Ecology

European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO)-Euphresco, Paris, France
Baldissera Giovani & Nico Horn

Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Institute for Sustainable Plant Production, Vienna, Austria
Sylvia Blümel

Food Department, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry of Finland, Helsinki, Finland
Ralf Lopian

Better Border Biosecurity (B3), Plant and Food Research, Christchurch, New Zealand
David Teulon

North American Plant Protection Organization (NAPPO), Raleigh, NC, USA
Stephanie Bloem

Comite Regional de Sanidad Vegetal del Cono Sur (COSAVE), Dirección de Protección Vegetal, del Servicio Nacional y Sanidad Vegetal y Semillas, Asuncion, Paraguay
Cristina Galeano Martínez

Comunidad Andina (CAN), Secretaría General de la Comunidad Andina, Lima, Peru
Camilo Beltrán Montoya

Organismo Internacional Regional de Sanidad Agropecuaria (OIRSA), San Salvador, El Salvador
Carlos Ramon Urias Morales

Asia and Pacific Plant Protection Commission (APPPC), Bangkok, Thailand
Sridhar Dharmapuri

Pacific Plant Protection Organization (PPPO), Pacific Community Land Resources Division, Suva, Fiji
Visoni Timote

Near East Plant Protection Organization (NEPPO), Rabat, Morocco
Mekki Chouibani

African-Union Interafrican Phytosanitary Council (IAPSC), Yaoundé, Cameroon
Jean Gérard Mezui M’Ella

Ministry of Primary Industries (MPI), Wellington, New Zealand
Veronica Herrera & Aurélie Castinel

Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment (DAWE), Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
Con Goletsos, Carina Moeller & Ian Naumann

European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), Parma, Italy
Giuseppe Stancanelli, Stef Bronzwaer & Sara Tramontini

Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA), Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Philip MacDonald & Loren Matheson

French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), Plant Health Laboratory, Angers, France
Géraldine Anthoine

Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Merelbeke, Belgium
Kris De Jonghe

Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (NVWA), Wageningen, the Netherlands
Martijn Schenk

Julius Kühn Institute (JKI), Braunschweig, Germany
Silke Steinmöller

National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA), Madrid, Spain
Elena Rodriguez

National Institute for Agriculture and Veterinary Research (INIAV), Oeiras, Portugal
Maria Leonor Cruz

Plant Biosecurity Research Initiative (PBRI), Hort Innovation, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Jo Luck

Plant Health Australia (PHA), Deakin, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
Greg Fraser

International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
Sarah Brunel, Mirko Montuori, Craig Fedchock & Jingyuan Xia

Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs (DEFRA), London, UK
Elspeth Steel & Helen Grace Pennington

Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International (CABI), Nairobi, Kenya
Roger Day

French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), INRA-Montpellier-CBGP, Montferrier-sur-Lez, France
Jean Pierre Rossi

B.G. wrote the manuscript. S.B., R.L., D.T., S.B., C.G.M., C.B.M., C.R.U.M., S.D., V.T., N.H., M.C., J.G.M.M., V.H., A.C., C.G., C.M., I.N., G.S., S.B., S.T., P.M.D., L.M., G.A., K.D.J., M.S., S.S., E.R., M.L.C., J.L., G.F., S.B., M.M., C.F., E.S., H.G.P., R.D., J.P.R. and J.X. contributed to the manuscript. More

1.
Birkeland, C. & Grosenbaugh, D. Ecological interactions between tropical coastal ecosystems. in UNEP Regional Seas Reports and Studies, Vol. 73 (PNUMA, 1985).
2.
Moberg, F. & Rönnbäck, P. Ecosystem services of the tropical seascape: interactions, substitutions and restoration. Ocean Coast. Manag.46, 27–46 (2003).
Google Scholar 

3.
Gladstone, W. Conservation and management of tropical coastal ecosystems. In Ecological Connectivity Among Tropical Coastal Ecosystems (ed. Nagelkerken, I.) 565–605 (Springer, Dordrecht, 2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2406-0_16.
Google Scholar 

4.
Berkström, C. et al. Exploring ‘knowns’ and ‘unknowns’ in tropical seascape connectivity with insights from East African coral reefs. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci.107, 1–21 (2012).
ADS  Google Scholar 

5.
Ogden, J. C. The influence of adjacent systems on the structure and function of coral reefs. In Proceedings of the 6th International Coral Reef Symposium, Vol. 1, 123–129 (1988).

