Ecology

Cardinale, B. J. et al. Biodiversity loss and its impact on humanity. Nature 486, 59–67 (2012).Article 
ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Schumaker, N. H. Using landscape indices to predict habitat connectivity. Ecology 77, 1210–1225 (1996).Article 

Google Scholar 
Pacifici, M. et al. Assessing species vulnerability to climate change. Nat. Clim. Chang. 5, 215–224 (2015).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Fahrig, L. Effects of habitat fragmentation on biodiversity. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 34, 487–515 (2003).Article 

Google Scholar 
Clavero, M., Brotons, L., Pons, P. & Sol, D. Prominent role of invasive species in avian biodiversity loss. Biol. Conserv. 142, 2043–2049 (2009).Article 

Google Scholar 
Soroye, P., Ahmed, N. & Kerr, J. T. Opportunistic citizen science data transform understanding of species distributions, phenology, and diversity gradients for global change research. Glob. Change Biol. 24, 5281–5291 (2018).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Gotelli, N. J. & Colwell, R. K. Quantifying biodiversity: Procedures and pitfalls in the measurement and comparison of species richness. Ecol. Lett. 4, 379–391 (2001).Article 

Google Scholar 
Dickinson, J. L., Zuckerberg, B. & Bonter, D. N. Citizen science as an ecological research tool: Challenges and benefits. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 41, 149–172 (2010).Article 

Google Scholar 
Kelling, S. et al. Using semistructured surveys to improve citizen science data for monitoring biodiversity. Bioscience 69, 170–179 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
Steen, V. A., Elphick, C. S. & Tingley, M. W. An evaluation of stringent filtering to improve species distribution models from citizen science data. Divers. Distrib. 25, 1857–1869 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
Crall, A. W. et al. Assessing citizen science data quality: An invasive species case study. Conserv. Lett. 4, 433–442 (2011).Article 

Google Scholar 
Bird, T. J. et al. Statistical solutions for error and bias in global citizen science datasets. Biol. Conserv. 173, 144–154 (2014).Article 

Google Scholar 
MacKenzie, D. I. et al. Estimating site occupancy rates when detection probabilities are less than one. Ecology 83, 2248–2255 (2002).Article 

Google Scholar 
Kellner, K. F. & Swihart, R. K. Accounting for imperfect detection in ecology: A quantitative review. PLoS ONE 9(10), E111436 (2014).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Weisshaupt, N., Lehikoinen, A., Mäkinen, T. & Koistinen, J. Challenges and benefits of using unstructured citizen science data to estimate seasonal timing of bird migration across large scales. PLoS ONE 16, e0246572 (2021).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Kéry, M. & Schmid, H. Estimating species richness: Calibrating a large avian monitoring programme. J. Appl. Ecol. 43, 101–110 (2006).Article 

Google Scholar 
Chao, A. & Chiu, C. H. Species richness: Estimation and comparison 1–26 (Wiley StatsRef: Statistics Reference Online, 2014).
Google Scholar 
Walther, B. A. & Moore, J. L. The concepts of bias, precision and accuracy, and their use in testing the performance of species richness estimators, with a literature review of estimator performance. Ecography 28, 815–829 (2005).Article 

Google Scholar 
Chao, A. & Lee, S.-M. Estimating the number of classes via sample coverage. J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 87, 210–217 (1992).Article 
MATH 

Google Scholar 
Walther, B. A. & Morand, S. Comparative performance of species richness estimation methods. Parasitology 116, 395–405 (1998).Article 

Google Scholar 
Walther, B. A. & Martin, J. L. Species richness estimation of bird communities: How to control for sampling effort?. Ibis 143, 413–419 (2001).Article 

Google Scholar 
Walther, B. A., Cotgreave, P., Price, R., Gregory, R. & Clayton, D. H. Sampling effort and parasite species richness. Parasitol. Today 11, 306–310 (1995).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Colwell, R. K. & Coddington, J. A. Estimating terrestrial biodiversity through extrapolation. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B Biol. Sci. 345, 101–118 (1994).Article 
ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Bean, W. T., Stafford, R. & Brashares, J. S. The effects of small sample size and sample bias on threshold selection and accuracy assessment of species distribution models. Ecography 35, 250–258 (2012).Article 

Google Scholar 
Flather, C. Fitting species–accumulation functions and assessing regional land use impacts on avian diversity. J. Biogeogr. 23, 155–168 (1996).Article 

Google Scholar 
White, P. E. et al. A comparison of the species–time relationship across ecosystems and taxonomic groups. Oikos 112, 185–195 (2006).Article 

Google Scholar 
McGlinn, D. J. & Palmer, M. W. Modeling the sampling effect in the species–time–area relationship. Ecology 90, 836–846 (2009).Article 

Google Scholar 
Isaac, N. J. et al. Statistics for citizen science: Extracting signals of change from noisy ecological data. Method Ecol. Evol. 5, 1052–1060 (2014).Article 

Google Scholar 
Ding, T. et al. The 2020 CWBF checklist of the birds of Taiwan (Chinese Wild Bird Federation, 2020).
Google Scholar 
Lin, M.-M. et al. Bird records database of a Taiwanese non-governmental organization, the Chinese wild bird federation, from 1972 to 2017. TW. J. Biodivers. 21, 83–101 (2019).
Google Scholar 
Dokter, A. M., Desmet, P., Van Hoey, S. (2022) bioRad: Biological analysis and visualization of weather radar data: v0. 6.0Strimas-Mackey, M. et al. (2020) Best practices for using eBird Data. Version 1.0. Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology, Ithaca, New York, 10.5281/zenodo.3620739Robinson, O. J. et al. Using citizen science data in integrated population models to inform conservation. Biol. Conserv. 227, 361–368 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
Callaghan, C. T., Martin, J. M., Major, R. E. & Kingsford, R. T. Avian monitoring–comparing structured and unstructured citizen science. Wildl. Res. 45, 176–184 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
Robinson, W. D., Hallman, T. A. & Hutchinson, R. A. Benchmark bird surveys help quantify counting accuracy in a citizen-science database. Front. Ecol. Evol. 9, 568278 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
Neate-Clegg, M. H., Horns, J. J., Adler, F. R., Aytekin, M. Ç. K. & Şekercioğlu, Ç. H. Monitoring the world’s bird populations with community science data. Biol. Conserv. 248, 108653 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Chao, A. Nonparametric estimation of the number of classes in a population. Scand. J. Stat 1, 265–270 (1984).
Google Scholar 
Hsieh, T., Ma, K. & Chao, A. iNEXT: An R package for rarefaction and extrapolation of species diversity (Hill numbers). Methods Ecol. Evol. 7, 1451–1456 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
Team, R. C. (2013).R: A language and environment for statistical computing.James, G., Witten, D., Hastie, T. & Tibshirani, R. An Introduction to Statistical Learning Vol. 112 (Springer, 2013).Book 
MATH 

Google Scholar 
Magurran, A. E. & McGill, B. J. Biological diversity: Frontiers in measurement and assessment (OUP Oxford, 2010).
Google Scholar 
Spiess, A.-N. (2018) Package ‘propagate’RC Team, C Worldwide. The R stats package (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2002).
Google Scholar 
Guralnick, R. & Van Cleve, J. Strengths and weaknesses of museum and national survey data sets for predicting regional species richness: Comparative and combined approaches. Divers. Distrib. 11, 349–359 (2005).Article 

Google Scholar 
Dar, T. A. et al. Bird community structure in Phakot and Pathri Rao watershed areas in Uttarakhand. India. Int. J. Environ. Sci. 34, 193–205 (2008).
Google Scholar 
Azevedo, G. H. et al. Effectiveness of sampling methods and further sampling for accessing spider diversity: A case study in a Brazilian Atlantic rainforest fragment. Insect. Conserv. Divers. 7, 381–391 (2014).Article 

Google Scholar 
Bonter, D. N. & Cooper, C. B. Data validation in citizen science: A case study from project feederwatch. Front. Ecol. Environ. 10, 305–307 (2012).Article 

Google Scholar 
Gómez-Martínez, C. et al. Forest fragmentation modifies the composition of bumblebee communities and modulates their trophic and competitive interactions for pollination. Sci. Rep. 10, 1–15 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Sullivan, B. L. et al. eBird: A citizen-based bird observation network in the biological sciences. Biol. Conserv. 142, 2282–2292 (2009).Article 

Google Scholar 
Newson, S. E., Woodburn, R. J., Noble, D. G., Baillie, S. R. & Gregory, R. D. Evaluating the breeding bird survey for producing national population size and density estimates. Bird Study 52, 42–54 (2005).Article 

Google Scholar 
Robbins, C. S. Effect of time of day on bird activity. Stud. Avian Biol. 6, 275–286 (1981).
Google Scholar 
Farmer, R. G., Leonard, M. L. & Horn, A. G. Observer effects and avian-call-count survey quality: Rare-species biases and overconfidence. Auk 129, 76–86 (2012).Article 

Google Scholar 
Gardiner, M. M. et al. Lessons from lady beetles: Accuracy of monitoring data from US and UK citizen-science programs. Front. Ecol. Environ. 10, 471–476 (2012).Article 

Google Scholar 
Swanson, A., Kosmala, M., Lintott, C. & Packer, C. A generalized approach for producing, quantifying, and validating citizen science data from wildlife images. Conserv. Biol. 30, 520–531 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
Ratnieks, F. L. et al. Data reliability in citizen science: Learning curve and the effects of training method, volunteer background and experience on identification accuracy of insects visiting ivy flowers. Methods Ecol. Evol. 7, 1226–1235 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
Lopez, L. C. S., de Aguiar Fracasso, M. P., Mesquita, D. O., Palma, A. R. T. & Riul, P. The relationship between percentage of singletons and sampling effort: A new approach to reduce the bias of richness estimates. Ecol. Indicators 14, 164–169 (2012).Article 

Google Scholar 
Bunge, J. & Fitzpatrick, M. Estimating the number of species: A review. J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 88, 364–373 (1993).
Google Scholar 
SoberónM, J. & LlorenteB, J. The use of species accumulation functions for the prediction of species richness. Conserv. Biol. 7, 480–488 (1993).Article 

Google Scholar 
Magurran, A. E. Species abundance distributions over time. Ecol. Lett. 10, 347–354 (2007).Article 

Google Scholar 
de Caprariis, P., Lindemann, R. & Haimes, R. A relationship between sample size and accuracy of species richness predictions. J. Int. Assoc. Math. Geol. 13, 351–355 (1981).Article 

Google Scholar 
Klemann-Junior, L., Villegas Vallejos, M. A., Scherer-Neto, P. & Vitule, J. R. S. Traditional scientific data vs. uncoordinated citizen science effort: A review of the current status and comparison of data on avifauna in Southern Brazil. PLoS ONE 12, e0188819. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0188819 (2017).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Tulloch, A. I. & Szabo, J. K. A behavioural ecology approach to understand volunteer surveying for citizen science datasets. Emu 112, 313–325 (2012).Article 

Google Scholar 
Boakes, E. H. et al. Distorted views of biodiversity: Spatial and temporal bias in species occurrence data. PLoS Biol. 8, e1000385 (2010).Article 

Google Scholar 
Kamp, J. et al. Unstructured citizen science data fail to detect long-term population declines of common birds in Denmark. Divers. Distrib. 22, 1024–1035. https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12463 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
Lin, Y.-P. et al. Uncertainty analysis of crowd-sourced and professionally collected field data used in species distribution models of Taiwanese moths. Biol. Conserv. 181, 102–110 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
Fletcher, R. J. Jr. et al. A practical guide for combining data to model species distributions. Ecology 100, e02710 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar  More

Špinar, Z. V. Revize nĕkterých moravských diskosauriscidů (Labyrinthodontia). Rozpravy Ústředního Ústavu Geologického. 15, 1–115 (1952).
Google Scholar 
Klembara, J. & Meszároš, Š. New finds of Discosauriscus austriacus (Makowsky 1876) from the Lower Permian of the Boskovice Furrow (Czecho-Slovakia). Geol. Carpath. 43, 305–312 (1992).
Google Scholar 
Klembara, J. The external gills and ornamentation of the skull roof bones of the Lower Permian tetrapod Discosauriscus austriacus (Makowsky 1876) with remarks to its ontogeny. Paläontol. Z. 69, 265–281 (1995).
Google Scholar 
Klembara, J. The cranial anatomy of Discosauriscus Kuhn, a seymouriamorph tetrapod from the Lower Permian of the Boskovice Furrow (Czech Republic). Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B 352, 257–302 (1997).ADS 

Google Scholar 
Calábková, G., Březina, J. & Madzia, D. Evidence of large terrestrial seymouriamorphs in the lowermost Permian of the Czech Republic. Pap. Palaeontol. https://doi.org/10.1002/spp2.1428 (2022).Article 

