. Res. 14, 706–715 (2014).Article 

Google Scholar 
Christophoryová, J., Šťáhlavský, F. & Fedor, P. An updated identification key to the pseudoscorpions (Arachnida: Pseudoscorpiones) of the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Zootaxa 2876, 35–48 (2011).Article 

Google Scholar 
Gardini, G. A revision of the species of the pseudoscorpion subgenus Chthonius (Ephippiochthonius) (Arachnida, Pseudoscorpiones, Chthoniidae) from Italy and neighbouring areas. Zootaxa 3655, 1–151 (2013).Article 

Google Scholar 
Gardini, G. The species of the Chthonius heterodactylus group (Arachnida, Pseudoscorpiones, Chthoniidae) from the eastern Alps and the Carpathians. Zootaxa 3887, 101–137 (2014).Article 

Google Scholar 
Gardini, G. The Italian species of the Chthonius ischnocheles group (Arachnida, Pseudoscorpiones, Chthoniidae), with reference to neighbouring countries. Zootaxa 4987, 1–131 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
Zaragoza, J. A. Revision of the Ephippiochthonius complex in the Iberian Peninsula, Balearic Islands and Macaronesia, with proposed changes to the status of the Chthonius subgenera (Pseudoscorpiones, Chthoniidae). Zootaxa 4246, 1–221 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
Gams, I. Kras v Sloveniji v prostoru in času. (ed. Gams, I.) 1–516 (Postojna: Inštitut za raziskovanje Krasa, 2004).European Union, Copernicus Land Monitoring Service. https://land.copernicus.eu (2016).Maddison, W. P., & Maddison, D. R. Mesquite: a modular system for evolutionary analysis. http://mesquiteproject.org (2019).Katoh, K., Rozewicki, J. & Yamada, K. D. MAFFT online service: Multiple sequence alignment, interactive sequence choice and visualization. Brief. Bioinform. 20, 1160–1166 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
Villesen, P. FaBox: An online toolbox for fasta sequences. Mol. Ecol. Notes. 7, 965–968 (2007).Article 

Google Scholar 
Felsenstein, J. Maximum likelihood and minimum-steps methods for estimating evolutionary trees from data on discrete characters. Syst. Biol. 22, 240–249 (1973).Article 

Google Scholar 
Minh, B. Q. et al. IQ-TREE 2: New models and efficient methods for phylogenetic inference in the genomic era. Mol. Biol. Evol. 37, 1530–1534 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Hoang, D. T., Chernomor, O., Von Haeseler, A., Minh, B. Q. & Vinh, L. S. UFBoot2: Improving the ultrafast bootstrap approximation. Mol. Biol. Evol. 35, 518–522 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
Muster, C. et al. The dark side of pseudoscorpion diversity: The German Barcode of Life campaign reveals high levels of undocumented diversity in European false scorpions. Ecol. Evol. 11, 13815–13829 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
Ontano, A. Z. et al. Taxonomic sampling and rare genomic changes overcome long-branch attraction in the phylogenetic placement of pseudoscorpions. Mol. Biol. Evol. 38, 2446–2467 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
Rambaut A. FigTree v1.4.3 http://tree.bio.ed.ac.uk/software/figtree/ (2016).Letunic, I. & Bork, P. Interactive Tree Of Life (iTOL) v5: An online tool for phylogenetic tree display and annotation. Nucleic Acids Res. 49, W293–W296 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
Talavera, G. & Castresana, J. Improvement of phylogenies after removing divergent and ambiguously aligned blocks from protein sequence alignments. Syst. Biol. 56, 564–577 (2007).Article 

Google Scholar 
Guindon, S. et al. New algorithms and methods to estimate maximum-likelihood phylogenies: Assessing the performance of PhyML 3.0. Syst. Biol. 59, 307–321 (2010).Article 