6.
Nagelkerken, I. et al. Importance of mangroves, seagrass beds and the shallow coral reef as a nursery for important coral reef fishes, using a visual census technique. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci.51, 31–44 (2000).
ADS  Google Scholar 

7.
Grober-Dunsmore, R., Pittman, S. J., Caldow, C., Kendall, M. S. & Frazer, T. K. A landscape ecology approach for the study of ecological connectivity across tropical marine seascapes. In Ecological Connectivity Among Tropical Coastal Ecosystems (ed. Nagelkerken, I.) 493–530 (Springer, Dordrecht, 2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2406-0_14.
Google Scholar 

8.
Hemminga, M. A. & Duarte, C. M. Seagrass ecology (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2000). https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511525551.
Google Scholar 

9.
Short, F., Carruthers, T., Dennison, W. & Waycott, M. Global seagrass distribution and diversity: a bioregional model. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol.350, 3–20 (2007).
Google Scholar 

10.
Knowles, L. L. & Bell, S. S. The influence of habitat structure in faunal-habitat associations in a Tampa Bay seagrass system Florida. Bull. Mar. Sci.62, 781–794 (1998).
Google Scholar 

11.
Connolly, R. M. & Hindell, J. S. Review of nekton patterns and ecological processes in seagrass landscapes. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci.68, 433–444 (2006).
ADS  Google Scholar 

12.
Horinouchi, M. Review of the effects of within-patch scale structural complexity on seagrass fishes. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol.350, 111–129 (2007).
Google Scholar 

13.
Gacia, E., Duarte, C. M. & Middelburg, J. J. Carbon and nutrient deposition in a Mediterranean seagrass (Posidonia oceanica) meadow. Limnol. Oceanogr.47, 23–32 (2002).
ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

14.
Hendriks, I. E., Sintes, T., Bouma, T. J. & Duarte, C. M. Experimental assessment and modeling evaluation of the effects of the seagrass Posidonia oceanica on flow and particle trapping. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.356, 163–173 (2008).
ADS  Google Scholar 

15.
Beck, M. W. et al. The identification, conservation, and management of estuarine and marine nurseries for fish and invertebrates: a better understanding of the habitats that serve as nurseries for marine species and the factors that create site-specific variability in nursery quality will improve conservation and management of these areas. AIBS Bull.51, 633–641 (2001).
Google Scholar 

16.
Heck, K. L. Jr., Hays, G. & Orth, R. J. Critical evaluation of the nursery role hypothesis for seagrass meadows. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.253, 123–136 (2003).
ADS  Google Scholar 

17.
Boström, C., Jackson, E. L. & Simenstad, C. A. Seagrass landscapes and their effects on associated fauna: a review. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci.68, 383–403 (2006).
ADS  Google Scholar 

18.
Unsworth, R. K. F. & Cullen, L. C. Recognising the necessity for Indo-Pacific seagrass conservation. Conserv. Lett.3, 63–73 (2010).
Google Scholar 

19.
Leopardas, V., Uy, W. & Nakaoka, M. Benthic macrofaunal assemblages in multispecific seagrass meadows of the southern Philippines: variation among vegetation dominated by different seagrass species. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol.457, 71–80 (2014).
Google Scholar 

20.
Waycott, M. et al. Accelerating loss of seagrasses across the globe threatens coastal ecosystems. PNAS106, 12377–12381 (2009).
ADS  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