Google Scholar 
Makowsky, A. Über einen neuen Labyrinthodonten ‘Archegosaurus austriacus nov. spec’. Sitzungsberichte der keiserischen Akademie der Wissenschaft. 73, 155–166 (1876).
Google Scholar 
Fritsch, H. A. Neue Übersicht der in der Gaskohle und den Kalksteinen der Permformation in Böhmen vorgefundenen Tierreste. Sitzungsberichte der königlichen böhmische Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften in Prag 1879, 184–195 (1880).
Google Scholar 
Klembara, J. A new discosauriscid seymouriamorph tetrapod from the Lower Permian of Moravia, Czech Republic. Acta Palaeontol. Pol. 50, 25–48 (2005).
Google Scholar 
Klembara, J. New cranial and dental features of Discosauriscus austriacus (Seymouriamorpha, Discosauriscidae) and the ontogenetic conditions of Discosauriscus. Spec. Pap. Palaeontol. 81, 61–69 (2009).
Google Scholar 
Klembara, J. A new find of discosauriscid seymouriamorph from the Lower Permian of Boskovice Basin in Moravia (the Czech Republic). Fossil Imprint 72, 117–121 (2016).
Google Scholar 
Augusta, J. Spodnopermaská zvířena a květena z nového naleziště za pilou dolu “Antonín” u Zbýšova na Moravě. Věstník Státního geologického Ústavu. 22(4), 187–224 (1947).
Google Scholar 
Milner, A. W., Klembara, J. & Dostál, O. A zatrachydid temnospondyl from the Lower Permian of the Boskovice Furrow in Moravia (Czech Republic). J. Vertebr. Paleontol. 27, 711–715 (2007).
Google Scholar 
Klembara, J. & Steyer, S. A new species of Sclerocephalus (Temnospondyli: Stereospondylomorpha) from the Early Permian of the Boskovice Basin (Czech Republic). J. Paleontol. 86, 302–310 (2012).
Google Scholar 
Zajíc, J. & Štamberg, S. Selected important fossiliferous horizons of the Boskovice Basin in the light of the new zoopaleontological data. Acta Musei Reginaehradecensis A 30, 5–15 (2004).
Google Scholar 
Štamberg, S. & Zajíc, J. Carboniferous and Permian faunas and Their Occurrence in the Limnic Basins of the Czech Republic Museum of Eastern Bohemia (Hradec Králové, 2008).Calábková, G. & Nosek, V. Stopy velkého čtvernožce z permu boskovické brázdy. Sborník Muzea Brněnska. 59–68 (2022).Calábková, G., Březina, J., Nosek, V. & Madzia, D. High diversity of tetrapods in the lower Permian of the Boskovice Basin, Czech Republic. In 21st Slovak-Czech-Polish Paleontological Conference, Bratislava, Slovakia 113–114 (2022).Fritsch, H. A. Über die Fauna der Gaskohle der Pilsner und Rakonitzer Beckens. In Věstník Královské české společnosti nauk. Třída mathematicko-přírodovědecká. 70–79. (Praha, 1875).Fritsch, A. Fauna der Gaskohle und der Kalksteine der Permformation Böhmens. II/2. Prague: F. Řivnáč. 33–64 (1885).Fritsch, H. A. Ueber neue Wirbelthiere aus der Permformation Böhmens nebst einer Uebersicht der aus derselben bekannt gewordenen Arten. Sitzungsberichte der königl. böhmischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften, mathematischnaturwissenschaftliche Classe 52, 17 (1895).Švestka, F. Příspěvek k dnešní bilanci nálezů rostlinných fossilií z uhelné pánve rosicko-oslavanské a památné Rybičkové skály pod spodnopermským Konvizem u Padochova. Příroda. 35(5), 116–119 (1943).
Google Scholar 
Švestka, F. Druhý příspěvek k fytopaleontologickému Průzkumu spodního perrnu a permokarbonu Oslavan, Padochova a Zbýšova. Příroda. 36, 159–165 (1944).
Google Scholar 
Fritsch, A. Fauna der Gaskohle und der Kalksteine der Permformation Böhmens II/4. Prague: F. Řivnáč. 93–114 (1889).Reisz, R. R. Pennsylvanian Pelycosaurs from Linton, Ohio and Nýřany, Czechoslovakia. J. Paleontol. 49, 522–527 (1975).
Google Scholar 
Fröbisch, J., Schoch, R. R., Müller, J., Schindler, T. & Schweiss, D. A new basal sphenacodontid synapsid from the Late Carboniferous of the Saar-Nahe Basin, Germany. Acta Palaeontol. Pol. 56, 113–120 (2011).
Google Scholar 
Spindler, F., Voigt, S. & Fischer, J. Edaphosauridae (Synapsida, Eupelycosauria) from Europe and their relationship to North American representatives. PalZ. 94, 125–153 (2019).
Google Scholar 
Jaroš, J. Litostratigrafie permokarbonu Boskovické brázdy. Věstník Ústředního ústavu geologického 38, 115–118 (1963).
Google Scholar 
Jaroš J. & Malý, L. Boskovická brázda. 208–223. In Geologie a ložiska svrchnopaleozoických limnických pánví České republiky (ed. PEšEK, J.) (Český geologický ústav, 2001).Pešek, J. Late Paleozoic limnic basins and coal deposits of the Czech Republic. Folia Musei Rerum Naturalium Bohemiae occidentalis: Geologica et Paleobiologica, 1 (2004).Jaroš, J. Geologický vývoj a stavba boskovické brázdy. PhD thesis, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic (1962).Houzar, S., Hršelová, P., Gilíková, H., Buriánek, D. & Nehyba, S. Přehled historie vyzkumů permokarbonskych sedimentů jižni časti boskovicke brazdy (Čast 2. Geologie a petrografie). Acta Musei Moraviae Scientiae Geologicae. 102, 3–65 (2017).
Google Scholar 
Opluštil, S., Jirásek, J., Schmitz, M. & Matýsek, D. Biotic changes around the radioisotopically constrained Carboniferous-Permian boundary in the Boskovice Basin (Czech Republic). Bull. Geosci. 92, 95–122 (2017).
Google Scholar 
Dopita, M., Havlena, V. & Pešek, J. Ložiska fosilních paliv. Vyd. 1. Nakladatelství technické literatury, Praha (1985).Pešek, J., Holub, V., Jaroš, J., Malý, L., Martínek, K., Prouza, V., Spudil, J. & Tasler, R. Geologie a ložiska svrchnopaleozoických limnických pánví České republiky. Český geologický ústav, Praha (2001).Šimůnek, Z. & Martínek, K. A study of Late Carboniferous and Early Permian plant assemblages from the Boskovice Basin, Czech Republic. Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 155, 275–307 (2009).
Google Scholar 
Kukalová, J. On the Family Blattinopsidae Bolton, 1925 (Insecta, Protorthoptera). Rozpravy Československé akademie věd, Rada matematických a přírodních věd 69, 1–27 (1959).
Google Scholar 
Kukalová, J. Permian protelytroptera, coleoptera and protorthoptera (insecta) of Moravia. Sborník geologických věd, Paleontonologie. 6, 61–98 (1965).
Google Scholar 
Schneider, J. W. Zur Entomofauna des Jungpalaozoikums der Boskovicer Furche (ČSSR), Teil 1: Mylacridae (Insecta, Blattoidea). Freiberger Forschungshefte C 357, 43–55 (1980).
Google Scholar 
Schneider, J. W. Zur Entomofauna des Jungpalaozoikums der Boskovicer Furche (ČSSR), Teil 2: Phyloblattidae (Insecta, Blattoidea). Freiberger Forschungshefte C 395, 19–37 (1984).
Google Scholar 
Zajíc, J. Sladkovodní mikrovertebrátní společenstva svrchního Stefanu a spodního autunu Čech. Závěrečný zpráva za grant GAČR, MS, Česká geologický Ústav, 1–61. Praha (1996).Zajíc, J., Martínek, K., Šimůnek Z. & Drábková, J. Permokarbon Boskovické brázdy ve výkopu pro rozšíření tranzitního plynovodu. Zprávy o geologických výzkumech v roce 1995, 179–182. Praha. (1996).Ivanov, M. Přehled historie paleontologickeho badani v permokarbonu boskovicke brazdy na Moravě. Acta Musei Moraviae Scientiae Geologicae. 88, 3–112 (2003).
Google Scholar 
Zajíc, J. Vertebrate biozonation of the Permo-Carboniferous lakes of the Czech Republic: New data. Acta Musei Reginaehradecensis A 30, 15–16 (2004).
Google Scholar 
Zajíc, J. Permian acanthodians of the Czech Republic Czech Geological Survey Special Paper. 18, 1–42 (2005).Štamberg, S. Fossiliferous Early Permian horizons of the Krkonoše Piedmont Basin and the Boskovice Graben (Bohemian Massif) in view of the occurrence of actinopterygians. Paläontologie, Stratigraphie, Fazies (22). Freiberger Forschungshefte, C, 548, 45–60 (2014).Kukalová, J. Permian insects of Moravia. Part I: Miomoptera. Sborník geologických věd, Paleontonologie 1, 7–52 (1963).
Google Scholar 
Kukalová, J. Permian insects of Moravia. Part II: Liomopteridae. Sborník geologických věd, Paleontonologie. 3, 3–118 (1964).
Google Scholar 
Štamberg, S. Permo-Carboniferous actinopterygians of the Boskovice Graben. Part 1. Neslovicella, Bourbonnella, Letovichthys. Museum of Eastern Bohemia in Hradec Králové (2007).Klembara, J. The skeletal anatomy and relationships of a new discosauriscid seymouriamorph from the Lower Permian of Moravia (Czech Republic). Ann. Carnegie Museum 77, 451–484 (2009).
Google Scholar 
Klembara, J. & Mikudíková, M. New cranial material of Discosauriscus pulcherrimus (Seymouriamorpha, Discosauriscidae) from the Lower Permian of the Boskovice Basin (Czech Republic). Earth Environ. Sci. Trans. R. Soc. Edinb. 109, 225–236 (2018).
Google Scholar 
Leonardi, G. Glossary and Manual of Tetrapod Footprint Palaeoichnology 1–117 (Departamento Nacional de Producao Mineral, 1987).
Google Scholar 
Porter, S., Roussel, M. & Soressi, M. A simple photogrammetry rig for the reliable creation of 3D artifact models in the field: Lithic examples from the early upper paleolithic sequence of Les Cottés (France). Adv. Archaeol. Pract. 4, 1–86 (2016).
Google Scholar 
Westoby, M. J., Brasington, J., Glasser, N. F., Hambrey, M. J. & Reynolds, J. M. ‘Structure-from-Motion’ photogrammetry: A low-cost, effective tool for geoscience applications. Geomorphology 179, 300–314 (2012).ADS 

Google Scholar 
Yilmaz, H., Yakar, M., Gulec, S. & Dulgerler, O. Importance of digital close-range photogrammetry in documentation of cultural heritage. J. Cult. Herit. 8(4), 428–433 (2007).
Google Scholar 
Haeckel, E. Generelle Morphologie der Organismen (Reimer, 1866).
Google Scholar 
Osborn, H. F. The reptilian subclasses Diapsida and Synapsida and the early history of the Diaptosauria. Mem. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 1, 265–270 (1903).
Google Scholar 
Romer, A. S. & Price, L. I. Review of the Pelycosauria. Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Pap. 28, 1–538 (1940).
Google Scholar 
Geinitz, H. B. Beiträge zur Kenntnis der organischen Überreste in der Dyas (oder permischen Formation zum Theil) und über den Namen Dyas: Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Geologie und Paläontologie. 385–398 (1863).Voigt, S. & Lucas, S. G. Outline of a Permian tetrapod footprint ichnostratigraphy. 387–404. In The Permian Timescale: An Introduction (eds. Lucas, S. G. and Shen, S. Z.) 450 (Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 2016). https://doi.org/10.1144/SP450.10 (2016).Voigt, S. & Ganzelewski, M. Toward the origin of amniotes: Diadectomorph and synapsid footprints from the early Late Carboniferous of Germany. Acta Palaeontol. Pol. 55, 57–72 (2010).
Google Scholar 
Marchetti, L. et al. Defining the morphological quality of fossil footprints. Problems and principles of preservation in tetrapod ichnology with examples from the Palaeozoic to the present. Earth Sci. Rev. 193, 109–145 (2019).ADS 

Google Scholar 
Voigt, S. Die Tetrapodenichnofauna des kontinentalen Oberkarbon und Perm im Thüringer Wald—Ichnotaxonomie, Paläoökologie und Biostratigraphie. Cuvillier, Göttingen (2005).Voigt, S. & Lucas, S. G. On a diverse tetrapod ichnofauna from early Permian red beds in San Miguel County, north-central New Mexico: New Mexico Geological Society. Guidebook. 66, 241–252 (2015).
Google Scholar 
Tilton, J. L. Permian vertebrate tracks in West Virginia. Bull. Geol. Soc. Am. 42, 547–556 (1931).
Google Scholar 
Van Allen, H. E. K., Calder, J. H. & Hunt, A. P. The trackway record of a tetrapod community in a walchian conifer forest from the Permo-Carboniferous of Nova Scotia. N. M. Mus. Nat. Hist. Sci. Bull. 30, 322–332 (2005).
Google Scholar 
Gand, G. Les traces de Vertébrés Tétrapodes du Permien français: Paléontologie, stratigraphie, paléoenvironnements (Bourgogne University, 1987).
Google Scholar 
Sacchi, E., Cifelli, R., Citton, P., Nicosia, U. & Romano, M. Dimetropus osageorum n. isp. from the Early Permian of Oklahoma (USA): A trace and its trackmaker. Ichnos 21, 175–192 (2014).
Google Scholar 
Buchwitz, M. & Voigt, S. On the morphological variability of Ichniotherium tracks and evolution of locomotion in the sistergroup of amniotes. PeerJ 6, e4346. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4346 (2018).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Mujal, E., Marchetti, L., Schoch, R. R. & Fortuny, J. Upper Paleozoic to lower mesozoic tetrapod ichnology revisited: Photogrammetry and relative depth pattern inferences on functional prevalence of autopodia. Front. Earth Sci. 8(248), 1–23 (2020).
Google Scholar 
Lucas, S. G., Kollar, A. D., Berman, D. S. & Henrici, A. C. Pelycosaurian-grade (Amniota: Synapsida) footprints from the Lower Permian Dunkard Group of Pennsylvania and West Virginia. Ann. Carnegie Mus. 83(4), 287–294 (2016).
Google Scholar 
Haubold, H., Hunt, A. P., Lucas, S. G. & Lockley, M. G. Wolfcampian (Early Permian) vertebrate tracks from Arizona and New Mexico. N. M. Mus. Nat. Hist. Sci. Bull. 6, 135–165 (1995).
Google Scholar 
Meade, L. E., Jones, A. S. & Butler, R. J. A revision of tetrapod footprints from the late Carboniferous of the West Midlands, UK. PeerJ 4, e2718. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2718 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
Haubold, H. Die Tetrapodenfährten des Buntsandsteins. Paläontologische Abhandlungen A. IV, 395–548 (1971).Gand, G. & Haubold, H. Traces de Vertébrés du Permien du bassin de Saint-Affrique (Description, datation, comparaison avec celles du bassin de Lodève). Géologie Méditerranéenne 11, 321–348 (1984).
Google Scholar 
Voigt, S., Niedźwiedski, G., Raczyński, P., Mastaler, K. & Ptaszyński, T. Early Permian tetrapod ichnofauna from the Intra-Sudetic Basin, SW Poland. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 313–314, 173–180 (2012).
Google Scholar 
Niedźwiedzki, G. & Bojanowski, M. A supposed eupelycosaur body impression from the Early Permian of the Intra-Sudetic Basin, Poland. Ichnos Int. J. Plant Anim. Traces. 19(3), 150–155 (2012).
Google Scholar 
Marchetti, L. New occurrences of tetrapod ichnotaxa from the Permian Orobic Basin (Northern Italy) and critical discussion of the age of the ichnoassociation. Pap. Palaeontol. 2, 363–386. https://doi.org/10.1002/spp2.1045 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
Mujal, E. et al. Palaeoenvironmental reconstruction and early Permian ichnoassemblage from the NE Iberian Peninsula (Pyrenean Basin). Geol. Mag. 153, 578–600 (2016).ADS 

Google Scholar 
Matamales-Andreu, R., Mujal, E., Galobart, A. & Fortuny, J. Insights on the evolution of synapsid locomotion based on tetrapod tracks from the lower Permian of Mallorca (Balearic Islands, western Mediterranean). Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 579, 110589 (2021).
Google Scholar 
Matamales-Andreu, R. et al. Early–middle Permian ecosystems of equatorial Pangaea: Integrated multi-stratigraphic and palaeontological review of the Permian of Mallorca (Balearic Islands, western Mediterranean. Earth Sci. Rev. 228, 103948 (2022).
Google Scholar 
Voigt, S., Lagnaoui, A., Hminna, A., Saber, H. & Schneider, J. W. Revisional notes on the Permian tetrapod ichnofauna from the Tiddas Basin, central Morocco. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 302, 474–483 (2011).
Google Scholar 
Voigt, S., Saber, H., Schneider, J. W., Hmich, D. & Hminna, A. Late Carboniferous-early Permian tetrapod ichnofauna from the Khenifra Basin, central Morocco. Geobios 44, 309–407 (2011).
Google Scholar 
Lagnaoui, A. et al. Late Carboniferous tetrapod footprints from the Souss Basin, Western High Atlas Mountains, Morocco. Ichnos https://doi.org/10.1080/10420940.2017.1320284 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
Fichter, J. Aktuopaläontologische Studien zur Lokomotion rezenter Urodelen und Lacertilier sowie paläontologische Untersuchungen an Tetrapodenfährten des Rotliegenden (Unter-Perm) SW-Deutschlands. PhD thesis. Johannes-Gutenberg University, Mainz (1979).Haubold, H. The Early Permian tetrapod ichnofauna of Tambach, the changing concepts in ichnotaxonomy. Hallesches Jahrb. Geowiss. B 20, 1–16 (1998).Haubold, H. Tetrapodenfährten aus dem Perm—Kenntnisstand und Progress 2000. Hallesches Jahrb. Geowiss. B 22, 1–16 (2000).Romano, M., Citton, P. & Nicosia, U. Corroborating trackmaker identification through footprint functional analysis: The case study of Ichniotherium and Dimetropus. Lethaia 49(1), 102–116. https://doi.org/10.1111/let.12136 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
Ford, D. P. & Benson, J. B. R. The phylogeny of early amniotes and the affinities of Parareptilia and Varanopidae. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 4, 57–65. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-019-1047-3 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Modesto, S. P. Rooting about reptile relationships. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 4, 10–11 (2020).
Google Scholar 
Spindler, F. et al. First arboreal ’pelycosaurs’ (Synapsida: Varanopidae) from the early Permian Chemnitz Fossil Lagerstätte, SE Germany, with a review of varanopid phylogeny. PalZ. 92, 315–364 (2018).
Google Scholar 
Haubold, H. & Sarjeant, W. A. S. Tetrapodenfährten aus den Keele und Enville Groups (Permokarbon: Stefan und Autun) von Shropshire und South Staffordshire. Großbritannien. Z. geol. Wiss 1, 895–933 (1973).
Google Scholar 
Kümmell, S., Abdala, F., Sassoon, J. & Abdala, V. Evolution and identity of synapsid carpal bones. Acta Palaeontol. Pol. 65(4), 649–678 (2020).
Google Scholar 
Berman, D. S. et al. New primitive caseid (Synapsida, Caseasauria) from the Early Permian of Germany. Ann. Carnegie Museum 86(1), 47–74 (2020).
Google Scholar 
Spindler, F., Falconnet, J. & Fröbisch, J. Callibrachion and Datheosaurus, Two Historical and Previously Mistaken Basal Caseasaurian Synapsids From Europe. Acta Palaeontol. Pol. 61(3), 597–616 (2016).
Google Scholar 
Reisz, R. R., Madin, H. C., Fröbisch, J. & Falconnet, J. A new large caseid (Synapsida, Caseasauria) from the Permian of Rodez (France), including a reappraisal of “Casea” rutena Sigogneau-Russell & Russell, 1974. Geodiversitas 33(2), 227–246. https://doi.org/10.5252/g2011n2a2 (2011).Article 