Google Scholar 
Ronquist, F. et al. MrBayes 3.2: Efficient Bayesian phylogenetic inference and model choice across a large model space. Syst. Biol. 61, 539–542 (2012).Article 

Google Scholar 
Lanfear, R., Frandsen, P. B., Wright, A. M., Senfeld, T. & Calcott, B. PartitionFinder 2: New methods for selecting partitioned models of evolution for molecular and morphological phylogenetic analyses. Mol. Biol. Evol. 34, 772–773 (2017).
Google Scholar 
Rambaut, A., Drummond, A. J., Xie, D., Baele, G. & Suchard, M. A. Posterior summarization in Bayesian phylogenetics using Tracer 1.7. Syst. Biol. 67, 901–904 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
Miller, M. A., Pfeiffer, W., & Schwartz, T. Creating the CIPRES Science Gateway for inference of large phylogenetic trees in Proceedings of the Gateway Computing Environments Workshop (GCE). https://doi.org/10.1109/GCE.2010.5676129 (2010).Kimura, M. A simple method for estimating evolutionary rates of base substitutions through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences. J. Mol. Evol. 16, 111–120 (1980).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Paradis, E. & Schliep, K. ape 5.0: An environment for modern phylogenetics and evolutionary analyses in R. Bioinformatics 35, 526–528 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
R Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. https://www.R-project.org/ (2020).Brown, S. D. et al. Spider: an R package for the analysis of species identity and evolution, with particular reference to DNA barcoding. Mol. Ecol. Resour. 12, 562–565 (2012).Article 

Google Scholar 
Meier, R., Shiyang, K., Vaidya, G. & Ng, P. K. L. DNA barcoding and taxonomy in Diptera: A tale of high intraspecific variability and low identification success. Syst. Biol. 55, 715–728 (2006).Article 

Google Scholar 
Puillandre, N., Lambert, A., Brouillet, S. & Achaz, G. J. M. E. ABGD, Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery for primary species delimitation. Mol. Ecol. 21, 1864–1877 (2012).Article 

Google Scholar 
Puillandre, N., Brouillet, S. & Achaz, G. ASAP: Assemble species by automatic partitioning. Mol. Ecol. Resour. 21, 609–620 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Zhang, J., Kapli, P., Pavlidis, P. & Stamatakis, A. A general species delimitation method with applications to phylogenetic placements. Bioinformatics 29, 2869–2876 (2013).Article 

Google Scholar 
Kumar, S., Stecher, G., Li, M., Knyaz, C. & Tamura, K. MEGA X: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis across computing platforms. Mol. Biol. Evol. 35, 1547–1549 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
Karney, C. F. Algorithms for geodesics. J. Geod. 87, 43–55 (2013).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Leigh, J. W. & Bryant, D. POPART: Full-feature software for haplotype network construction. Meth. Ecol. Evol. 6, 1110–1116 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
Bregović, P., Fišer, C. & Zagmajster, M. Contribution of rare and common species to subterranean species richness patterns. Ecol. Evol. 9, 11606–11618 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
Hunter, J. D. Matplotlib: A 2D graphics environment. Comput. Sci. Eng. 9, 90–95 (2007).Article 

Google Scholar 
Young, M. R. & Hebert, P. D. Patterns of protein evolution in cytochrome c oxidase 1 (COI) from the class Arachnida. PLoS ONE 10, e0135053. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0135053 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
Yin, Y. et al. DNA barcoding uncovers cryptic diversity in minute herbivorous mites (Acari, Eriophyoidea). Mol. Ecol. Resour. 22, 1986–1998 (2022).Article 

Google Scholar 
Doña, J. et al. DNA barcoding and minibarcoding as a powerful tool for feather mite studies. Mol. Ecol. Resour. 15, 1216–1225 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
Blagoev, G. A. et al. Untangling taxonomy: A DNA barcode reference library for Canadian spiders. Mol. Ecol. Resour. 16, 325–341 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
Aliabadian, M., Kaboli, M., Nijman, V. & Vences, M. Molecular identification of birds: Performance of distance-based DNA barcoding in three genes to delimit parapatric species. PLoS ONE 4, e4119. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0004119 (2009).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Moritz, C. & Cicero, C. DNA barcoding: promise and pitfalls. PLoS Biol. 2, e354. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0020354 (2004).Article 