21.
Short, F. T. & Wyllie-Echeverria, S. Natural and human-induced disturbance of seagrasses. Environ. Conserv.23, 17–27 (1996).
Google Scholar 

22.
Short, F. T. et al. Extinction risk assessment of the world’s seagrass species. Biol. Conserv.144, 1961–1971 (2011).
Google Scholar 

23.
Duarte, C. M. The future of seagrass meadows. Environ. Conserv.29, 192–206 (2002).
Google Scholar 

24.
Hastings, K., Hesp, P. & Kendrick, G. A. Seagrass loss associated with boat moorings at Rottnest Island, Western Australia. Ocean Coast. Manag.26, 225–246 (1995).
Google Scholar 

25.
Orth, R. J., Luckenbach, M. L., Marion, S. R., Moore, K. A. & Wilcox, D. J. Seagrass recovery in the Delmarva Coastal Bays, USA. Aquat. Bot.84, 26–36 (2006).
Google Scholar 

26.
Ruiz, J. M. & Romero, J. Effects of in situ experimental shading on the Mediterranean seagrass Posidonia oceanica. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.215, 107–120 (2001).
ADS  Google Scholar 

27.
Frost, M. T., Rowden, A. A. & Attrill, M. J. Effect of habitat fragmentation on the macroinvertebrate infaunal communities associated with the seagrass Zostera marina L. Aquat. Conserv. Mar. Freshw. Ecosyst.9, 255–263 (1999).
Google Scholar 

28.
Hovel, K. A. Habitat fragmentation in marine landscapes: relative effects of habitat cover and configuration on juvenile crab survival in California and North Carolina seagrass beds. Biol. Conserv.110, 401–412 (2003).
Google Scholar 

29.
Hovel, K. A. & Lipcius, R. N. Effects of seagrass habitat fragmentation on juvenile blue crab survival and abundance. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol.271, 75–98 (2002).
Google Scholar 

30.
Thomas, C. D. & Mallorie, H. C. Rarity, species richness and conservation: butterflies of the Atlas Mountains in Morocco. Biol. Conserv.33, 95–117 (1985).
Google Scholar 

31.
Fahrig, L. Effects of habitat fragmentation on biodiversity. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst.34, 487–515 (2003).
Google Scholar 

32.
Fischer, J. & Lindenmayer, D. B. Landscape modification and habitat fragmentation: a synthesis. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr.16, 265–280 (2007).
Google Scholar 

33.
Link, J. Does food web theory work for marine ecosystems?. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.230, 1–9 (2002).
ADS  Google Scholar 

34.
Peterson, B. J., Thompson, K. R., Cowan, J. H. Jr. & Heck, K. L. Jr. Comparison of predation pressure in temperate and subtropical seagrass habitats based on chronographic tethering. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.224, 77–85 (2001).
ADS  Google Scholar 

35.
Sweatman, J. L., Layman, C. A. & Fourqurean, J. W. Habitat fragmentation has some impacts on aspects of ecosystem functioning in a sub-tropical seagrass bed. Mar. Environ. Res.126, 95–108 (2017).
CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

36.
Williams, J. A. et al. Seagrass fragmentation impacts recruitment dynamics of estuarine-dependent fish. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol.479, 97–105 (2016).
Google Scholar 

37.
Bell, S. S., Brooks, R. A., Robbins, B. D., Fonseca, M. S. & Hall, M. O. Faunal response to fragmentation in seagrass habitats: implications for seagrass conservation. Biol. Conserv.100, 115–123 (2001).
Google Scholar 

38.
McCloskey, R. M. & Unsworth, R. K. F. Decreasing seagrass density negatively influences associated fauna. PeerJ3, e1053 (2015).
PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

39.
Ubertini, M. et al. Spatial variability of benthic-pelagic coupling in an estuary ecosystem: consequences for microphytobenthos resuspension phenomenon. PLoS ONE7, e44155 (2012).
ADS  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