Google Scholar 
Voigt, S. & Lucas, S. G. Permian tetrapod ichnodiversity of the Prehistoric Trackways National Monument (south-central New Mexico, USA). N. M. Mus. Nat. Hist. Sci. Bull. 65, 153–167 (2015).
Google Scholar 
Brand, L. R. Variations in salamander trackways resulting from substrate differences. J. Paleontol. 70, 1004–1010 (1996).
Google Scholar 
Krapovickas, V., Marsicano, C. A., Mancuso, A. C., de la Fuente, M. S. & Ottone, E. G. Tetrapod and invertebrate trace fossils from aeolian deposits of the lower Permian of central-western Argentina. Hist. Biol. 27, 827–842 (2015).
Google Scholar 
Benson, R. B. J. Interrelationships of basal synapsids: Cranial and postcranial morphological partitions suggest different topologies. J. Syst. Paleontol. 10, 601–624 (2012).
Google Scholar 
Spindler, F. The basal Sphenacodontia—Systematic revision and evolutionary implications. PhD Thesis, Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg, Germany (2015).Spindler, F. Re-evaluation of an early sphenacodontian synapsid from the Lower Permian of England. Earth Environ. Sci. Trans. R. Soc. Edinb. 111, 27–37 (2020).
Google Scholar 
Reisz, R. R. & Fröbisch, J. The oldest caseid synapsid from the Late Pennsylvanian of Kansas, and the evolution of herbivory in terrestrial vertebrates. PLoS ONE 9(4), e94518. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.00945 (2014) (1–9).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Werneburg, R., Spindler, F., Falconnet, J., Steyer, J.-S., Vianey-Liaud, M & Schneider, J. W. New caseid synapsid from the Permian (Guadalupian) of the Lodève basin (Occitanie, France). Palaeo Vertebrata 1–36 (2022).Ronchi, A., Sacchi, E., Romano, M. & Nicosia, U. A huge caseid pelycosaur from north-western Sardinia and its bearing on European Permian stratigraphy and palaeobiogeography. Acta Palaeontol. Pol. 56, 723–738 (2011).
Google Scholar 
Romano, M. & Nicosia, U. Alierasaurus ronchii, gen. et. Sp. nov., a caseid from the Permian of Sardinia, Italy. J. Vertebr. Paleontol. 34, 900–913 (2014).
Google Scholar 
Maddin, H. C., Sidor, C. A. & Reisz, R. R. Cranial anatomy of Ennatosaurus tecton (Synapsida: Caseidae) from the Middle Permian of Russia and the evolutionary relationships of Caseidae. J. Vertebr. Paleontol. 28, 160–180 (2008).
Google Scholar 
Langiaux, J., Parriat, H. & Sotty, D. Faune fossile du bassin de Blanzy-Montceau. La Physiophilie. 80, 55–67 (1974).
Google Scholar 
Gaudry, A. Sur un reptile très perfectionné trouvé dans le terrain permien. Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des Séances de l’Académie des Sciences. 91(16), 669–671 (1880).
Google Scholar 
Reisz, R. R. Handbuch der Paläoherpetologie. Teil 17A, Pelycosauria. (Gustav Fischer Verlag, 1986).Ziegler, J. et al. U-Pb ages of magmatic and detrital zircon of the Döhlen Basin: Geological history of a Permian strike-slip basin in the Elbe Zone (Germany). Int. J. Earth Sci. 108, 887–910 (2019).
Google Scholar  More

Lal, R. Soil Carbon sequestration impacts on global climate change and food security. Science 30, 1623–1627 (2004).ADS 

Google Scholar 
Stockmann, U. et al. The knowns, known unknowns and unknowns of sequestration of soil organic carbon. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 164, 80–99 (2013).CAS 

Google Scholar 
Batjes, N. H. Total carbon and nitrogen in the soils of the world. Eur. J. Soil Sci. 47(2), 151–163 (1996).CAS 

Google Scholar 
Michalzik, B., Kalbitz, K., Park, J. H., Solinger, S. & Matzner, E. Fluxes and concentrations of dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen: A synthesis for temperate forests. Biogeochemistry 52, 173–205 (2001).
Google Scholar 
Malik, A. A. et al. Defining trait-based microbial strategies with consequences for soil carbon cycling under climate change. ISME J. 14, 1–9 (2020).CAS 

Google Scholar 
Song, M. H. et al. Shifts in priming partly explain impacts of long-term nitrogen input in different chemical forms on soil organic carbon storage. Glob. Chang. Biol. 24, 4160–4172 (2018).ADS 

Google Scholar 
Okolo, C. C. et al. Priming effect in semi-arid soils of northern Ethiopia under different land use types. Biogeochemistry https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-022-00905-z (2022).Article 

Google Scholar 
Eze, P. N., Udeigwe, T. K. & Stietiya, M. H. Distribution and potential source evaluation of heavy metals in prominent soils of Accra plains, Ghana. Geoderma 156(3–4), 357–362 (2010).ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Eze, P. N., Mbakwe, I. & Okolo, C. C. Ecosystem functions of the soil highlighted in Igbo proverbs. In IUSS Global Soil Proverbs: Cultural Language of the Soil (eds Yang, J. E. et al.) (Schweizerbart and Borntraeger Science Publishers, 2019).
Google Scholar 
Nottingham, A. T. et al. Adaptation of soil microbial growth to temperature: Using a tropical elevation gradient to predict future changes. Glob. Chang. Biol. 25, 827–838 (2019).ADS 

Google Scholar 
Paul, K. I., Polglase, P. J., Nyakuengama, J. G. & Khanna, P. K. Change in soil carbon following afforestation. Forest Ecol. Manag. 168, 241–257 (2002).
Google Scholar 
Batjes, N. H. Options for increasing carbon sequestration in West Africa soils: An exploratory study with special focus on Senegal. Land Degrad. Dev. 12, 131–142 (2001).
Google Scholar 
Powlson, D. S., Whitmore, A. P. & Goulding, K. W. T. Soil carbon sequestration to mitigate climate change: A critical re-examination to identify the true and the false. Eur. J. Soil Sci. 62, 42–55 (2011).CAS 

Google Scholar 
Zhang, K., Dang, H., Zhang, Q. & Cheng, X. Soil carbon dynamics following land-use change varied with temperature and precipitation gradients: Evidence from stable isotopes. Glob. Chang. Biol. 21, 2762–2772 (2015).ADS 

Google Scholar 
Gebresamuel, G. et al. Nutrient Balance of farming systems in tigray, Northern Ethiopia. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. 21, 315–328 (2021).CAS 

Google Scholar 
IPCC, Climate Change: The physical science basis. Contribution of working Group I to the Fourth Assessment. In Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Eds. Solomon, S., Quin, D and Manning, M). (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK) (2007).Yang, Y. S., Xie, J. S. & Sheng, H. The impact of land use/cover change on storage and quality of soil organic carbon in mid-subtropical mountainous area of southern China. J. Geo. Sci. 19, 49–57 (2009).
Google Scholar 
Akinyemi, F. O., Tlhalerwa, L. T. & Eze, P. N. Land degradation assessment in an African dryland context based on the composite Land Degradation Index and mapping method. Geocarto Int. 36(16), 1838–1854 (2021).
Google Scholar 
Button, E. S. et al. Deep-C storage: Biological, chemical and physical strategies to enhance carbon stocks in agricultural subsoils. Soil Biol. Biochem. 170, 108697 (2022).CAS 

Google Scholar 
Rumpel, C. & Kögel-Knabner, I. Deep soil organic matter: A key but poorly understood component of terrestrial C cycle. Plant Soil 338(1), 143–158 (2011).CAS 

Google Scholar 
Lal, R., Lorenz, K., Huttle, R. F., Schneider, B. U. & Von, B. J. Terrestrial biosphere as a source and sink of atmospheric carbon dioxide. In Recarbonization of the Biosphere: Ecosystems and the Global Cycle (eds Lal, R. et al.) (Springer, 2012).
Google Scholar 
Shi, Z. et al. The age distribution of global soil carbon inferred from radiocarbon measurements. Nat. Geosci. 13, 555–559 (2020).ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Salome, C., Nunan, N., Pouteau, V., Lerchw, T. Z. & Chenu, C. Carbon dynamics in topsoil and in subsoil may be controlled by different regulatory mechanisms. Glob. Chang. Biol. 16, 416–426 (2010).ADS 

Google Scholar 
Sithole, N. J., Magwaza, L. S. & Thibaud, G. R. Long-term impact of no-till conservation agriculture and N-fertilizer on soil aggregate stability, infiltration and distribution of C in different size fractions. Soil Tillage Res. 190, 147–156 (2019).
Google Scholar 
Tashi, S., Singh, B., Keitel, C. & Adams, M. Soil carbon and nitrogen stocks in forests along an altitudinal gradient in the eastern Himalayas and a meta-analysis of global data. Glob. Chang. Biol. 22, 2255–2268 (2016).ADS 

Google Scholar 
Zhou, Z., Wang, C. & Luo, Y. Effects of forest degradation on microbial communities and soil carbon cycling: A global meta-analysis. Global Ecol. Biogeography 27, 110–124 (2018).
Google Scholar 
Mhete, M., Eze, P. N., Rahube, T. O. & Akinyemi, F. O. Soil properties influence bacterial abundance and diversity under different land-use regimes in semi-arid environments. Sci. African 7, e00246 (2020).
Google Scholar 
Walker, T. W. N. et al. Microbial temperature sensitivity and biomass change explain soil carbon loss with warming. Nat. Clim. Chang. 8, 885–889 (2018).ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Murty, D., Kirschbaum, M. U. F., Mcmurtrie, R. E. & Mcgilvray, H. Does conversion of forest to agricultural land change soil carbon and nitrogen? A review of the literature. Glob. Chang. Biol. 8, 105–123 (2002).ADS 

Google Scholar 
Veldkamp, E., Schmidt, M., Powers, J. S. & Corre, M. D. Deforestation and reforestation impacts on soils in the tropics. Nat. Rev. Earth Environ. 1, 590–605 (2020).ADS 

Google Scholar 
Kebonye, N. M., Eze, P. N., Ahado, S. K. & John, K. Structural equation modeling of the interactions between trace elements and soil organic matter in semiarid soils. Intl. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 17(4), 2205–2214 (2020).CAS 

Google Scholar 
Del Galdo, L., Six, J., Peressotti, A. & Cotrufo, M. F. Assessing the impact of land-use change on soil C sequestration in agricultural soils by means of organic matter fraction and stable C isotopes. Glob. Chang. Biol. 9, 1204–1213 (2003).ADS 

Google Scholar 
Lal, R. Carbon sequestration in dry land ecosystems of West Asia and North Africa. Land Degrad. Dev. 13, 45–59 (2002).
Google Scholar 
Gebresamuel, G., Singh, B. R., Mitiku, H., Borresen, T. & Lal, R. Carbon Stocks in Ethiopian Soils in relation to land use and soil management. Land Degrad. Dev. 19(4), 351–367 (2008).
Google Scholar 
Fisseha, I., Mats, O. & Karl, S. Effect of land use changes on soil carbon status of some soil types in the Ethiopian Rift Valley. J. Drylands 4(1), 289–299 (2011).
Google Scholar 
Shiferaw, A., Hans, H. & Gete, Z. A review on soil carbon sequestration in Ethiopia to Mitigate land degradation and climate change. J. Environ. Earth Sci. 3(12), 187–201 (2013).
Google Scholar 
Bazezew, M. N., Teshome, S. & Eyale, B. Above- and below-ground reserved carbon in danaba community forest of Oromia Region, Ethiopia: Implications for CO2 emission balance. Am. J. Environ. Prot. 4(2), 75–82 (2015).
Google Scholar 
Berihu, T. et al. Soil carbon and nitrogen losses following deforestation in Ethiopia. Agron. Sust. Dev. 37, 1 (2017).CAS 

Google Scholar 
Gebresamuel, G. et al. Changes in soil organic carbon stock and nutrient status after conversion of pasture land to cultivated land in semi-arid areas of northern Ethiopia. Arch. Agron. Soil Sci. https://doi.org/10.1080/03650340.2020.1823372 (2022).Article 

Google Scholar 
Hoyle, F. C., Baldock, J. A. & Murphy, D. V. Soil organic carbon: Role in rainfed farming systems: With particular reference to Australian Conditions. In Rainfed Farming Systems (eds Tow, P. et al.) (Springer, 2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9132-2_14.Chapter 

Google Scholar 
Mekuria, W. et al. Restoration of degraded landscapes for ecosystem services in North-Western Ethiopia. Heliyon 4, e00764. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2018 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
Okolo, C. C. et al. Assessing the sustainability of land use management of Northern Ethiopian drylands by various indicators for soil health. Ecol. Indic. 112, 106092. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.106092 (2020).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
WRB. International Union of Soil Science Working Group. In World Reference Base for Soil Resources 2014, update 2015 International soil classification system for naming soils and creating legends for soil maps. World Soil Resources Reports No. 106. FAO, Rome (2014).NMA 2018. National Metrological Agency (NMA), 2018. The National Metrological Agency of Ethiopia Mekelle center, Tigray Regional State, Mekelle, Ethiopia.Anikwe, M. A. N., Obi, M. E. & Agbim, N. N. Effect of crop and soil management practices soil compactibility in maize and groundnut plots in a Paleustult in Southeastern Nigeria. Plant Soils. 253, 457–465 (2003).CAS 

Google Scholar 
Anikwe, M. A. N. Carbon storage in soils of southeastern Nigeria under different management practices. Carbon Bal. Manag. https://doi.org/10.1186/1750-0680-5-5 (2010).Article 

Google Scholar 
IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. In Vol. 4: Agriculture, Forestry and other Land Use (eds. Eggleston, S., Buendia, K., Miwa, K., Ngara, T. and Tanabe, K.) (Institute for Global Environmental Strategies, 2006).McKenzie, N., Ryan, P., Fogarty, P. & Wood, J. Sampling, measurement and analytical protocols for carbon estimation in soil, litter and coarse woody debris. National Carbon Accounting System Technical Report No. 14. Australian Greenhouse Office, Canberra (2000).Nelson, D. W. & Sommers, L. E. Total carbon, total organic carbon and organic matter. In Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 3: Chemical Methods. Agronomy Monograph No. 9 (Ed. Sparks, D.L) 961–1010. (American Society of Agronomy, 1996).Bremner, J. M. & Mulvaney, C. S. Nitrogen-total. In Chemical and Microbiological Properties (eds Keeney, D. R. et al.) 595–624 (American Society of Agronomy and Soil Science Society of America, 1982).
Google Scholar 
McLean, E. O. Soil pH and lime requirement. In Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 2: Chemical and Microbiological Properties. 2nd edn. Agronomy monograph No. 9 (Eds. Page, A.L., Miller, R.H and Keeney, D.R). 199–224. (American Society of Agronomy, 1982).Rhoades, J. D. Cation exchange capacity. In Methods of Soil Analysis: Part 2 Chemical and Microbial Properties. Agronomy Monograph No. 9. (Eds. Page, A.L., Miller, R.H and Keeney, D.R) pp. 149–157 (American Society of Agronomy, 1982).Blake, G. R. & Hartge, K. H. Bulk density. In Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 1: Physical and Mineralogical Properties. 2nd edn. Agronomy Monograph No. 9 (ed. Klute, A) 363–382. (American Society of Agronomy, 1986).Gee, G. W. & Bauder, J. W. Particle size analysis. In Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 1: Physical and Mineralogical Properties. 2nd edn. Agronomy Monograph No. 9. (Ed. A Klute) 91–100. (American Society of Agronomy, 1986).Gelaw, A. M., Singh, B. R. & Lal, R. Soil organic carbon and total nitrogen stocks under different land uses in a semi-arid watershed in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 188, 256–263 (2014).
Google Scholar 
Puget, P. & Lal, R. Soil organic carbon and nitrogen in a Mollisol in Central Ohio as affected by tillage and land use. Soil Tillage Res. 80, 201–213 (2005).
Google Scholar 
Chan, Y. Increasing soil organic carbon of agricultural land. Primefact 735, 1–5 (2008).
Google Scholar 
Worku, G., Bantider, A. & Temesgen, H. Effects of land use/land cover change on some soil physical and chemical properties in Ameleke micro-watershed Gedeo and Borena Zones. South Ethiopia. J. Environ. Earth Sci. 4, 13–24 (2014).
Google Scholar 
Assefa, D. et al. Deforestation and land use strongly effect soil organic carbon and nitrogen stock in Northwest Ethiopia. CATENA 153, 89–99 (2017).CAS 