Google Scholar 
Dellicour, S. & Flot, J. F. The hitchhiker’s guide to single-locus species delimitation. Mol. Ecol. Resour. 18, 1234–1246 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
Polak, S., Delić, T., Kostanjšek, R. & Trontelj, P. Molecular phylogeny of the cave beetle genus Hadesia (Coleoptera: Leiodidae: Cholevinae: Leptodirini), with a description of a new species from Montenegro. Arthropod Syst. 74, 241–254 (2016).
Google Scholar 
Lukić, M., Delić, T., Pavlek, M., Deharveng, L. & Zagmajster, M. Distribution pattern and radiation of the European subterranean genus Verhoeffiella (Collembola, Entomobryidae). Zool. Scr. 49, 86–100 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
Casale, A., Jalžić, B., Lohaj, R. & Mlejnek, R. Two new highly specialised subterranean beetles from the Velebit massif (Croatia): Velebitaphaenops (new genus) giganteus Casale & Jalžić, new species (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Trechini) and Velebitodromus ozrenlukici Lohaj, Mlejnek & Jalžić, new species (Coleoptera: Cholevidae: Leptodirini). Nat. Croat. 21, 129–153 (2012).
Google Scholar 
Andersen, T. et al. Blind flight? A new troglobiotic Orthoclad (Diptera, Chironomidae) from the Lukina Jama-Trojama Cave in Croatia. PLoS ONE 11, e0152884. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0152884 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
Velić, J. et al. A geological overview of glacial accumulation and erosional occurrences at the Velebit and the Biokovo Mts., Croatia. The Min. Geol. Petrol. Eng. Bull. 32, 77–96 (2017).
Google Scholar 
Bickford, D. et al. Cryptic species as a window on diversity and conservation. Trends Ecol. Evol. 22, 148–155 (2007).Article 

Google Scholar 
Trontelj, P. Adaptation and natural selection in caves in Encyclopedia of Caves (eds. White, W. B., Culver, D. B. & Pipan, T.) 40–46 (Academic Press, 2019).Beier, M. Die Höhlenpseudoscorpione der Balkanhalbinsel. Studien aus dem Gebiete der Allgemeinen Karstforschung, der Wissenschaftlichen Höhlenkunde, der Eiszeitforschung und den Nachbargebieten. 4, 1–83 (1939).
Google Scholar 
Antić, D., Dražina, T., Rađa, T., Tomić, V. T. & Makarov, S. E. Review of the family Anthogonidae (Diplopoda, Chordeumatida), with descriptions of three new species from the Balkan Peninsula. Zootaxa 3948, 151–181 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
Pretner, E. Koleopterološka fauna pećina i jama Hrvatske s historijskim pregledom istraživanja. Krš Jugoslavije. 8, 101–239 (1973).
Google Scholar 
Zaragoza, J. A. & Šťáhlavský, F. A new Roncus species (Pseudoscorpiones: Neobisiidae) from Montseny Natural Park (Catalonia, Spain), with remarks on karyology. Zootaxa 1693, 27–40 (2008).Article 

Google Scholar 
Myers, N., Mittermeier, R. A., Mittermeier, C. G., Da Fonseca, G. A. & Kent, J. Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature 403, 853–858 (2000).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Médail, F. & Diadema, K. Glacial refugia influence plant diversity patterns in the Mediterranean Basin. J. Biogeogr. 36, 1333–1345 (2009).Article 