40.
Welsh, D. T. Nitrogen fixation in seagrass meadows: regulation, plant–bacteria interactions and significance to primary productivity. Ecol. Lett.3, 58–71 (2000).
Google Scholar 

41.
Alongi, D. M. The role of bacteria in nutrient recycling in tropical mangrove and other coastal benthic ecosystems. Hydrobiologia285, 19–32 (1994).
CAS  Google Scholar 

42.
Harrison, P. G. Detrital processing in seagrass systems: a review of factors affecting decay rates, remineralization and detritivory. Aquat. Bot.35, 263–288 (1989).
Google Scholar 

43.
Mateo, M. A. & Romero, J. Detritus dynamics in the seagrass Posidonia oceanica: elements for an ecosystem carbon and nutrient budget. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.151, 43–53 (1997).
ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

44.
Barrón, C., Apostolaki, E. T. & Duarte, C. M. Dissolved organic carbon fluxes by seagrass meadows and macroalgal beds. Front. Mar. Sci.1, 42 (2014).
Google Scholar 

45.
Wetzel, R. G. & Penhale, P. A. Transport of carbon and excretion of dissolved organic carbon by leaves and roots/rhizomes in seagrasses and their epiphytes. Aquat. Bot.6, 149–158 (1979).
CAS  Google Scholar 

46.
Martin, B. C. et al. Low light availability alters root exudation and reduces putative beneficial microorganisms in seagrass roots. Front. Microbiol.8, 2667 (2018).
PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

47.
Danovaro, R. Detritus-Bacteria-Meiofauna interactions in a seagrass bed (Posidonia oceanica) of the NW Mediterranean. Mar. Biol.127, 1–13 (1996).
CAS  Google Scholar 

48.
Lohrer, A. M., Thrush, S. F. & Gibbs, M. M. Bioturbators enhance ecosystem function through complex biogeochemical interactions. Nature431, 1092–1095 (2004).
ADS  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

49.
Rosenberg, R. Marine benthic faunal successional stages and related sedimentary activity. Sci. Marina65, 107–119 (2001).
Google Scholar 

50.
Austen, M. C. et al. Biodiversity links above and below the marine sediment–water interface that may influence community stability. Biodivers. Conserv.11, 113–136 (2002).
Google Scholar 

51.
Fanjul, E., Bazterrica, M. C., Escapa, M., Grela, M. A. & Iribarne, O. Impact of crab bioturbation on benthic flux and nitrogen dynamics of Southwest Atlantic intertidal marshes and mudflats. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci.92, 629–638 (2011).
ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

52.
Forster, S. & Graf, G. Impact of irrigation on oxygen flux into the sediment: intermittent pumping by Callianassa subterranea and “piston-pumping” by Lanice conchilega. Mar. Biol.123, 335–346 (1995).
Google Scholar 

53.
Snelgrove, P. V. R. The biodiversity of macrofaunal organisms in marine sediments. Biodivers. Conserv.7, 1123–1132 (1998).
Google Scholar 

54.
Hyndes, G. A. & Lavery, P. S. Does transported seagrass provide an important trophic link in unvegetated, nearshore areas?. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci.63, 633–643 (2005).
ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

55.
Jones, D. A., Ghamrawy, M. & Wahbeh, M. I. Littoral and shallow subtidal environments. In Red Sea (eds Edwards, A. J. & Head, S. M.) 169–193 (Pergamon Press, London, 1987). https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-028873-4.50014-1.
Google Scholar 

56.
Ruiz-Compean, P. et al. Baseline evaluation of sediment contamination in the shallow coastal areas of Saudi Arabian Red Sea. Mar. Pollut. Bull.123, 205–218 (2017).
CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

57.
Bologna, P. A. X. & Heck, K. L. Impact of habitat edges on density and secondary production of seagrass-associated fauna. Estuaries25, 1033–1044 (2002).
Google Scholar 