Google Scholar 
Gessesse, T. A., Khamzina, A., Gebresamuel, G. & Amelung, W. Terrestrial carbon stocks following 15 years of integrated watershed management intervention in semi-arid Ethiopia. CATENA 190, 104543 (2020).CAS 

Google Scholar 
Haileslassie, A., Priess, J., Veldkamp, E., Teketay, D. & Lesschen, J. P. Assessment of soil nutrient depletion and its spatial variability on smallholders’ mixed farming systems in Ethiopia using partial versus full nutrient balances. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 108, 1–16 (2005).
Google Scholar 
Lemenih, M., Lemma, B. & Teketay, D. Changes in soil carbon and total nitrogen following reforestation of previously cultivated land in the highlands of Ethiopia. Ethiopian J. Sci. 28(2), 99–108 (2005).
Google Scholar 
Lemenih, M., Karltun, E. & Olsson, M. Soil organic matter dynamics after deforestation along a farm field chronosequences in southern highlands of Ethiopia. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 109, 9–19 (2005).
Google Scholar 
Okebalama, C. B., Igwe, C. A. & Okolo, C. C. Soil organic carbon levels in soils of contrasting land uses in Southeastern Nigeria. Trop. Subtrop. Agroecosyst. 20, 493–504 (2017).CAS 

Google Scholar 
Nwite, J. N., Orji, J. E. & Okolo, C. C. Effect of different land use systems on soil carbon storage and structural indices in Abakaliki, Nigeria. Indian J. Ecol. 45(3), 522–527 (2018).
Google Scholar 
Don, A., Schumacher, J. & Freibauer, A. Impact of tropical land-use change on soil organic carbon stocks–a meta-analysis. Glob. Chang. Biol. 17, 1658–1670 (2011).ADS 

Google Scholar 
Zinn, Y. L., Marrenjo, G. J. & Silva, C. A. Soil C: N ratos are unresponsive to land use change in Brazil: A comparative analysis. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 255, 62–72 (2018).CAS 

Google Scholar 
Lou, Y. L., Xu, M. G., Chen, X. N., He, X. H. & Zhao, K. Stratification of soil organic C, N and C: N ratio as affected by conservation tillage in two maize fields of China. CATENA 95, 124–130 (2012).CAS 

Google Scholar 
Xiao, X., Kuang, X., Sauer, T. J., Heitman, J. L. & Horton, R. Bare soil carbon dioxide fluxes with time and depth determined by high-resolution gradient-based measurements and surface chambers. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. 79, 1073–1083 (2015).CAS 

Google Scholar 
Wang, X. et al. Forest soil profile inversion and mixing change the vertical stratification of soil CO2 concentration without altering soil surface CO2 Flux. Forests 10, 192 (2019).
Google Scholar 
Bates, C. T. et al. Conversion of marginal land into switchgrass conditionally accrues soil carbon but reduces methane consumption. ISME J. 16, 10 (2021).
Google Scholar 
Slessarev, E. W. et al. Quantifying the effects of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) on deep organic C stocks using natural abundance 14C in three marginal soils. GCB Bioenergy 12, 834–847 (2020).CAS 

Google Scholar 
Balesdent, J., Besnard, E., Arrouays, D. & Chenu, C. The dynamics of carbon in particle size fractions of soil in a forest-cultivation sequence. Plant Soil 201, 49–57 (1998).CAS 

Google Scholar 
Birch, H. F. & Friend, M. T. The organ matter and nitrogen status of east African soils. J. Soil Sci. 7, 156–167 (1956).CAS 

Google Scholar 
Deng, L., Zhu, G., Tang, Z. & Shangguan, Z. Global patterns of the effects of land-usechanges on soil carbon stocks. Glob. Ecol. Conserv. 5, 127–138 (2016).
Google Scholar 
Post, W. M. & Kwon, K. C. Soil carbon sequestration and land-use change: Processes and potential. Glob. Chang. Biol. 6, 317–327 (2000).ADS 

Google Scholar 
Feng, X. & Simpson, M. J. Temperature responses of individual soil organic matter components. J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosci. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JG000743 (2008).Article 

Google Scholar 
Chen, S., Huang, Y., Zou, J. & Shi, Y. Mean residence time of global topsoil organic carbon depends on temperature, precipitation and soil nitrogen. Glob. Planet. Chang. 100, 99–108 (2013).ADS 

Google Scholar 
Alemayehu, K. & Sheleme, B. Effects of different land use systems on selected soi properties in South Ethiopia. J. Soil Sci. Environ. Manag. 4(5), 100–107 (2013).
Google Scholar 
Bockheim, J. G. Soil endemism and its relation to soil formation theory. Geoderma 129, 109–124 (2005).ADS 

Google Scholar 
Ukaegbu, E. P., Osuaku, S. K. & Okolo, C. C. Suitability assessment of soils supporting oilpalm plantations in the coastal plains sand, Imo State Nigeria. Int. J. Agric. For. 5(2), 113–120 (2015).
Google Scholar 
Okolo, C. C. et al. Impact of open cast mine land use on soil physical properties in Enyigba, Southeastern Nigeria and the implication for sustainable land use management. Niger. J. Soil Sci. 25(1), 95–101 (2015).
Google Scholar 
Nwite, J. N. & Okolo, C. C. Soil water relations of an Ultisol amended with agro-wastes and its effect on grain yield of maize (Zea Mays L.) in Abakaliki, Southeastern Nigeria. Eur. J. Sci. Res. 141, 126–140 (2016).
Google Scholar 
Nwite, J. N. & Okolo, C. C. Organic carbon dynamics and changes in some physical properties of soil and their effect on grain yield of maize under conservative tillage practices in Abakaliki, Nigeria. Afr. J. Agric. Res. 12(26), 2215–2222 (2017).CAS 

Google Scholar 
Mbah, C. N., Njoku, C., Okolo, C. C., Attoe, E. & Osakwe, U. C. Amelioration of a degraded Ultisol with hardwood biochar: Effects on soil physico-chemical properties and yield of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L). Afr. J. Agric. Res. 12(21), 1781–1792 (2017).CAS 

Google Scholar 
Nandan, R. et al. Impact of conservation tillage in rice–based cropping systems on soil aggregation, carbon pools and nutrients. Geoderma 340, 104–114 (2019).ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Sharma, K.L. Effect of agroforestry systems on soil quality–monitoring and assessment. Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture. 2011. http://www.crida.in/DRM1-WinterSchool/KLS.pdf/. Accessed on 30 Dec 2018.Okolo, C. C., Gebresamuel, G., Zenebe, A., Haile, M. & Eze, P. N. Accumulation of organic carbon in various soil aggregate sizes under different land use systems in a semi-arid environment. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 297, 106924. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2020.106924 (2020).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Okolo, C. C., Gebresamuel, G., Retta, A. N., Zenebe, A. & Haile, M. Advances in quantifying soil organic carbon under different land uses in Ethiopia: A review and synthesis. Bull. Natl. Res. Cent. 43(99), 2019. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42269-019-0120-z (2019).Article 

Google Scholar  More

Cavicchioli R, Ripple WJ, Timmis KN, Azam F, Bakken LR, Baylis M, et al. Scientists’ warning to humanity: microorganisms and climate change. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2019;17:569–86.Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Myers SS, Smith MR, Guth S, Golden CD, Vaitla B, Mueller ND, et al. Climate Change and Global Food Systems: Potential Impacts on Food Security and Undernutrition. Annu Rev Pub Health. 2017;38:259–77.Article 

Google Scholar 
Brown AR, Lilley M, Shutler J, Lowe C, Artioli Y, Torres R, et al. Assessing risks and mitigating impacts of harmful algal blooms on mariculture and marine fisheries. Rev Aquac. 2020;12:1663–88.
Google Scholar 
Bates SS, Hubbard KA, Lundholm N, Montresor M, Leaw CP. Pseudo-nitzschia, Nitzschia, and domoic acid: New research since 2011. Harmful Algae. 2018;79:3–43.Article 

Google Scholar 
Silver MW, Bargu S, Coale SL. Toxic diatoms and domoic acid in natural and iron enriched waters of the oceanic pacific. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2010;107:20762–67.Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Trick CG, Bill BD, Cochlan WP, Wells ML, Trainer VL, Pickell LD. Iron enrichment stimulates toxic diatom production in high-nitrate, low-chlorophyll areas. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2010;107:5887–92.Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Hallegraeff G, Enevoldsen H, Zingone A. Global harmful algal bloom status reporting. Harmful Algae. 2021;102:101992.Article 

Google Scholar 
McKibben SM, Peterson W, Wood AM, Trainer VL, Hunter M, White AE. Climatic regulation of the neurotoxin domoic acid. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2017;114:239–44.Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Clark S, Hubbard KA, Ralston DK, McGillicuddy DJ, Stocke C, Alexander MA, et al. Projected effects of climate change on Pseudo-nitzschia bloom dynamics in the Gulf of Maine. J Mar Syst. 2022;230:103737.Article 

Google Scholar 
Trainer VL, Kudela RM, Hunter MV, Adams NG, McCabe RM. Climate extreme seeds a new domoic ccid hotspot on the US West Coast. Front Clim. 2020;2:1–11.Article 

Google Scholar 
Hinder SL, Hays GC, Edwards M, Roberts EC, Walne AW, Gravenor MB. Changes in marine dinoflagellate and diatom abundance under climate change. Nat Clim Change. 2012;2:271–75.Article 

Google Scholar 
Sun J, Hutchins DA, Feng Y, Seubert EL, Caron DA, Fu FX. Effects of changing pCO2 and phosphate availability on domoic acid production and physiology of the marine harmful bloom diatom Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries. Limnol Oceanogr. 2011;56:829–40.Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Zhu Z, Qu P, Fu F, Tennenbaum N, Tatters AO, Hutchins DA. Understanding the blob bloom: warming increases toxicity and abundance of the harmful bloom diatom Pseudo-nitzschia in California coastal waters. Harmful Algae. 2017;67:36–43.Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Radan RL, Cochlan WP. Differential toxin response of Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries as a function of nitrogen speciation in batch and continuous cultures, and during a natural assemblage experiment. Harmful Algae. 2018;73:12–29.Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Wingert CJ, Cochlan WP. Effects of ocean acidification on the growth, photosynthetic performance, and domoic acid production of the diatom Pseudo-nitzschia australis from the California Current System. Harmful Algae. 2021;107:102030.Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Auro ME, Cochlan WP. Nitrogen utilization and toxin production by two diatoms of the Pseudo-nitzschia pseudodelicatissima complex: P. cuspidate and P. fryxelliana. J Phycol. 2013;49:156–69.Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Lundholm N, Clarke A, Ellegaard M. A 100-year record of changing Pseudo-nitzschia species in a sill-fjord in Denmark related to nitrogen loading and temperature. Harmful Algae. 2010;9:449–57.Article 

Google Scholar 
Ryan JP, Kudela RM, Birch JM, Blum M, Bower HA, Chavez FP, et al. Causality of an extreme harmful algal bloom in Monterey Bay, California, during the 2014–2016 northeast Pacific warm anomaly. Geophys Res Lett. 2017;44:5571–79.Article 

Google Scholar 
McCabe RM, Hickey BM, Kudela RM, Lefebvre KA, Adams NG, Bill BD, et al. An unprecedented coastwide toxic algal bloom linked to anomalous ocean conditions. Geophys Res Lett. 2016;43:10,366–76.Article 

Google Scholar 
Tatters AO, Fu FX, Hutchins DA. High CO2 and silicate limitation synergistically increase the toxicity of Pseudo-nitzschia fraudulenta. PLoS One. 2012;7:e32116.Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Lundholm N, Hansen PJ, Kotaki Y. Effect of pH on growth and domoic acid production by potentially toxic diatoms of the genera Pseudo-nitzschia and Nitzschia. Mar Ecol Prog Ser. 2004;273:1–15.Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Trimborn S, Lundholm N, Thoms S, Richter KW, Krock B, Hansen P, et al. Inorganic carbon acquisition in potentially toxic and non-toxic diatoms: the effect of pH-induced changes in seawater carbonate chemistry. Physiol Plant. 2008;133:92–105.Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Brunson JK, McKinnie SMK, Chekan JR, McCrow JP, Miles ZD, Bertrand EM, et al. Biosynthesis of the neurotoxin domoic acid in a bloom-forming diatom. Science. 2018;361:1356–58.Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Boissonneault KR, Henningsen BM, Bates SS, Robertson DL, Milton S, Pelletier J, et al. Gene expression studies for the analysis of domoic acid production in the marine diatom Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries. BMC Mole Biol. 2013;14:1–19.
Google Scholar 
Pierrot DE, Lewis E, Wallace DWR MS Excel program developed for CO2 system calculations. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of. Energy, Oak Ridge, TN. 2006; Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.3334/CDIAC/otg.CO2SYS_XLS_CDIAC105a.Brzezinski MA, Nelson DM. The annual silica cycle in the Sargasso Sea near Bermuda. Deep-Sea Res Pt I Oceanogr Res Papers. 1995;42:1215–37.Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Schlüter L, Lohbeck KT, Gutowska MA, Gröger JP, Riebesell U, Reusch TBH. Adaptation of a globally important coccolithophore to ocean warming and acidification. Nat Clim Change. 2014;4:1024–30.Article 

Google Scholar 
Schaum CE, Barton S, Bestion E, Buckling A, Garcia-Carreras B, Lopez P, et al. Adaptation of phytoplankton to a decade of experimental warming linked to increased photosynthesis. Nat Ecol Evol. 2017;1:0094.Article 

Google Scholar 
Wang Z, Maucher-Fuquay J, Fire SE, Mikulski CM, Haynes B, Doucette GJ, et al. Optimization of solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of domoic acid in seawater, phytoplankton, and mammalian fluids and tissues. Anal Chim Acta. 2012;715:71–9.Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Brandenburg KM, Velthuis M, Van de Waal DB. Meta-analysis reveals enhanced growth of marine harmful algae from temperate regions with warming and elevated CO2 levels. Glob Change Biol. 2019;25:2607–18.Article 

Google Scholar 
Wohlrab S, John U, Klemm K, Rberlein T, Grivogiannis AMF, Krock B, et al. Ocean acidification increases domoic acid contents during a spring to summer succession of coastal phytoplankton. Harmful Algae. 2020;92:101697.Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Zhong J, Guo Y, Liang Z, Huang Q, Lu H, Pan J, et al. Adaptation of a marine diatom to ocean acidification and warming reveals constraints and trade-offs. Sci Total Environ. 2021;771:145167.Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Trainer VL, Bates SS, Lundholm N, Thessen AE, Cochlan WP, Adams NG, et al. Pseudo-nitzschia physiological ecology, phylogeny, toxicity, monitoring and impacts on ecosystem health. Harmful Algae. 2012;14:271–300.Article 

Google Scholar 
Zhu Z, Qu P, Gale J, Fu F, Hutchins DA. Individual and interactive effects of warming and CO2 on Pseudo-nitzschia subcurvata and Phaeocystis antarctica, two dominant phytoplankton from the Ross Sea, Antarctica. Biogeosciences. 2017;14:5281–95.Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Hutchins DA, Walworth NG, Webb EA, Saito MA, Moran D, McIlvin MR, et al. Irreversibly increased N2 fixation in Trichodesmium experimentally adapted to high CO2. Nat Commun. 2015;6:8155.Article 

Google Scholar 
Walworth NG, Lee MD, Fu FX, Hutchins DA, Webb EA. Molecular and physiological evidence of genetic assimilation to high CO2 in the marine nitrogen fixer Trichodesmium. P Natl Acad Sci. 2016;113:E7367–74.Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Schaum CE, Buckling A, Smirnoff N, Studholme DJ, Yvon-Durocher G. Environmental fluctuations accelerate molecular evolution of thermal tolerance in a marine diatom. Nat Commun. 2018;9:1719.Article 