Google Scholar 
Borko, Š., Trontelj, P., Seehausen, O., Moškrič, A. & Fišer, C. A subterranean adaptive radiation of amphipods in Europe. Nat. Commun. 12, 1–12 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
Fišer, C. et al. The European green deal misses Europe’s subterranean biodiversity hotspots. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 6, 1403–1404 (2022).Article 

Google Scholar 
Moritz, C. Defining ‘evolutionarily significant units’ for conservation. Trends Ecol. Evol. 9, 373–375 (1994).Article 

Google Scholar  More

To investigate whether vagrancy is associated with geomagnetic disturbance and solar activity, we developed a method for quantifying the relative vagrancy of spatiotemporal records for 152 North American landbird species (nfall = 150, nspring = 124). While vagrancy is often treated as a binary classification (i.e., an individual is either a vagrant or not) and then used as a discrete variable (i.e., a count of total vagrants in an area)16,18, here we calculated it as a continuous variable by combining two large-scale ornithological datasets—captures and encounters of individually marked birds from the USGS Bird Banding Lab (BBL)49 and weekly, species-specific abundance maps for the continental United States from the eBird Status and Trends (hereafter, eBird S&T; via the R package ‘ebirdst’, version 2.1.0)69. Banding records have the advantage over other potential databases of vagrancy records (such as eBird or rare bird lists) in that efforts are long-term, continent-wide, have limited false positives, and have only one record per individual. Additionally, eBird S&T has the advantage over static range maps in that they provide weekly predictions and incorporate relative abundance. With these two data sources, we constructed a species-specific vagrancy value (Fig. S1), that measures the spatiotemporal rarity for every banding record. Inclusion of all banding records rather than just rare records allowed for the analysis of the dispersion of whole species populations, mitigating the potential bias of effort in banding operations (i.e., more vagrant records with greater effort). We then used hierarchical Bayesian random-effects models to estimate the strength of the association between geomagnetic disturbance, solar activity, and avian vagrancy.Species data and inclusionWe considered all full—or partial-migrant landbird species with a breeding, non-breeding, or migratory range in the United States or Canada. To do this, we used species distribution maps accessed through Birds of the World70. Landbird species likely to be caught through banding efforts (excluding species like raptors, nightjars, and swifts) that regularly occur in  > 3 but  10 km. Each banding record included the date, latitude and longitude (and precision), species, and age (if known;71). Banding records were filtered to those captures that occurred during the species-specific migration period as defined by eBird S&T69. eBird S&T approximates stationary and migratory periods by determining when the distribution of whole species population is moving69. Our use of banding records within species-specific eBird S&T migratory periods was designed to maximize the proportion of migrant birds in the analysis, but likely excludes some early and late records of migrating individuals.Banding records of species that underwent taxonomic divisions or aggregations during the study period were eliminated if the date occurred during a period in which the species identity according to modern taxonomy is indeterminate (see Supplement 2). Taxonomic reclassifications were not considered when species divisions/aggregations would only affect records from outside North America, such as the split of a Southern American taxon, Chestnut-collared Swallow (Petrochelidon rufocollaris) from its North American counterpart, Cave Swallow (Petrochelidon fulva). In these cases, we assumed all banding records during the study period were of the North American species. For a full list of periods where species records were excluded, see Supplement 2. Species with  More

Jones, E. L. Agriculture and economic growth in England, 1660–1750: Agricultural change. J. Econ. Hist. 25, 1–18 (1965).Article 

Google Scholar 
Chambers, J. D. & Mingay, G. E. The Agricultural Revolution: 1750–1880 (Batsford, 1966).
Google Scholar 
Kerridge, E. The Agricultural Revolution (Allen & Unwin, Paris, 1967).
Google Scholar 
Thompson, F. M. L. The second agricultural revolution, 1815–1880. Econ. Hist. Rev. 21, 62–77 (1968).
Google Scholar 
Overton, M. Agricultural Revolution in England: The Transformation of the Agrarian Economy 1500–1850 (Cambridge University Press, 1996).Book 