58.
Calleja, M. L., Al-Otaibi, N. & Morán, X. A. G. Dissolved organic carbon contribution to oxygen respiration in the central Red Sea. Sci. Rep.9, 1–12 (2019).
CAS  Google Scholar 

59.
Stedmon, C. A., Markager, S. & Bro, R. Tracing dissolved organic matter in aquatic environments using a new approach to fluorescence spectroscopy. Mar. Chem.82, 239–254 (2003).
CAS  Google Scholar 

60.
Coble, P. G. Marine optical biogeochemistry: the chemistry of ocean color. Chem. Rev.107, 402–418 (2007).
ADS  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

61.
Gasol, J. M. & Morán, X. A. G. Flow cytometric determination of microbial abundances and its use to obtain indices of community structure and relative activity. In Hydrocarbon and Lipid Microbiology Protocols: Single-Cell and Single-Molecule Methods (eds McGenity, T. J. et al.) 159–1870 (Springer, Berlin, 2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/8623_2015_139.
Google Scholar 

62.
Silva, L. et al. Low abundances but high growth rates of coastal heterotrophic bacteria in the Red Sea. Front. Microbiol.9, 3244 (2019).
PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

63.
Leray, M. & Knowlton, N. DNA barcoding and metabarcoding of standardized samples reveal patterns of marine benthic diversity. PNAS112, 2076–2081 (2015).
ADS  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

64.
Klindworth, A. et al. Evaluation of general 16S ribosomal RNA gene PCR primers for classical and next-generation sequencing-based diversity studies. Nucl. Acids Res.41, e1 (2013).
CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

65.
Oksanen, J. et al. Vegan: community ecology package. R package version 2.5-2, (2018).

66.
R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, 2018).

67.
Lê, S., Josse, J. & Husson, F. FactoMineR: a package for multivariate analysis. J. Stat. Softw.25, 1–18 (2008).
Google Scholar 

68.
Goslee, S. C. & Urban, D. L. The ecodist package for dissimilarity-based analysis of ecological data. J. Stat. Softw.22, 1–19 (2007).
Google Scholar 

69.
Chen, H. VennDiagram: Generate High-Resolution Venn and Euler Plots (2018).

70.
Clarke, K. R. & Gorley, R. N. PRIMER v7: User Manual/Tutorial, PRIMER-E: Plymouth (2015).

71.
Callahan, B. J. et al. DADA2: high-resolution sample inference from Illumina amplicon data. Nat. Methods13, 581–583 (2016).
CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

72.
Pruesse, E. et al. SILVA: a comprehensive online resource for quality checked and aligned ribosomal RNA sequence data compatible with ARB. Nucl. Acids Res.35, 7188–7196 (2007).
CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

73.
McMurdie, P. J. & Holmes, S. phyloseq: an R package for reproducible interactive analysis and graphics of microbiome census data. PLoS ONE8, e61217 (2013).
ADS  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

74.
Keeley, N., Wood, S. A. & Pochon, X. Development and preliminary validation of a multi-trophic metabarcoding biotic index for monitoring benthic organic enrichment. Ecol. Indic.85, 1044–1057 (2018).
CAS  Google Scholar 

75.
Lobelle, D., Kenyon, E. J., Cook, K. J. & Bull, J. C. Local competition and metapopulation processes drive long-term seagrass-epiphyte population dynamics. PLoS ONE8, e57072 (2013).
ADS  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

76.
Ávila, E., Yáñez, B. & Vazquez-Maldonado, L. E. Influence of habitat structure and environmental regime on spatial distribution patterns of macroinvertebrate assemblages associated with seagrass beds in a southern Gulf of Mexico coastal lagoon. Mar. Biol. Res.11, 755–764 (2015).
Google Scholar 

77.
Barnes, R. S. K. & Hendy, I. W. Seagrass-associated macrobenthic functional diversity and functional structure along an estuarine gradient. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci.164, 233–243 (2015).
Google Scholar 