Google Scholar 
Hutchins DA, Capone DG. The ocean nitrogen cycle: New developments and global change. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2022;20:401–14.Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Xu D, Tong S, Wang B, Zhang X, Wang W, Zhang X, et al. Ocean acidification stimulation of phytoplankton growth depends on the extent of departure from the optimal growth temperature. Mar Pollut Bull. 2022;177:113510.Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Hennon GMM, Sefbom J, Schaum E, Dyhrman ST, Godhe A Studying the acclimation and adaptation of HAB species to changing environmental conditions. In: Wells ML, et al. (eds.). GlobalHAB. 2021. Guidelines for the Study of Climate Change Effects on HABs. Paris: UNESCO-IOC/SCOR, 2021. pp 64–78.Collins S, Bell G. Phenotypic consequences of 1,000 generations of selection at elevated CO2 in a green alga. Nature. 2004;431:566–9.Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Kremp A, Godhe A, Egardt J, Dupont S, Suikkanen S, Casabianca S, et al. Intraspecific variability in the response of bloom-forming marine microalgae to changed climate conditions. Ecol Evol. 2012;2:1195–207.Article 

Google Scholar 
Tatters AO, Schnetzer A, Fu F, Lie AY, Caron DA, Hutchins DA. Short‐versus long‐term responses to changing CO2 in a coastal dinoflagellate bloom: Implications for interspecific competitive interactions and community structure. Evolution. 2013;67:1879–91.Article 

Google Scholar 
Schaum CE, Collins S. Plasticity predicts evolution in a marine alga. P Roy Soc B-Biol Sci. 2014;281:20141486.
Google Scholar 
Moran XAG, Lopez-Urrutia Á, Calvo-Díaz A, Li WKW. Increasing importance of small phytoplankton in a warmer ocean. Glob Change Biol. 2010;16:1137–44.Article 

Google Scholar 
Thomas MK, Kremer CT, Klausmeier CA, Litchman EA. Global pattern of thermal adaptation in marine phytoplankton. Science. 2012;338:1085–88.Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Toseland ADSJ, Daines SJ, Clark JR, Kirkham A, Strauss J, Uhlig C, et al. The impact of temperature on marine phytoplankton resource allocation and metabolism. Nat Clim Change. 2013;3:979–84.Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Collins S. Many Possible Worlds: Expanding the Ecological Scenarios in Experimental Evolution. Evol Biol. 2011;38:3–14.Article 

Google Scholar 
Qu PP, Fu F, Wang XW, Kling JD, Elghazzawy M, Huh M, et al. Two co‐dominant nitrogen‐fixing cyanobacteria demonstrate distinct acclimation and adaptation responses to cope with ocean warming. Env Microbiol Rep. 2022;14:203–17.Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Lande R. Adaptation to an extraordinary environment by evolution of phenotypic plasticity and genetic assimilation. J Evol Biol. 2009;22:1435–46.Article 

Google Scholar 
Draghi J, Whitlock MC. Phenotypic plasticity facilitates mutational variance, genetic variance, and evolvability along the major axis of environmental variation. Evolution 2012;66:2891–902.Article 

Google Scholar 
Collins S, Rost B, Rynearson TA. Evolutionary potential of marine phytoplankton under ocean acidification. Evol Appl. 2014;7:140–55.Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Kim H, Spivack AJ, Menden-Deuer S. pH alters the swimming behaviors of the raphidophyte Heterosigma akashiwo: Implications for bloom formation in an acidified ocean. Harmful Algae. 2013;26:1–11.Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Hennon GMM, Quay P, Morales RL, Swanson LM, Armbrust EV. Acclimation conditions modify physiological response of the diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana to elevated CO2 concentrations in a nitrate-limited chemostat. J Phycol. 2014;50:243–53.Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Daufresne M, Lengfellner K, Sommer U. Global warming benefits the small in aquatic ecosystems. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2009;106:12788–93.Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Atkinson D, Ciotti BJ, Montagnes DJS. Protists decrease in size linearly with temperature: ca. 2.5% °C-1. Proc R Soc Lond B 2003;270:2605–11.Article 

Google Scholar 
Tong S, Gao K, Hutchins DA. Adaptive evolution in the coccolithophore Gephyrocapsa oceanica following 1,000 generations of selection under elevated CO2. Glob Chang Biol 2018;24:3055–64.Article 

Google Scholar 
Kelly KJ, Fu FX, Jiang X, Li H, Xu D, Yang N, et al. Interactions between ultraviolet B radiation, warming, and changing nitrogen source may reduce the accumulation of toxic Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries biomass in future coastal oceans. Front Mar Sci. 2021;8:433.Article 

Google Scholar 
Sterner R, Elser, J Ecological stoichiometry. In: Levin SA, et al. (eds) The Princeton Guide to Ecology. Princeton Univ. Press, 2009. pp 376–85.Petrou K, Baker KG, Nielsen DA, Hancock AM, Schulz KG, Davidson AT. Acidification diminishes diatom silica production in the Southern Ocean. Nat Clim Change 2019;9:781–86.Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar  More

Heyes, B. Y. C. M. Social learning in animals: Categories and mechanisms. Biol. Rev. 69(2), 207–231. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185X.1994.tb01506.x (1994).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Hoppitt, W. & Laland, K. N. Social processes influencing learning in animals: A review of the evidence. Adv. Study Behav. 38, 105–165. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-3454(08)00003-X (2008).Article 

Google Scholar 
Kendal, R. L., Coolen, I. & Laland, K. N. Adaptive trade-offs in the use of social and personal information. In Cognitive Ecology II (eds Dukas, R. & Ratcliffe, J. M.) 249–271 (University of Chicago Press, 2009).Chapter 

Google Scholar 
Marshall-Pescini, S. & Whiten, A. Social learning of nut-cracking behavior in East African sanctuary-living chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii). J. Comp. Psychol. 122(2), 186. https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7036.122.2.186 (2008).Article 

Google Scholar 
Hobaiter, C., Poisot, T., Zuberbühler, K., Hoppitt, W. & Gruber, T. Social network analysis shows direct evidence for social transmission of tool use in wild chimpanzees. PLoS Biol. 12(9), e1001960. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001960 (2014).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Coelho, C. G. et al. Social learning strategies for nut-cracking by tufted capuchin monkeys (Sapajus spp.). Anim. Cogn. 18(4), 911–919. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10071-015-0861-5 (2015).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Boyd, R. & Richerson, P. J. Culture and the evolutionary process (University of Chicago press, 1985).
Google Scholar 
Laland, K. N. Social learning strategies. Anim. Learn. Behav. 32(1), 4–14. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03196002 (2004).Article 

Google Scholar 
Kendal, R. L. Animal ‘culture wars’: Evidence from the Wild?. Psychologist 21(4), 312–315 (2008).
Google Scholar 
Kendal, R. L., Kendal, J. R., Hoppitt, W. & Laland, K. N. Identifying social learning in animal populations: A new ‘option-bias’ method. PLoS ONE 4(8), e6541. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0006541 (2009).Article 
ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Giraldeau, L. A., Valone, T. J. & Templeton, J. J. Potential disadvantages of using socially acquired information. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. Series B. 357(1427), 1559–1566. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2002.1065 (2002).Article 

Google Scholar 
Kendal, R. L., Coolen, I., van Bergen, Y. & Laland, K. N. Trade-offs in the adaptive use of social and asocial learning. Adv. Study Behav. 35, 333–379. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-3454(05)35008-X (2005).Article 

Google Scholar 
Galef, B. G. Jr. Why behaviour patterns that animals learn socially are locally adaptive. Anim. Behav. 49(5), 1325–1334. https://doi.org/10.1006/anbe.1995.0164 (1995).Article 

Google Scholar 
Kendal, R. L. et al. Social learning strategies: Bridge-building between fields. Trends Cogn. Sci. 22(7), 651–665. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2018.04.003 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
Rendell, L. et al. Cognitive culture: Theoretical and empirical insights into social learning strategies. Trends Cogn. Sci. 15(2), 68–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2010.12.002 (2011).Article 

Google Scholar 
Dindo, M., Thierry, B. & Whiten, A. Social diffusion of novel foraging methods in brown capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella). Proc. R. Soc. B 275(1631), 187–193. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2007.1318 (2008).Article 

Google Scholar 
Reader, S. M. & Biro, D. Experimental identification of social learning in wild animals. Learn. Behav. 38(3), 265–283. https://doi.org/10.3758/LB.38.3.265 (2010).Article 

Google Scholar 
Hoppitt, W. & Laland, K. N. Social Learning: An Introduction to Mechanisms, Methods, and Models (Princeton University Press, 2013).Book 

Google Scholar 
Byrne, R. W. & Russon, A. E. Learning by imitation: A hierarchical approach. Behav. Brain Sci. 21(5), 667–684. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X9833174X (1998).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Kendal, R. L. et al. Evidence for social learning in wild lemurs (Lemur catta). Learn. Behav. 38(3), 220–234. https://doi.org/10.3758/LB.38.3.220 (2010).Article 

Google Scholar 
Lonsdorf, E. V. & Bonnie, K. E. Opportunities and constraints when studying social learning: Developmental approaches and social factors. Learn. Behav. 38(3), 195–205. https://doi.org/10.3758/LB.38.3.195 (2010).Article 

Google Scholar 
Coussi-korbel, S. & Fragaszy, M. On the relation between social dynamics and social learning. Anim. Behav. 50(6), 1441–1453. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-3472(95)80001-8 (1995).Article 

Google Scholar 
Franz, M. & Nunn, C. L. Network-based diffusion analysis: A new method for detecting social learning. Proc. R. Soc. Lond B 276(1663), 1829–1836. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2008.1824 (2009).Article 

Google Scholar 
Hoppitt, W., Boogert, N. J. & Laland, K. N. Detecting social transmission in networks. J. Theor. Biol. 263(4), 544–555. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtbi.2010.01.004 (2010).Article 
ADS 
MATH 

Google Scholar 
Hoppitt, W. & Laland, K. N. Detecting social learning using networks: A users guide. Am. J. Primatol. 73(8), 834–844. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.20920 (2011).Article 

Google Scholar 
Hasenjager, M. J., Leadbeater, E. & Hoppitt, W. Detecting and quantifying social transmission using network-based diffusion analysis. J. Anim. Ecol. 90(1), 8–26. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.13307 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
Schnoell, A. V. & Fichtel, C. Wild red-fronted lemurs (Eulemur rufifrons) use social information to learn new foraging techniques. Anim. Cogn. 15(4), 505–516. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10071-012-0477-y (2012).Article 

Google Scholar 
Coelho, C. Social Dynamics and Diffusion of Novel Behaviour Patterns in Wild Capuchin Monkeys (Sapajus libidinosus) Inhabiting the Serra da Capivara National Park. (Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation) (Durham University, 2015).
Google Scholar 
Claidière, N., Messer, E. J., Hoppitt, W. & Whiten, A. Diffusion dynamics of socially learned foraging techniques in squirrel monkeys. Curr. Biol. 23(13), 1251–1255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2013.05.036 (2013).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
van Leeuwen, E. J., Staes, N., Verspeek, J., Hoppitt, W. J. & Stevens, J. M. Social culture in bonobos. Curr. Biol. 30(6), R261–R262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2020.02.038 (2020).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Canteloup, C., Hoppitt, W. & van de Waal, E. Wild primates copy higher-ranked individuals in a social transmission experiment. Nat. Commun. 11(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-14209-8 (2020).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Kawai, M. Newly-acquired pre-cultural behavior of the natural troop of Japanese monkeys on Koshima Islet. Primates 6(1), 1–30. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01794457 (1965).Article 

Google Scholar 
Huffman, M. A., Leca, J. B. & Nahallage, C. A. Cultured Japanese macaques: A multidisciplinary approach to stone handling behavior and its implications for the evolution of behavioral tradition in nonhuman primates. In The Japanese Macaques (eds Nakagawa, N. et al.) 191–219 (Springer, 2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-53886-8_9.Chapter 

Google Scholar 
Drapier, M. & Thierry, B. Social transmission of feeding techniques in Tonkean macaques?. Int. J. Primatol. 23(1), 105–122. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1013201924975 (2002).Article 

Google Scholar 
Ducoing, A. M. & Thierry, B. Tool-use learning in Tonkean macaques (Macaca tonkeana). Anim. Cogn. 8(2), 103–113. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10071-004-0240-0 (2005).Article 

Google Scholar 
Ferrari, P. F. et al. Neonatal imitation in rhesus macaques. PLoS Biol. 4(9), e302. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0040302 (2006).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Leca, J. B., Gunst, N. & Huffman, M. A. The first case of dental flossing by a Japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata): Implications for the determinants of behavioral innovation and the constraints on social transmission. Primates 51(1), 13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10329-009-0159-9 (2010).Article 

Google Scholar 
Macellini, S. et al. Individual and social learning processes involved in the acquisition and generalization of tool use in macaques. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B 367(1585), 24–36. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0125 (2012).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Redshaw, J. Re-analysis of data reveals no evidence for neonatal imitation in rhesus macaques. Biol. Let. 15(7), 20190342. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2019.0342 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
Hook, M. A. et al. Inter-group variation in abnormal behavior in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 76(2), 165–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1591(02)00005-9 (2002).Article 

Google Scholar 
Watanabe, K., Urasopon, N. & Malaivijitnond, S. Long-tailed macaques use human hair as dental floss. Am. J. Primatol. 69(8), 940–944. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.20403 (2007).Article 

Google Scholar 
Gumert, M. D., Kluck, M. & Malaivijitnond, S. The physical characteristics and usage patterns of stone axe and pounding hammers used by long-tailed macaques in the Andaman Sea region of Thailand. Am. J. Primatol. 71(7), 594–608. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.20694 (2009).Article 

Google Scholar 
Tan, A. W., Hemelrijk, C. K., Malaivijitnond, S. & Gumert, M. D. Young macaques (Macaca fascicularis) preferentially bias attention towards closer, older, and better tool users. Anim. Cogn. 21(4), 551–563. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10071-018-1188-9 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
Bandini, E. & Tennie, C. Exploring the role of individual learning in animal tool-use. PeerJ 8, e9877. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9877 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Leca, J. B., Gunst, N., & Huffman, M. A. Japanese macaque cultures: Inter-and intra-troop behavioural variability of stone handling patterns across 10 troops. Behaviour, 251–281. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4536445 (2007).Tanaka, I. Matrilineal distribution of louse egg-handling techniques during grooming in free-ranging Japanese macaques. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 98(2), 197–201. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330980208 (1995).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Tanaka, I. Social diffusion of modified louse egg-handling techniques during grooming in free-ranging Japanese macaques. Anim. Behav. 56(5), 1229–1236. https://doi.org/10.1006/anbe.1998.0891 (1998).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Whiten, A. & van de Waal, E. The pervasive role of social learning in primate lifetime development. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 72(5), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-018-2489-3 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
Widdig, A., Streich, W. J. & Tembrock, G. Coalition formation among male Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus). Am. J. Primatol. 50(1), 37–51. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-2345(200001)50:1%3c37::AID-AJP4%3e3.0.CO;2-3 (2000).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Thierry, B. Unity in diversity: Lessons from macaque societies. Evol. Anthropol. 16(6), 224–238. https://doi.org/10.1002/evan.20147 (2007).Article 

Google Scholar 
Berghänel, A., Ostner, J., Schröder, U. & Schülke, O. Social bonds predict future cooperation in male Barbary macaques, Macaca sylvanus. Anim. Behav. 81(6), 1109–1116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2011.02.009 (2011).Article 

Google Scholar 
Carne, C., Wiper, S. & Semple, S. Reciprocation and interchange of grooming, agonistic support, feeding tolerance, and aggression in semi-free-ranging Barbary macaques. Am. J. Primatol. 73(11), 1127–1133. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.20979 (2011).Article 

Google Scholar 
Molesti, S. & Majolo, B. Cooperation in wild Barbary macaques: Factors affecting free partner choice. Anim. Cogn. 19(1), 133–146. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10071-015-0919-4 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
Rebout, N., Desportes, C. & Thierry, B. Resource partitioning in tolerant and intolerant macaques. Aggress. Behav. 43(5), 513–520. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.21709 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
Amici, F., Caicoya, A. L., Majolo, B. & Widdig, A. Innovation in wild Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus). Sci. Rep. 10(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-61558-2 (2020).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Fischer, J. Emergence of individual recognition in young macaques. Anim. Behav. 67(4), 655–661. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2003.08.006 (2004).Article 