Google Scholar 
Turner, M. E., Beckett, J. V. & Afton, B. Farm Production in England 1700–1914 (Oxford University Press, 2001).Book 

Google Scholar 
Williamson, T. The Transformation of Rural England: Farming and the Landscape, 1700–1870 (University of Exeter Press, 2002).
Google Scholar 
Davis, J. M. & Beckett, J. V. Animal husbandry and agricultural improvement: The archaeological evidence from animal bones and teeth. Rural Hist. 10, 1–17 (1999).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Thomas, R. Zooarchaeology, improvement and the British agricultural revolution. Int. J. Hist. Archaeol. 9, 71–88 (2005).Article 

Google Scholar 
Sologestoa, I. G. & Albarella, U. (eds) The Rural World in the Sixteenth Century: Exploring the Archaeology of Innovation in Europe (Brepols, 2002).
Google Scholar 
Doherty, S. P. & Henderson, S. Production of parchment legal deeds in England, 1690–1830. Hist. Res. 95, 575–585 (2022).Article 

Google Scholar 
DeNiro, M. J. & Epstein, S. Influence of diet on the distribution of carbon isotopes in animals. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 42, 495–506 (1978).Article 
ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Bateman, A. S. & Kelly, S. D. Fertilizer nitrogen isotope signatures. Isotopes Environ. Health Stud. 43, 237–247 (2007).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Szpak, P. Complexities of nitrogen isotope biogeochemistry in plant–soil systems: Implications for the study of ancient agricultural and animal management practices. Front. Plant Sci. 5, 288 (2014).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Trentacoste, A. et al. Heading for the hills? A multi-isotope study of sheep management in first-millennium BC Italy. J. Archaeol. Sci. Rep. 29, 102036 (2020).
Google Scholar 
Doherty, S., Alexander, M. M., Vnouček, J., Newton, J. & Collins, M. J. Measuring the impact of parchment production on skin collagen stable isotope (δ13C and δ15N) values. STAR Sci. Technol. Archaeol. Res. 7, 1–12 (2021).
Google Scholar 
Doherty, S. P. et al. A modern baseline for the paired isotopic analysis of skin and bone in terrestrial mammals. R. Soc. Open Sci. 9, 211587 (2022).Article 
ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Camin, F. et al. Multi-element (H, C, N, S) stable isotope characteristics of lamb meat from different European regions. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 389, 309–320 (2007).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Kohn, M. J. Carbon isotope compositions of terrestrial C3 plants as indicators of (paleo)ecology and (paleo)climate. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 107, 19691–19695 (2010).Article 
ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Clarkson, L. A. The manufacture of leather. In The Agrarian History of England and Wales, Vol VI, 1750–1820 (ed. Mingay, G. E.) 466–485 (Cambridge University Press, 1989).
Google Scholar 
Millard, A. R., Dodd, L. & Nowell, G. Palace Green Library excavations 2013 (PGL13): Isotopic Studies Project Report (2015).Bleasdale, M. et al. Multidisciplinary investigations of the diets of two post-medieval populations from London using stable isotopes and microdebris analysis. Archaeol. Anthropol. Sci. 11, 6161–6181 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
Thirsk, J. The English Rural Landscape (Oxford University Press, 2000).
Google Scholar 
Home, T. H. The Complete Grazier 5th edn. (Baldwin & Cradock, 1830).
Google Scholar 
Ellman, J. On folding sheep. The Farmers Magazine 110 (1831).Bogaard, A., Heaton, T. H. E., Poulton, P. & Merbach, I. The impact of manuring on nitrogen isotope ratios in cereals: Archaeological implications for reconstruction of diet and crop management practices. J. Archaeol. Sci. 34, 335–343 (2007).Article 