Google Scholar 
Seyfarth, R. M. & Cheney, D. L. Production, usage, and comprehension in animal vocalizations. Brain Lang. 115(1), 92–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2009.10.003 (2010).Article 

Google Scholar 
Garcia-Nisa, I. Communication and cultural transmission in populations of semi free-ranging Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus). (Doctoral dissertation). Durham University, United Kingdom. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/14140/ (2021).Hoppitt, W. The conceptual foundations of network-based diffusion analysis: Choosing networks and interpreting results. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B 372(1735), 20160418. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0418 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
Hikami, K., Hasegawa, Y. & Matsuzawa, T. Social transmission of food preferences in Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata) after mere exposure or aversion training. J. Comp. Psychol. 104(3), 233. https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7036.104.3.233 (1990).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Deaner, R. O., Khera, A. V. & Platt, M. L. Monkeys pay per view: Adaptive valuation of social images by rhesus macaques. Curr. Biol. 15(6), 543–548. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2005.01.044 (2005).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Gariépy, J. F. et al. Social learning in humans and other animals. Front. Neurosci. 8, 58. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2014.00058 (2014).Article 

Google Scholar 
Barrett, B. J., McElreath, R. L. & Perry, S. E. Pay-off-biased social learning underlies the diffusion of novel extractive foraging traditions in a wild primate. Proc. R. Soc. B 284(1856), 20170358. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.0358 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
Kuester, J. & Paul, A. Group fission in Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus) at Affenberg Salem. Int. J. Primatol. 18(6), 941–966. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026396113830 (1997).Article 

Google Scholar 
Whitehead, H. Analyzing Animal Societies: Quantitative Methods for Vertebrate Social Analysis (University of Chicago Press, 2008).Book 

Google Scholar 
Hoppitt, W. (2011). NBDA User Guide V1.2. https://lalandlab.st-andrews.ac.uk/freeware/ 28 Sept 2016.Fleiss, J. L., Levin, B. & Paik, M. C. Statistical Methods for Rates and Proportions 3rd edn. (Wiley, 2003).Book 
MATH 

Google Scholar 
McHugh, M. L. Interrater reliability: the kappa statistic. Biochemia medica: Biochemia medica, 22(3), 276–282. https://hrcak.srce.hr/89395 (2012).Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Babin, B. J. & Black, W. C. Multivariate Data Analysis: A Global Perspective Vol. 7 (Pearson Education, 2010).
Google Scholar 
Campbell, L. A., Tkaczynski, P. J., Lehmann, J., Mouna, M. & Majolo, B. Social thermoregulation as a potential mechanism linking sociality and fitness: Barbary macaques with more social partners form larger huddles. Sci. Rep. 8(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-24373-4 (2018).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Barrett, L., Henzi, S. P., Weingrill, T., Lycett, J. E. & Hill, R. A. Market forces predict grooming reciprocity in female baboons. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B 266(1420), 665–670. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1999.0687 (1999).Article 

Google Scholar 
Henzi, S. P. et al. Effect of resource competition on the long-term allocation of grooming by female baboons: Evaluating Seyfarth’s model. Anim. Behav. 66(5), 931–938. https://doi.org/10.1006/anbe.2003.2244 (2003).Article 

Google Scholar 
Ueno, M. & Nakamichi, M. Grooming facilitates huddling formation in Japanese macaques. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 72(6), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-018-2514-6 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
Carter, A. J., Tico, M. T. & Cowlishaw, G. Sequential phenotypic constraints on social information use in wild baboons. Elife 5, e13125. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.13125.001 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
Barelli, C., Reichard, U. H. & Mundry, R. Is grooming used as a commodity in wild white-handed gibbons, Hylobates lar?. Anim. Behav. 82(4), 801–809. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2011.07.012 (2011).Article 

Google Scholar 
Schülke, O., Dumdey, N. & Ostner, J. Selective attention for affiliative and agonistic interactions of dominants and close affiliates in macaques. Sci. Rep. 10(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-62772-8 (2020).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Heesen, M., Macdonald, S., Ostner, J. & Schülke, O. Ecological and social determinants of group cohesiveness and within-group spatial position in wild Assamese macaques. Ethology 121(3), 270–283. https://doi.org/10.1111/eth.12336 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
Ortiz, K. M. Female feeding competition in a folivorous primate (Propithecus verreauxi) with formalized dominance hierarchies: contest or scramble? (Doctoral dissertation). University of Texas, USA. https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/handle/2152/34120 (2015).Jurczyk, V., Fröber, K. & Dreisbach, G. Increasing reward prospect motivates switching to the more difficult task. Mot. Sci. 5(4), 295–313. https://doi.org/10.1037/mot0000119 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
Rathke, E. M. & Fischer, J. Differential ageing trajectories in motivation, inhibitory control and cognitive flexibility in Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus). Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B 375(1811), 20190617. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0617 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Kendal, R. et al. Chimpanzees copy dominant and knowledgeable individuals: Implications for cultural diversity. Evol. Hum. Behav. 36(1), 65–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2014.09.002 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
van de Waal, E., Claidière, N. & Whiten, A. Social learning and spread of alternative means of opening an artificial fruit in four groups of vervet monkeys. Anim. Behav. 85(1), 71–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2012.10.008 (2013).Article 

Google Scholar 
Luncz, L. V. & Boesch, C. Tradition over trend: Neighboring chimpanzee communities maintain differences in cultural behavior despite frequent immigration of adult females. Am. J. Primatol. 76(7), 649–657. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.22259 (2014).Article 

Google Scholar 
van Leeuwen, E. J., Acerbi, A., Kendal, R. L., Tennie, C. & Haun, D. B. A reappreciation of ‘conformity’. Anim. Behav. 122, e5–e10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2016.09.010 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
Horner, V. & Whiten, A. Causal knowledge and imitation/emulation switching in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and children (Homo sapiens). Anim. Cogn. 8(3), 164–181. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10071-004-0239-6 (2005).Article 

Google Scholar 
Wood, L. The influence of model-based biases and observer prior experience on social learning mechanisms and strategies. (Doctoral dissertation). Durham University, United Kingdom. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/7274/ (2013).van Leeuwen, E. J., Cronin, K. A., Schütte, S., Call, J. & Haun, D. B. Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) flexibly adjust their behaviour in order to maximize payoffs, not to conform to majorities. PLoS ONE 8(11), e80945. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0080945 (2013).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Vale, G. L., Flynn, E. G., Lambeth, S. P., Schapiro, S. J. & Kendal, R. L. Public information use in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and children (Homo sapiens). J. Comp. Psychol. 128(2), 215–223. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034420 (2014).Article 

Google Scholar 
Canteloup, C., Cera, M. B., Barrett, B. J. & van de Waal, E. Processing of novel food reveals payoff and rank-biased social learning in a wild primate. Sci. Rep. 11(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-88857-6 (2021).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Boccaletti, S. et al. The structure and dynamics of multilayer networks. Phys. Rep. 544(1), 1–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2014.07.001 (2014).Article 
ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Kivela, M. et al. Multilayer networks. J. Complex Netw. 2(3), 203e271. https://doi.org/10.1093/comnet/cnu016 (2014).Article 

Google Scholar 
Snijders, L. & Naguib, M. Communication in animal social networks: A missing link. Adv. Study Behav. 49, 297–359. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.asb.2017.02.004 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
Finn, K. R., Silk, M. J., Porter, M. A. & Pinter-Wollman, N. The use of multilayer network analysis in animal behaviour. Anim. Behav. 149, 7–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2018.12.016 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar  More

.readcube-buybox { display: none !important;}
Agricultural expansion can plunder forests, but it is not the only human activity to do so. Researchers have found that more than one-third of the loss of Earth’s large, intact forests is driven by production for export — especially of wood, minerals and energy1.

Access options

/* style specs start */
style{display:none!important}.LiveAreaSection-193358632 *{align-content:stretch;align-items:stretch;align-self:auto;animation-delay:0s;animation-direction:normal;animation-duration:0s;animation-fill-mode:none;animation-iteration-count:1;animation-name:none;animation-play-state:running;animation-timing-function:ease;azimuth:center;backface-visibility:visible;background-attachment:scroll;background-blend-mode:normal;background-clip:borderBox;background-color:transparent;background-image:none;background-origin:paddingBox;background-position:0 0;background-repeat:repeat;background-size:auto auto;block-size:auto;border-block-end-color:currentcolor;border-block-end-style:none;border-block-end-width:medium;border-block-start-color:currentcolor;border-block-start-style:none;border-block-start-width:medium;border-bottom-color:currentcolor;border-bottom-left-radius:0;border-bottom-right-radius:0;border-bottom-style:none;border-bottom-width:medium;border-collapse:separate;border-image-outset:0s;border-image-repeat:stretch;border-image-slice:100%;border-image-source:none;border-image-width:1;border-inline-end-color:currentcolor;border-inline-end-style:none;border-inline-end-width:medium;border-inline-start-color:currentcolor;border-inline-start-style:none;border-inline-start-width:medium;border-left-color:currentcolor;border-left-style:none;border-left-width:medium;border-right-color:currentcolor;border-right-style:none;border-right-width:medium;border-spacing:0;border-top-color:currentcolor;border-top-left-radius:0;border-top-right-radius:0;border-top-style:none;border-top-width:medium;bottom:auto;box-decoration-break:slice;box-shadow:none;box-sizing:border-box;break-after:auto;break-before:auto;break-inside:auto;caption-side:top;caret-color:auto;clear:none;clip:auto;clip-path:none;color:initial;column-count:auto;column-fill:balance;column-gap:normal;column-rule-color:currentcolor;column-rule-style:none;column-rule-width:medium;column-span:none;column-width:auto;content:normal;counter-increment:none;counter-reset:none;cursor:auto;display:inline;empty-cells:show;filter:none;flex-basis:auto;flex-direction:row;flex-grow:0;flex-shrink:1;flex-wrap:nowrap;float:none;font-family:initial;font-feature-settings:normal;font-kerning:auto;font-language-override:normal;font-size:medium;font-size-adjust:none;font-stretch:normal;font-style:normal;font-synthesis:weight style;font-variant:normal;font-variant-alternates:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-numeric:normal;font-variant-position:normal;font-weight:400;grid-auto-columns:auto;grid-auto-flow:row;grid-auto-rows:auto;grid-column-end:auto;grid-column-gap:0;grid-column-start:auto;grid-row-end:auto;grid-row-gap:0;grid-row-start:auto;grid-template-areas:none;grid-template-columns:none;grid-template-rows:none;height:auto;hyphens:manual;image-orientation:0deg;image-rendering:auto;image-resolution:1dppx;ime-mode:auto;inline-size:auto;isolation:auto;justify-content:flexStart;left:auto;letter-spacing:normal;line-break:auto;line-height:normal;list-style-image:none;list-style-position:outside;list-style-type:disc;margin-block-end:0;margin-block-start:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-inline-end:0;margin-inline-start:0;margin-left:0;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;mask-clip:borderBox;mask-composite:add;mask-image:none;mask-mode:matchSource;mask-origin:borderBox;mask-position:0 0;mask-repeat:repeat;mask-size:auto;mask-type:luminance;max-height:none;max-width:none;min-block-size:0;min-height:0;min-inline-size:0;min-width:0;mix-blend-mode:normal;object-fit:fill;object-position:50% 50%;offset-block-end:auto;offset-block-start:auto;offset-inline-end:auto;offset-inline-start:auto;opacity:1;order:0;orphans:2;outline-color:initial;outline-offset:0;outline-style:none;outline-width:medium;overflow:visible;overflow-wrap:normal;overflow-x:visible;overflow-y:visible;padding-block-end:0;padding-block-start:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-inline-end:0;padding-inline-start:0;padding-left:0;padding-right:0;padding-top:0;page-break-after:auto;page-break-before:auto;page-break-inside:auto;perspective:none;perspective-origin:50% 50%;pointer-events:auto;position:static;quotes:initial;resize:none;right:auto;ruby-align:spaceAround;ruby-merge:separate;ruby-position:over;scroll-behavior:auto;scroll-snap-coordinate:none;scroll-snap-destination:0 0;scroll-snap-points-x:none;scroll-snap-points-y:none;scroll-snap-type:none;shape-image-threshold:0;shape-margin:0;shape-outside:none;tab-size:8;table-layout:auto;text-align:initial;text-align-last:auto;text-combine-upright:none;text-decoration-color:currentcolor;text-decoration-line:none;text-decoration-style:solid;text-emphasis-color:currentcolor;text-emphasis-position:over right;text-emphasis-style:none;text-indent:0;text-justify:auto;text-orientation:mixed;text-overflow:clip;text-rendering:auto;text-shadow:none;text-transform:none;text-underline-position:auto;top:auto;touch-action:auto;transform:none;transform-box:borderBox;transform-origin:50% 50%0;transform-style:flat;transition-delay:0s;transition-duration:0s;transition-property:all;transition-timing-function:ease;vertical-align:baseline;visibility:visible;white-space:normal;widows:2;width:auto;will-change:auto;word-break:normal;word-spacing:normal;word-wrap:normal;writing-mode:horizontalTb;z-index:auto;-webkit-appearance:none;-moz-appearance:none;-ms-appearance:none;appearance:none;margin:0}.LiveAreaSection-193358632{width:100%}.LiveAreaSection-193358632 .login-option-buybox{display:block;width:100%;font-size:17px;line-height:30px;color:#222;padding-top:30px;font-family:Harding,Palatino,serif}.LiveAreaSection-193358632 .additional-access-options{display:block;font-weight:700;font-size:17px;line-height:30px;color:#222;font-family:Harding,Palatino,serif}.LiveAreaSection-193358632 .additional-login >li:not(:first-child)::before{transform:translateY(-50%);content:””;height:1rem;position:absolute;top:50%;left:0;border-left:2px solid #999}.LiveAreaSection-193358632 .additional-login >li:not(:first-child){padding-left:10px}.LiveAreaSection-193358632 .additional-login >li{display:inline-block;position:relative;vertical-align:middle;padding-right:10px}.BuyBoxSection-683559780{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;flex:1;flex-direction:row-reverse;margin:-30px -15px 0}.BuyBoxSection-683559780 .box-inner{width:100%;height:100%}.BuyBoxSection-683559780 .readcube-buybox{background-color:#f3f3f3;flex-shrink:1;flex-grow:1;flex-basis:255px;background-clip:content-box;padding:0 15px;margin-top:30px}.BuyBoxSection-683559780 .subscribe-buybox{background-color:#f3f3f3;flex-shrink:1;flex-grow:4;flex-basis:300px;background-clip:content-box;padding:0 15px;margin-top:30px}.BuyBoxSection-683559780 .subscribe-buybox-nature-plus{background-color:#f3f3f3;flex-shrink:1;flex-grow:4;flex-basis:100%;background-clip:content-box;padding:0 15px;margin-top:30px}.BuyBoxSection-683559780 .title-readcube{display:block;margin:0;margin-right:20%;margin-left:20%;font-size:24px;line-height:32px;color:#222;padding-top:30px;text-align:center;font-family:Harding,Palatino,serif}.BuyBoxSection-683559780 .title-buybox{display:block;margin:0;margin-right:29%;margin-left:29%;font-size:24px;line-height:32px;color:#222;padding-top:30px;text-align:center;font-family:Harding,Palatino,serif}.BuyBoxSection-683559780 .title-asia-buybox{display:block;margin:0;margin-right:5%;margin-left:5%;font-size:24px;line-height:32px;color:#222;padding-top:30px;text-align:center;font-family:Harding,Palatino,serif}.BuyBoxSection-683559780 .asia-link{color:#069;cursor:pointer;text-decoration:none;font-size:1.05em;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,”Segoe UI”,Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,”Helvetica Neue”,sans-serif;line-height:1.05em6}.BuyBoxSection-683559780 .access-readcube{display:block;margin:0;margin-right:10%;margin-left:10%;font-size:14px;color:#222;padding-top:10px;text-align:center;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,”Segoe UI”,Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,”Helvetica Neue”,sans-serif;line-height:20px}.BuyBoxSection-683559780 .access-asia-buybox{display:block;margin:0;margin-right:5%;margin-left:5%;font-size:14px;color:#222;padding-top:10px;text-align:center;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,”Segoe UI”,Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,”Helvetica Neue”,sans-serif;line-height:20px}.BuyBoxSection-683559780 .access-buybox{display:block;margin:0;margin-right:30%;margin-left:30%;font-size:14px;color:#222;opacity:.8px;padding-top:10px;text-align:center;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,”Segoe UI”,Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,”Helvetica Neue”,sans-serif;line-height:20px}.BuyBoxSection-683559780 .usps-buybox{display:block;margin:0;margin-right:30%;margin-left:30%;font-size:14px;color:#222;opacity:.8px;text-align:center;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,”Segoe UI”,Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,”Helvetica Neue”,sans-serif;line-height:20px}.BuyBoxSection-683559780 .price-buybox{display:block;font-size:30px;color:#222;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,”Segoe UI”,Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,”Helvetica Neue”,sans-serif;padding-top:30px;text-align:center}.BuyBoxSection-683559780 .price-from{font-size:14px;padding-right:10px;color:#222;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,”Segoe UI”,Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,”Helvetica Neue”,sans-serif;line-height:20px}.BuyBoxSection-683559780 .issue-buybox{display:block;font-size:13px;text-align:center;color:#222;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,”Segoe UI”,Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,”Helvetica Neue”,sans-serif;line-height:19px}.BuyBoxSection-683559780 .no-price-buybox{display:block;font-size:13px;line-height:18px;text-align:center;padding-right:10%;padding-left:10%;padding-bottom:20px;padding-top:30px;color:#222;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,”Segoe UI”,Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,”Helvetica Neue”,sans-serif}.BuyBoxSection-683559780 .vat-buybox{display:block;margin-top:5px;margin-right:20%;margin-left:20%;font-size:11px;color:#222;padding-top:10px;padding-bottom:15px;text-align:center;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,”Segoe UI”,Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,”Helvetica Neue”,sans-serif;line-height:17px}.BuyBoxSection-683559780 .button-container{display:flex;padding-right:20px;padding-left:20px;justify-content:center}.BuyBoxSection-683559780 .button-container >*{flex:1px}.BuyBoxSection-683559780 .button-container >a:hover,.Button-505204839:hover,.Button-1078489254:hover,.Button-2808614501:hover{text-decoration:none}.BuyBoxSection-683559780 .readcube-button{background:#fff;margin-top:30px}.BuyBoxSection-683559780 .button-asia{background:#069;border:1px solid #069;border-radius:0;cursor:pointer;display:block;padding:9px;outline:0;text-align:center;text-decoration:none;min-width:80px;margin-top:75px}.BuyBoxSection-683559780 .button-label-asia,.ButtonLabel-3869432492,.ButtonLabel-3296148077,.ButtonLabel-1566022830{display:block;color:#fff;font-size:17px;line-height:20px;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,”Segoe UI”,Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,”Helvetica Neue”,sans-serif;text-align:center;text-decoration:none;cursor:pointer}.Button-505204839,.Button-1078489254,.Button-2808614501{background:#069;border:1px solid #069;border-radius:0;cursor:pointer;display:block;padding:9px;outline:0;text-align:center;text-decoration:none;min-width:80px;max-width:320px;margin-top:10px}.Button-505204839 .readcube-label,.Button-1078489254 .readcube-label,.Button-2808614501 .readcube-label{color:#069}
/* style specs end */Subscribe to Nature+Get immediate online access to Nature and 55 other Nature journal$29.99monthlySubscribe to JournalGet full journal access for 1 year$199.00only $3.90 per issueAll prices are NET prices.VAT will be added later in the checkout.Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.Buy articleGet time limited or full article access on ReadCube.$32.00All prices are NET prices.

Additional access options:

doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-023-00119-9

References

Subjects

Conservation biology More

Runyon, J. B., Butler, J. L., Friggens, M. M., Meyer, S. E. & Sing, S. E. Invasive species and climate change. USDA For. Serv. 285, 97–115 (2012).
Google Scholar 
Murphy, G. E. & Romanuk, T. N. A meta-analysis of declines in local species richness from human disturbances. Ecol. Evol. 4, 91–103 (2014).Article 

Google Scholar 
Mollot, G., Pantel, J. H. & Romanuk, T. N. The effects of invasive species on the decline in species richness: a global meta-analysis. Adv. Ecol. Res. 56, 61–83 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
Gaertner, M., Den Breeyen, A., Hui, C. & Richardson, D. M. Impacts of alien plant invasions on species richness in Mediterranean-type ecosystems: A meta-analysis. Prog. Phys. Geog. 33, 319–338 (2009).Article 

Google Scholar 
Vilà, M. et al. Local and regional assessments of the impacts of plant invaders on vegetation structure and soil properties of Mediterranean islands. J. Biogeogr. 33, 853–861 (2010).Article 

Google Scholar 
Hejda, M., Pysek, P. & Jarosik, V. Impact of invasive plants on the species richness, diversity and composition of invaded communities. J. Ecol. 97, 393–403 (2009).Article 

Google Scholar 
Powell, K. I., Chase, J. M. & Knight, T. M. A synthesis of plant invasion effects on biodiversity across spatial scales. Am. J. Bot. 98, 539–548 (2011).Article 

Google Scholar 
Ehrenfeld, J. G. Effects of exotic plant invasions on soil nutrient cycling processes. Ecosystems 6, 503–523 (2003).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Liao, C. et al. Altered ecosystem carbon and nitrogen cycles by plant invasion: A meta-analysis. New Phytol. 177, 706–714 (2008).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Chabrerie, O., Laval, K., Puget, P., Desaire, S. & Alard, D. Relationship between plant and soil microbial communities along a successional gradient in a chalk grassland in north-western France. Appl. Soil Ecol. 24, 43–56 (2003).Article 

Google Scholar 
Harris, J. Soil microbial communities and restoration ecology: Facilitators or followers?. Science 325, 573–574 (2009).Article 
ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Dawson, W. & Schrama, M. Identifying the role of soil microbes in plant invasions. J. Ecol. 104, 1211–1218 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
Lankau, R. Soil microbial communities alter allelopathic competition between Alliaria petiolata and a native species. Biol. Invasions 12, 2059–2068 (2010).Article 

Google Scholar 
Siefert, A., Zillig, K. W., Friesen, M. L. & Strauss, S. Y. Soil microbial communities alter conspecific and congeneric competition consistent with patterns of field coexistence in three Trifolium congeners. J. Ecol. 106, 1876–1891 (2018).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Kourtev, P. S., Ehrenfeld, J. G. & Haggblom, M. Exotic plant species alter the microbial community structure and function in the soil. Ecology 83, 3152–3166 (2002).Article 

Google Scholar 
Li, W. H., Zhang, C. B., Jiang, H. B., Xin, G. R. & Yang, Z. Y. Changes in soil microbial community associated with invasion of the exotic weed, Mikania micrantha H.B.K. Plant Soil 281, 309–324 (2006).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Li, W. H., Zhang, C., Gao, G., Zan, Q. & Yang, Z. Relationship between Mikania micrantha invasion and soil microbial biomass, respiration and functional diversity. Plant Soil 296, 197–207 (2007).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Chen, X. P. et al. Exotic plant Alnus trabeculosa alters the composition and diversity of native rhizosphere bacterial communities of Phragmites australis. Pedosphere 26, 108–119 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
Yin, L., Liu, B., Wang, H., Zhang, Y. & Fan, W. The rhizosphere microbiome of Mikania micrantha provides insight into adaptation and invasion. Front. Microbiol. 11, 1462 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Griffiths, B. S., Ritz, K. & Wheatley, R. E. Relationship between functional diversity and genetic diversity in complex microbial communities. In Microbial Communities (eds Insam, H. & Rangger, A.) 1–9 (Springer, 1997). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60694-6_1.Chapter 

Google Scholar 
Pérez-Piqueres, A., Edel-Hermann, V., Alabouvette, C. & Steinberg, C. Response of soil microbial communities to compost amendments. Soil Biol. Biochem. 38, 460–470 (2006).Article 

Google Scholar 
Grime, J. P. Plant strategies and vegetation processes. Biol. Plant 23, 254–254 (1979).
Google Scholar 
Goldberg, D. & Novoplansky, A. On the relative importance of competition in unproductive environments. J. Ecol. 85, 409–418 (1997).Article 

Google Scholar 
Goldberg, D. E., Martina, J. P., Elgersma, K. J. & Currie, W. S. Plant size and competitive dynamics along nutrient gradients. Am. Nat. 190, 229–243 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
Castro-Díez, P., Godoy, O., Alonso, A., Gallardo, A. & Saldaña, A. What explains variation in the impacts of exotic plant invasions on the nitrogen cycle? A meta-analysis. Ecol. Lett. 17, 1–12 (2014).Article 

Google Scholar 
Chapuis-Lardy, L., Vanderhoeven, S., Dassonville, N., Koutika, L. S. & Meerts, P. Effect of the exotic invasive plant Solidago gigantea on soil phosphorus status. Biol. Fertil. Soils 42, 481–489 (2006).Article 

Google Scholar 
Thorpe, A. S., Archer, V. & DeLuca, T. H. The invasive forb, Centaurea maculosa, increases phosphorus availability in Montana grasslands. Appl. Soil Ecol. 32, 118–122 (2006).Article 

Google Scholar 
Hawkes, C. V., Wren, I. F., Herman, D. J. & Firestone, M. K. Plant invasion alters nitrogen cycling by modifying the soil nitrifying community. Ecol. Lett. 8, 976–985 (2005).Article 

Google Scholar 
Zhang, A. M., Chen, Z. H., Zhang, G. N., Chen, L. J. & Wu, Z. J. Soil phosphorus composition determined by 31P NMR spectroscopy and relative phosphatase activities influenced by land use. Eur. J. Soil Biol. 52, 73–77 (2012).Article 

Google Scholar 
Souza-Alonso, P., Novoa, A. & Gonzalez, L. Soil biochemical alterations and microbial community responses under Acacia dealbata Link invasion. Soil Biol. Biochem. 79, 100–108 (2014).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Callaway, M. et al. Exotic invasive plants increase productivity, abundance of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and nitrogen availability in intermountain grasslands. J. Ecol. 104, 994–1002 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
Zhao, M. et al. Ageratina adenophora invasions are associated with microbially mediated differences in biogeochemical cycles. Sci. Total Environ. 677, 47–56 (2019).Article 
ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Litton, C. M., Sandquist, D. R. & Cordell, S. Effects of non-native grass invasion on aboveground carbon pools and tree population structure in a tropical dry forest of Hawaii. For. Ecol. Manag. 231, 105–113 (2006).Article 

Google Scholar 
Wolkovich, E. M., Lipson, D. A., Virginia, R. A., Cottingham, K. L. & Bolger, D. T. Grass invasion causes rapid increases in ecosystem carbon and nitrogen storage in a semiarid shrubland. Glob. Chang. Biol. 16, 1351–1365 (2010).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Sardans, J. et al. Plant invasion is associated with higher plant-soil nutrient concentrations in nutrient-poor environments. Glob. Chang. Biol. 23, 1282–1291 (2017).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Yu, H. et al. Soil nitrogen dynamics and competition during plant invasion: insights from Mikania micrantha invasions in China. New Phytol. 229, 3440–3452 (2021).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Day, M. D. et al. Biology and impacts of pacific islands invasive species. 13. Mikania micrantha Kunth (Asteraceae). Pac. Sci. 70, 257–285 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
Lowe, S., Browne, M., Boudjelas, S. & De Poorter, M. (eds) 100 of the World’s Worst Invasive Alien Species: A Selection from the Global Invasive Species Database. CID: 20.500.12592/drpzmz. (Auckland: Invasive Species Specialist Group, 2000).Zhang, L. Y., Ye, W. H., Cao, H. L. & Feng, H. L. Mikania micrantha H.B.K. in China: An overview. Weed Res. 44, 42–49 (2004).Article 

Google Scholar 
Manrique, V., Diaz, R., Cuda, J. P. & Overholt, W. A. Suitability of a new plant invader as a target for biological control in Florida. Invas. Plant Sci. Manag. 4, 1–10 (2011).Article 

Google Scholar 
Macanawai, A., Day, M., Tumaneng-Diete, T., Adkins, S. & Nausori, F. Impact of Mikania micrantha on crop production systems in Viti Levu, Fiji. Pak. J. Weed Sci. Res. 18, 357–365 (2012).
Google Scholar 
Carter, M. R. & Gregorich, E. G. (eds) Soil Sampling and Methods of Analysis 2nd edn. (CRC Press, 2007). https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420005271.Book 

Google Scholar 
Liu, X. et al. Will nitrogen deposition mitigate warming-increased soil respiration in a young subtropical plantation?. Agric. For. Meteorol. 246, 78–85 (2017).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Turner, B. L. & Wright, S. J. The response of microbial biomass and hydrolytic enzymes to a decade of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium addition in a lowland tropical rain forest. Biogeochemistry 117, 115–130 (2014).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Sun, S. & Badgley, B. D. Changes in microbial functional genes within the soil metagenome during forest ecosystem restoration. Soil Biol. Biochem. 135, 163–172 (2019).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Saiya-Cork, K. R., Sinsabaugh, R. L. & Zak, D. R. The effects of long term nitrogen deposition on extracellular enzyme activity in an Acer saccharum forest soil. Soil Biol. Biochem. 34, 1309–1315 (2002).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Dawkins, K. & Esiobu, N. The invasive brazilian pepper tree (Schinus terebinthifolius) is colonized by a root microbiome enriched with Alphaproteobacteria and unclassified Spartobacteria. Front. Microbiol. 9, 876 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
Carey, C. J., Beman, J. M., Eviner, V. T., Malmstrom, C. M. & Hart, S. C. Soil microbial community structure is unaltered by plant invasion, vegetation clipping, and nitrogen fertilization in experimental semi-arid grasslands. Front. Microbiol. 6, 466 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
Strickland, M. S., Osburn, E., Lauber, C., Fierer, N. & Bradford, M. A. Litter quality is in the eye of the beholder: Initial decomposition rates as a function of inoculum characteristics. Funct. Ecol. 23, 627–636 (2009).Article 

Google Scholar 
Kanokratana, P. et al. Insights into the phylogeny and metabolic potential of a primary tropical peat swamp forest microbial community by metagenomic analysis. Microb. Ecol. 61, 518–528 (2011).Article 

Google Scholar 
Margesin, R., Jud, M., Tscherko, D. & Schinner, F. Microbial communities and activities in alpine and subalpine soils. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 67, 208–218 (2009).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Xu, Z. W. et al. Soil enzyme activity and stoichiometry in forest ecosystems along the North-South Transect in eastern China (NSTEC). Soil Biol. Biochem. 104, 152–163 (2017).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Zhou, X. et al. Warming and increased precipitation have differential effects on soil extracellular enzyme activities in a temperate grassland. Sci. Total Environ. 444, 552–558 (2013).Article 
ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Mao, T. & Minoru, K. Using the KEGG database resource. Curr. Protoc. Bioinform. 38, 1121–11243. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471250953.bi0112s38 (2012).Article 

Google Scholar 
Grayston, S. J., Griffith, G. S., Mawdsley, J. L., Campbell, C. D. & Bardgett, R. D. Accounting for variability in soil microbial communities of temperate upland grassland ecosystems. Soil Biol. Biochem. 33, 533–551 (2001).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Chen, W. B. & Chen, B. M. Considering the preferences for nitrogen forms by invasive plants: a case study from a hydroponic culture experiment. Weed Res. 59, 49–57 (2019).CAS 

Google Scholar 
Christian, J. M. & Wilson, S. D. Long-term ecosystem impacts of an introduced grass in the northern Great Plains. Ecology 80, 2397–2407 (1999).Article 

Google Scholar 
Strickland, M. S., Devore, J. L., Maerz, J. C. & Bradford, M. A. Grass invasion of a hardwood forest is associated with declines in belowground carbon pools. Glob. Chang. Biol. 16, 1338–1350 (2010).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Bradley, B. A., Houghtonw, R. A., Mustard, J. F. & Hamburg, S. P. Invasive grass reduces aboveground carbon stocks in shrublands of the Western US. Glob. Chang. Biol. 12, 1815–1822 (2006).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Ogle, S. M., Ojima, D. & Reiners, W. A. Modeling the impact of exotic annual brome grasses on soil organic carbon storage in a northern mixed-grass prairie. Biol. Invasions 6, 365–377 (2004).Article 