Google Scholar 
Schwertl, M., Auerswald, K., Schäufele, R. & Schnyder, H. Carbon and nitrogen stable isotope composition of cattle hair: Ecological fingerprints of production systems?. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 109, 153–165 (2005).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Trow-Smith, R. A History of British Livestock Husbandry, 1700–1900 (Keegan & Paul, 1959).
Google Scholar 
Babraj, J. A. et al. Collagen synthesis in human musculoskeletal tissues and skin. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 289, E864–E869 (2005).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
El-Harake, W. A. et al. Measurement of dermal collagen synthesis rate in vivo in humans. Am. J. Physiol. 274, E586–E591 (1998).CAS 

Google Scholar 
Fuller, B. T., Fuller, J. L., Harris, D. A. & Hedges, R. E. M. Detection of breastfeeding and weaning in modern human infants with carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 129, 279–293 (2006).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Houghton, J. Friday 7th 1694. In Husbandry and Trade Improv’d (ed. Bradley, R.) 323–330 (Woodman and Lyon, 1728).
Google Scholar 
de La Lande, J. & McCauley, G. The art of making parchment. Art Transl. 13, 326–386 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
Reed, R. Ancient Skins, Parchments and Leather (Seminar Press, 1973).
Google Scholar 
Mekota, A.-M., Grupe, G., Ufer, S. & Cuntz, U. Serial analysis of stable nitrogen and carbon isotopes in hair: Monitoring starvation and recovery phases of patients suffering from anorexia nervosa. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 20, 1604–1610 (2006).Article 
ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Neuberger, F. M., Jopp, E., Graw, M., Püschel, K. & Grupe, G. Signs of malnutrition and starvation–reconstruction of nutritional life histories by serial isotopic analyses of hair. Forensic Sci. Int. 226, 22–32 (2013).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Hargis, A. M. & Myers, S. The intergument. In Pathological Basis of Veterinary Disease 6th edn (ed. Zachary, J. F.) 1009–1146 (Elsevier, 2017).Chapter 

Google Scholar 
Hansard’s Parliamentary Debates, Volume 28, Third Series, comprising the period from 22nd May to 26th June 1835. (T.C. Hansard, 1835).US Department of Agriculture. Foot Rot of Sheep, FB2206 (USDA, 1972).
Google Scholar 
The House of Commons. Reports from Committees, Volume 8, Part 1 79–288 (Select Committee on Agricultural Distress, 1836).
Google Scholar 
Pálsson, H. & Vergés, J. B. Effects of the plane of nutrition on growth and the development of carcass quality in lambs Part I. The effects of High and Low planes of nutrition at different ages. J. Agric. Sci. 42, 1–92 (1952).Article 

Google Scholar 
Grau-Sologestoa, I. & Albarella, U. The ‘long’ sixteenth century: A key period of animal husbandry change in England. Archaeol. Anthropol. Sci. 11, 2781–2803 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
Fisher, A. & Thomas, R. Isotopic and zooarchaeological investigation of later medieval and post-medieval cattle husbandry at Dudley Castle, West Midlands. Environ. Archaeol. 17, 151–167 (2012).Article 

Google Scholar 
Jones, E. L. The Development of English Agriculture, 1815–1873 (Palgrave, 1968).Book 

Google Scholar 
Perren, R. Agriculture in Depression 1870–1940 (Cambridge University Press, 1995).
Google Scholar 
Osorio, M. T., Moloney, A. P., Schmidt, O. & Monahan, F. J. Beef authentication and retrospective dietary verification using stable isotope ratio analysis of bovine muscle and tail hair. J. Agric. Food Chem. 59, 3295–3305 (2011).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Zazzo, A. et al. Isotopic composition of sheep wool records seasonality of climate and diet. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 29, 1357–1369 (2015).Article 
ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Anonymous. Supplementary Chapter to ‘An Essay on Calcareous Manures’. in The Farmer’s Register. Vol. I. 76–79 (Printed for Edmund Ruffin, 1834).Szpak, P., Longstaffe, F. J., Millaire, J.-F. & White, C. D. Stable isotope biogeochemistry of seabird guano fertilization: Results from growth chamber studies with maize (Zea mays). PLoS One 7, e33741 (2012).Article 
ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Caird, S. J. English Agriculture in 1850–51 (Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, 1852).Book 