Google Scholar 
Ni, G. Y. et al. Mikania micrantha invasion enhances the carbon (C) transfer from plant to soil and mediates the soil C utilization through altering microbial community. Sci. Total Environ. 711, 135020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135020 (2020).Article 
ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Callaway, R. M., Thelen, G. C., Rodriguez, A. & Holben, W. E. Soil biota and exotic plant invasion. Nature 427, 731–733 (2004).Article 
ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Klironomos, J. N. Feedback with soil biota contributes to plant rarity and invasiveness in communities. Nature 417, 67–70 (2002).Article 
ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Kourtev, P. S., Ehrenfeld, J. G. & Haggblom, M. Experimental analysis of the effect of exotic and native plant species on the structure and function of soil microbial communities. Soil Biol. Biochem. 35, 895–905 (2003).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Jansson, J. K. & Hofmockel, K. S. Soil microbiomes and climate change. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 18, 35–46 (2020).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Ehrenfeld, J. G., Kourtev, P. & Huang, W. Z. Changes in soil functions following invasions of exotic understory plants in deciduous forests. Ecol. Appl. 11, 1287–1300 (2001).Article 

Google Scholar 
Allison, S. D. & Vitousek, P. M. Rapid nutrient cycling in leaf litter from invasive plants in Hawai’i. Oecologia 141, 612–619 (2004).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Harner, M. J. et al. Decomposition of leaf litter from a native tree and an actinorhizal invasive across riparian habitats. Ecol. Appl. 19, 1135–1146 (2009).Article 

Google Scholar 
Wolkovich, E. M. Nonnative grass litter enhances grazing arthropod assemblages by increasing native shrub growth. Ecology 91, 756–766 (2010).Article 

Google Scholar 
Yan, J. et al. Conversion of organic carbon from decayed native and invasive plant litter in Jiuduansha wetland and its implications for SOC formation and sequestration. J. Soils Sediments 20, 675–689 (2020).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Aerts, R. & de Caluwe, H. Nitrogen deposition effects on carbon dioxide and methane emissions from temperate peatland soils. Oikos 84, 44–54 (1999).Article 

Google Scholar 
Shen, C. C. et al. Soil pH drives the spatial distribution of bacterial communities along elevation on Changbai Mountain. Soil Biol. Biochem. 57, 204–211 (2013).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Kuypers, M. M. M., Marchant, H. K. & Kartal, B. The microbial nitrogen-cycling network. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 16, 263–276 (2018).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Mothé, G. P. B., Quintanilha-Peixoto, G., Souza, G. R. D., Ramos, A. C. & Intorne, A. C. Overview of the role of nitrogen in copper pollution and bioremediation mediated by plant–microbe interactions. In Soil Nitrogen Ecology (eds Cruz, C. et al.) 249–264. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71206-8_12 (Springer, 2021).Chapter 

Google Scholar 
Chen, B. M., Peng, S. L. & Ni, G. Y. Effects of the invasive plant Mikania micrantha H.B.K. on soil nitrogen availability through allelopathy in South China. Biol. Invasions 11, 1291–1299 (2009).Article 

Google Scholar 
Fan, Y. X. et al. Decreased soil organic P fraction associated with ectomycorrhizal fungal activity to meet increased P demand under N application in a subtropical forest ecosystem. Biol. Fertil. Soils 54, 149–161 (2018).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Walker, T. W. & Syers, J. K. The fate of phosphorus during pedogenesis. Geoderma 15, 1–19 (1976).Article 
ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Khan, M. S., Zaidi, A., Ahemad, M. & Oves, M. Plant growth promotion by phosphate solubilizing fungi: Current perspective. Arch. Agron. Soil Sci. 56, 73–98 (2010).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Kouas, S., Labidi, N., Debez, A. & Abdelly, C. Effect of P on nodule formation and N fixation in bean. Agron. Sustain. Dev. 25, 389–393 (2005).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Bolan, N. S. et al. Dissolved organic matter: biogeochemistry, dynamics, and environmental significance in soils. Adv. Agron. 110, 1–75 (2011).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Dail, D. B., Davidson, E. A. & Chorover, J. Rapid abiotic transformation of nitrate in an acid forest soil. Biogeochemistry 54, 131–146 (2001).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Fitzhugh, R. D., Lovett, G. M. & Venterea, R. T. Biotic and abiotic immobilization of ammonium, nitrite, and nitrate in soils developed under different tree species in the Catskill Mountains, New York, USA. Glob. Chang. Biol. 9, 1591–1601 (2003).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar  More

Tréguer, P. J. et al. Reviews and syntheses: The biogeochemical cycle of silicon in the modern ocean. Biogeosciences 18, 1269–1289 (2021).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Tréguer, P. et al. Influence of diatom diversity on the ocean biological carbon pump. Nat. Geosci. 11, 27–37 (2018).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Benoiston, A.-S. et al. The evolution of diatoms and their biogeochemical functions. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 372, 20160397 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
de Goeij, J. M. et al. Surviving in a marine desert: The sponge loop retains resources within coral reefs. Science 342, 108–110 (2013).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Folkers, M. & Rombouts, T. Sponges revealed: a synthesis of their overlooked ecological functions within aquatic ecosystems. In YOUMARES 9—The Oceans: Our Research, Our Future (eds. Jungblut, S. et al.) 181–193 (Springer International Publishing, 2020).Kristiansen, S. & Hoell, E. E. The importance of silicon for marine production. Hydrobiologia 484, 21–31 (2002).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Henderson, M. J., Huff, D. D. & Yoklavich, M. M. Deep-sea coral and sponge taxa increase demersal fish diversity and the probability of fish presence. Front. Mar. Sci. 7, 593844 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
McGrath, E. C., Woods, L., Jompa, J., Haris, A. & Bell, J. J. Growth and longevity in giant barrel sponges: Redwoods of the reef or pines in the Indo-Pacific?. Sci. Rep. 8, 15317 (2018).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Jochum, K. P., Wang, X. H., Vennemann, T. W., Sinha, B. & Muller, W. E. G. Siliceous deep-sea sponge Monorhaphis chuni: A potential paleoclimate archive in ancient animals. Chem. Geol. 300, 143–151 (2012).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Maldonado, M. et al. Sponge grounds as key marine habitats: A synthetic review of types, structure, functional roles, and conservation concerns. In Marine Animal Forests: The Ecology of Benthic Biodiversity Hotspots (eds. Rossi, S. et al.) vol. 1 145–184 (Springer International Publishing, 2017).Maldonado, M. et al. Sponge skeletons as an important sink of silicon in the global oceans. Nat. Geosci. 12, 815–822 (2019).Article 
ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Maldonado, M. et al. Siliceous sponges as a silicon sink: An overlooked aspect of benthopelagic coupling in the marine silicon cycle. Limnol. Oceanogr. 50, 799–809 (2005).Article 
ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
López-Acosta, M. et al. Sponge contribution to the silicon cycle of a diatom-rich shallow bay. Limnol. Oceanogr. 67, 2431–2447 (2022).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Maldonado, M. et al. Massive silicon utilization facilitated by a benthic-pelagic coupled feedback sustains deep-sea sponge aggregations. Limnol. Oceanogr. 66, 366–391 (2021).Article 
ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Wulff, J. L. Ecological interactions of marine sponges. Can. J. Zool. 84, 146–166 (2006).Article 

Google Scholar 
Pawlik, J. R., Loh, T.-L. & McMurray, S. E. A review of bottom-up vs. top-down control of sponges on Caribbean fore-reefs: What’s old, what’s new, and future directions. PeerJ 6, 4343 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
Dayton, P. K., Robilliard, G. A., Paine, R. T. & Dayton, L. B. Biological Accommodation in the Benthic Community at McMurdo Sound, Antartica. Ecol. Monogr. 44, 105–128 (1974).Article 

Google Scholar 
Meylan, A. Spongivory in hawksbill turtles: A diet of glass. Science 239, 393–395 (1988).Article 
ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Wulff, J. Sponge-feeding by Caribbean angelfishes, trunk-fishes, and filefishes. In Sponges in time and space 265–271 (A. A. Balkema, 1994).Santos, C. P., Coutinho, A. B. & Hajdu, E. Spongivory by Eucidaris tribuloides from Salvador, Bahia (Echinodermata: Echinoidea). J. Mar. Biol. Ass. 82, 295–297 (2002).Article 

Google Scholar 
Chu, J. W. F. & Leys, S. P. The dorid nudibranchs Peltodoris lentiginosa and Archidoris odhneri as predators of glass sponges. Invertebr. Biol. 131, 75–81 (2012).Article 

Google Scholar 
Maschette, D. et al. Characteristics and implications of spongivory in the Knifejaw Oplegnathus woodwardi (Waite) in temperate mesophotic waters. J. Sea Res. 157, 101847 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Knowlton, A. L. & Highsmith, R. C. Nudibranch-sponge feeding dynamics: Benefits of symbiont-containing sponge to Archidoris montereyensis (Cooper, 1862) and recovery of nudibranch feeding scars by Halichondria panicea (Pallas, 1766). J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 327, 36–46 (2005).Article 

Google Scholar 
Bloom, S. A. Morphological correlations between dorid nudibranch predators and sponge prey. Veliger 18, 289–301 (1976).
Google Scholar 
Faulkner, D. & Ghiselin, M. Chemical defense and evolutionary ecology of dorid nudibranchs and some other opisthobranch gastropods. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 13, 295–301 (1983).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Bloom, S. A. Specialization and noncompetitive resource partitioning among sponge-eating dorid nudibranchs. Oecologia 49, 305–315 (1981).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Clark, K. B. Nudibranch life cycles in the Northwest Atlantic and their relationship to the ecology of fouling communities. Helgolander Wiss. Meeresunters 27, 28–69 (1975).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Wulff, J. Regeneration of sponges in ecological context: Is regeneration an integral part of life history and morphological strategies?. Integr. Comp. Biol. 50, 494–505 (2010).Article 

Google Scholar 
Wu, Y.-C., Franzenburg, S., Ribes, M. & Pita, L. Wounding response in Porifera (sponges) activates ancestral signaling cascades involved in animal healing, regeneration, and cancer. Sci. Rep. 12, 1307 (2022).Article 
ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Turner, T. The marine sponge Hymeniacidon perlevis is a globally-distributed exotic species. Aquat. Invasions 15, 542–561 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Ackers, R. G., Moss, D. & Picton, B. E. In Sponges of the British Isles (‘Sponge V’). vol. A Colour Guide and Working Document (Marine Conservation Society, 1992).Lima, P. O. V. & Simone, L. R. L. Anatomical review of Doris verrucosa and redescription of Doris januarii (Gastropoda, Nudibranchia) based on comparative morphology. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. 95, 1203–1220 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
Avila, C. et al. Biosynthetic origin and anatomical distribution of the main secondary metabolites in the nudibranch mollusc Doris verrucosa. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B Biochem. Mol. Biol. 97, 363–368 (1990).Article 

Google Scholar 
Urgorri, V. & Besteiro, C. The feeding habits of the nudibranchs of Galicia. Iberus 4, 51–58 (1984).
Google Scholar 
Aminot, A. & Kerouel, R. In Dosage automatique des nutriments dans les eaux marines: Méthodes en flux continu. Méthodes d’analyse en milieu marin, Ed. Ifremer 188 (2007).Hydes, D. J. & Liss, P. S. Fluorimetric method for the determination of low concentrations of dissolved aluminium in natural waters. Analyst 101, 922 (1976).Article 
ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
López-Acosta, M., Leynaert, A., Coquille, V. & Maldonado, M. Silicon utilization by sponges: An assessment of seasonal changes. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 605, 111–123 (2018).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Grall, J., Le-Loch, F., Guyonnet, B. & Riera, P. Community structure and food web based on stable isotopes (δ15N and δ13C) analysis of a North Eastern Atlantic maerl bed. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 338, 1–15 (2006).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Cebrian, E., Uriz, M. J., Garrabou, J. & Ballesteros, E. Sponge Mass Mortalities in a warming Mediterranean sea: Are cyanobacteria-harboring species worse off?. PLoS ONE 6, e20211 (2011).Article 
ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
McClintock, J. B. Investigation of the relationship between invertebrate predation and biochemical composition, energy content, spicule armament and toxicity of benthic sponges at McMurdo Sound, Antartica. Mar. Biol. 94, 479–487 (1987).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Cockburn, T. C. & Reid, R. G. B. Digestive tract enzymes in two Aeolid nudibranchs (opisthobranchia: Gastropoda). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B Biochem. Mol. Biol. 65, 275–281 (1980).Article 

Google Scholar 
De Caralt, S., Uriz, M. & Wijffels, R. Grazing, differential size-class dynamics and survival of the Mediterranean sponge Corticium candelabrum. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 360, 97–106 (2008).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Ragueneau, O., De-Blas-Varela, E., Tréguer, P., Quéguiner, B. & Del Amo, Y. Phytoplankton dynamics in relation to the biogeochemical cycle of silicon in a coastal ecosystem of western Europe. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 106, 157–172 (1994).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Turon, X., Tarjuelo, I. & Uriz, M. J. Growth dynamics and mortality of the encrusting sponge Crambe crambe (Poecilosclerida) in contrasting habitats: Correlation with population structure and investment in defence: Growth and mortality of encrusting sponges. Funct. Ecol. 12, 631–639 (1998).Article 

Google Scholar 
Hoppe, W. F. Growth, regeneration and predation in three species of large coral reef sponges. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 50, 117–125 (1988).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Ayling, A. L. Growth and regeneration rates in thinly encrusting Demospongiae from temperate waters. Biol. Bull. 165, 343–352 (1983).Article 

Google Scholar 
Fillinger, L., Janussen, D., Lundälv, T. & Richter, C. Rapid glass sponge expansion after climate-induced Antarctic ice shelf collapse. Curr. Biol. 23, 1330–1334 (2013).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Dayton, P. K. et al. Benthic responses to an Antarctic regime shift: Food particle size and recruitment biology. Ecol. Appl. 29, 1 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
Guy, G. & Metaxas, A. Recruitment of deep-water corals and sponges in the Northwest Atlantic Ocean: Implications for habitat distribution and population connectivity. Mar. Biol. 169, 107 (2022).Article 

Google Scholar 
Beucher, C., Treguer, P., Corvaisier, R., Hapette, A. M. & Elskens, M. Production and dissolution of biosilica, and changing microphytoplankton dominance in the Bay of Brest (France). Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 267, 57–69 (2004).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
López-Acosta, M., Leynaert, A. & Maldonado, M. Silicon consumption in two shallow-water sponges with contrasting biological features. Limnol. Oceanogr. 61, 2139–2150 (2016).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Ellwood, M. J., Wille, M. & Maher, W. Glacial silicic acid concentrations in the Southern Ocean. Science 330, 1088–1091 (2010).Article 
ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Maldonado, M. et al. Cooperation between passive and active silicon transporters clarifies the ecophysiology and evolution of biosilicification in sponges. Sci. Adv. 6, eaba9322 (2020).Article 
ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Palumbi, S. R. Tactics of acclimation: morphological changes of sponges in an unpredictable environment. Science 225, 1478–1480 (1984).Article 
ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Broadribb, M., Bell, J. J. & Rovellini, A. Rapid acclimation in sponges: Seasonal variation in the organic content of two intertidal sponge species. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. 101, 983–989 (2021).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Schönberg, C. H. L. & Barthel, D. Inorganic skeleton of the demosponge Halichondria panacea. Seasonality in spicule production in the Baltic Sea. Mar. Biol. 130, 133–140 (1997).Article 

Google Scholar 
Sheild, C. J. & Witman, J. D. The impact of Henricia sanguinolenta (O. F. Müller) (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) predation on the finger sponges, Isodictya spp.. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 166, 107–133 (1993).Article 

Google Scholar 
Lewis, J. R., Bowman, R. S., Kendall, M. A. & Williamson, P. Some geographical components in population dynamics: Possibilities and realities in some littoral species. Neth. J. Sea Res. 16, 18–28 (1982).Article 

Google Scholar 
Ashton, G. V. et al. Predator control of marine communities increases with temperature across 115 degrees of latitude. Science 376, 1215–1219 (2022).Article 
ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Knowlton, A. & Highsmith, R. Convergence in the time-space continuum: A predator-prey interaction. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 197, 285–291 (2000).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar  More