Google Scholar 
Prothero, R. E. English Farming, Past and Present (Longmans, Green, 1912).
Google Scholar 
Doherty, S. P., Henderson, S., Fiddyment, S., Finch, J. & Collins, M. J. Scratching the surface: The use of sheepskin parchment to deter textual erasure in early modern legal deeds. Herit. Sci. 9, 29 (2021).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Fiddyment, S. et al. Animal origin of 13th-century uterine vellum revealed using noninvasive peptide fingerprinting. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 112, 15066–15071 (2015).Article 
ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Campana, M. G. et al. A flock of sheep, goats and cattle: Ancient DNA analysis reveals complexities of historical parchment manufacture. J. Archaeol. Sci. 37, 1317–1325 (2010).Article 

Google Scholar 
Szpak, P., Metcalfe, J. Z. & Macdonald, R. A. Best practices for calibrating and reporting stable isotope measurements in archaeology. J. Archaeol. Sci. Rep. 13, 609–616 (2017).
Google Scholar 
Dombrosky, J. A. ~1000-year 13C Suess correction model for the study of past ecosystems. Holocene 30, 474–478 (2020).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar  More

Samples collection and preparationFreshwater and sediment samples were collected from 5 irrigation drains (EL-Shikah, EL- Tramsa, EL-Mahrosa, EL-Aslia, and EL-Rawy) located in the geographical area of Qena city, the capital of Qena Governorate, 600 km south of Cairo, (Figs. 1 and 2). 3 sites inside each drain were randomly selected as sampling site; one of these sites represents the outlet of the drain into the Nile River. In addition, one site facing each drain in the main stream of the Nile River was selected to collect freshwater only, thus the total number of samples are 20 freshwater and 15 sediment samples.Figure 1Location map of the area under study (ArcGIS software 10.8.1; ArcGIS Online).Full size imageFigure 2Irrigation drain under study.Full size imagePolyethylene Marinelli beakers with a capacity of 1.4 L are used as collection and measuring containers. The beakers were washed with dilute hydrochloric acid and distilled water before use, filled to brim, and then pressed the tight lid to eliminate the internal air. Drops of HNO3 were added to the samples to prevent the adhesive of radionuclides with bottle walls8.Sediment samples were collected by Ekman grab sediment sampler. The collected samples were dried using electrical oven at a temperature of 105℃ for 24 h, then sieved through 200 mesh size. The dried samples were filled in hermetical sealed 500 ml polyethylene beakers. The prepared water and sediment samples were stored for 4 weeks to reach a secular equilibrium of radium and thorium with their progenies9.Measuring systemsGamma-ray spectrometer consisting of ″3 × 3″ NaI (Tl) detector enclosed in 5 cm thick cylindrical lead shield to reduce the background radiation and connected with 1024 multichannel analyzer was used. The spectrometer was calibrated for energy using 60Co and 137Cs standard point sources, and calibrated for efficiency using a multi-nuclides standard solution which covers a wide range of energy10. The spectrum was accumulated from each sample over 24 h and analyzed by Maestro software. The background was measured under the same condition of sample measurement.226Ra was determined using 214Bi and 214Pb gamma-lines at 609 keV and 352 keV, respectively, while 232Th from gamma-lines of 228Ac (911 keV) and 212Pb (238 keV). 40K was determined from its single gamma-line at 1460 keV. The activity concentration was calculated using the following formula (Eq. 1)11.$$A = frac{{C_{n} }}{{T times varepsilon { } times {text{P}} times {text{V }}left( {{text{or}}} right){text{M}}}}$$
(1)

where A is the activity concentration (Bq kg−1) or (Bq l−1), Cn is the net counts under a given peak area, T the sample counting time, (varepsilon) is the detection efficiency at measured energy, P is the emission probability and V is the sample volume in liter, M is the sample mass in kilogram. Minimum detectable activity (MDA) was estimated according to Currie definition using Eq. 212 and the MDA values were 0.031, 0.035 and 1.94 Bq L−1 for 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K, respectively.$${text{MDA}} = frac{2.71 + 465sqrt B }{{T times varepsilon times P times V}}$$
(2)

where B is the background counts under a given peak area,T,ɛ, P, and V are defined above.Doses for aquatic organismsThe external and internal absorbed dose rate for aquatic organisms (Phytoplankton, Mollusca, and Crustacean) in the studied irrigation drains was calculated based on the measured activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K in environmental media (water and sediment) and using dose conversion coefficients of a given radionuclide for the reference organisms according to the method outlined by Brown et al. described below13,14.$$begin{aligned}& left( {Sediment,, conc. ,,wet} right)_{radionuclide} = (Sediment ,,conc. ,,dry)_{radionuclide} times left( {solids ,,fraction} right) \& qquad qquad + (water ,,conc.)_{radionuclide} times (1 – left( {solids ,,fraction} right). \ end{aligned}$$
(3)
$$begin{aligned}& left( {user2{External ,,dose ,,rate}} right)_{radionuclide,, organism} = DPUC_{radionuclide, ,organism}^{external} times left[ {Sediment ,conc. ,wet_{radionuclide} times left( {fsed_{organism} + fsedsur_{organism} /2} right)} right. \& quad quad left. { + left( {fwater_{organism} + fsedsur_{organism} /2} right) times water ,conc._{radionuclide } /1000} right] \ end{aligned}$$
(4)
$$left( {user2{Internal,dose,rate}} right)_{{radionuclide,,organism}} = ~left( {water,conc.} right)_{{radionuclide}} times CF_{{radionuclide}}^{{organism}} times DPUC_{{radionuclide,,organism}}^{{internal}}$$
(5)

where sediment conc. is the sediment activity concentration of a given radionuclide in Bq kg−1,water conc. is the water activity concentration of a given radionuclide in Bq m−3, CF is distribution coefficient factors for given radionuclide in freshwater sediment in m3 kg−1, DPUC is the dose rate per unit concentration coefficients (fresh weight) in μGy h−1 per Bq kg−1 weighted for radiation type (alpha = 10, low energy beta = 3, and high energy beta and gamma = 1), solids fraction of wet sediment (0.4), fsed organism is the time fraction spends by organism in sediment, fsedsur organism is the time fraction spends by organism at the sediment/water interface, fwater organism is the time fraction spends by organism in the water column. All parameters used in calculation are taken from Pröhl (2003)15 and Vives i Battle et al. (2004)16. The total dose is then calculated by summating the external and internal doses. More

Adeleye, M. A., Haberle, S. G., Gallagher, R., Andrew, S. C. & Herbert, A. Nat. Ecol. Evol., https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-022-01943-4 (2023).Mokany, K. et al. Ecography 2022, e06426 (2022).Article 

Google Scholar 
Violle, C. et al. Oikos 116, 882–892 (2007).Article 

Google Scholar 
Birks, H. J. B. Front. Ecol. Evol. 8, 166 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Reitalu, T. et al. J. Veg. Sci. 26, 911–922 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
Brussel, T. & Brewer, S. C. Front. Ecol. Evol. 8, 564609 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
van der Sande, M. T. et al. Ecol. Lett. 22, 925–935 (2019).Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Veeken, A., Santos, M. J., McGowan, S., Davies, A. L. & Schrodt, F. Ecol. Lett. 25, 1937–1951 (2022).Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Suárez-Castro, A. F., Raymundo, M., Bimler, M. & Mayfield, M. M. Ecography 2022, e05844 (2022).Article 

Google Scholar 
Biggs, C. R. et al. Ecosphere 11, e03184 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar  More