78.
York, P. H., Hyndes, G. A., Bishop, M. J. & Barnes, R. S. K. Faunal assemblages of seagrass ecosystems. In Seagrasses of Australia: Structure, Ecology and Conservation (eds Larkum, A. W. D. et al.) 541–588 (Springer, Berlin, 2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71354-0_17.
Google Scholar 

79.
Magni, P., Como, S., Kamijo, A. & Montani, S. Effects of Zostera marina on the patterns of spatial distribution of sediments and macrozoobenthos in the boreal lagoon of Furen (Hokkaido, Japan). Mar. Environ. Res.131, 90–102 (2017).
CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

80.
Thomsen, M. S. et al. Secondary foundation species enhance biodiversity. Nat. Ecol. Evol.2, 634 (2018).
PubMed  Google Scholar 

81.
Attrill, M. J., Strong, J. A. & Rowden, A. A. Are macroinvertebrate communities influenced by seagrass structural complexity?. Ecography23, 114–121 (2000).
Google Scholar 

82.
Lee, S. Y., Fong, C. W. & Wu, R. S. S. The effects of seagrass (Zostera japonica) canopy structure on associated fauna: a study using artificial seagrass units and sampling of natural beds. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol.259, 23–50 (2001).
PubMed  Google Scholar 

83.
Nakamura, Y. & Sano, M. Comparison of invertebrate abundance in a seagrass bed and adjacent coral and sand areas at Amitori Bay, Iriomote Island, Japan. Fish. Sci.71, 543–550 (2005).
CAS  Google Scholar 

84.
Barrio Froján, C. R. S. et al. The importance of bare marine sedimentary habitats for maintaining high polychaete diversity and the implications for the design of marine protected areas. Aquat. Conserv. Mar. Freshw. Ecosyst.19, 748–757 (2009).
Google Scholar 

85.
Barnes, R. S. K. & Barnes, M. K. S. Spatial uniformity of biodiversity is inevitable if the available species are distributed independently of each other. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.516, 263–266 (2014).
ADS  Google Scholar 

86.
Webster, P. J., Rowden, A. A. & Attrill, M. J. Effect of shoot density on the infaunal macro-invertebrate community within a Zostera marina seagrass bed. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci.47, 351–357 (1998).
ADS  Google Scholar 

87.
Bowden, D. A., Rowden, A. A. & Attrill, M. J. Effect of patch size and in-patch location on the infaunal macroinvertebrate assemblages of Zostera marina seagrass beds. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol.259, 133–154 (2001).
PubMed  Google Scholar 

88.
Turner, S. J. et al. Seagrass patches and landscapes: the influence of wind-wave dynamics and hierarchical arrangements of spatial structure on macrofaunal seagrass communities. Estuaries22, 1016–1032 (1999).
Google Scholar 

89.
Tanner, J. E. Edge effects on fauna in fragmented seagrass meadows. Austral Ecol.30, 210–218 (2005).
Google Scholar 

90.
Włodarska-Kowalczuk, M., Jankowska, E., Kotwicki, L. & Balazy, P. Evidence of season-dependency in vegetation effects on macrofauna in temperate seagrass meadows (Baltic Sea). PLoS ONE9, e100788 (2014).
ADS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

91.
Calleja, M. L., Barrón, C., Hale, J. A., Frazer, T. K. & Duarte, C. M. Light regulation of benthic sulfate reduction rates mediated by seagrass (Thalassia testudinum) metabolism. Estuar. Coasts J ERF29, 1255–1264 (2006).
CAS  Google Scholar 

92.
Barnes, R. S. K. & Barnes, M. K. S. Shore height and differentials between macrobenthic assemblages in vegetated and unvegetated areas of an intertidal sandflat. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci.106, 112–120 (2012).
ADS  Google Scholar 

93.
Agawin, N. S. R., Duarte, C. M., Fortes, M. D., Uri, J. S. & Vermaat, J. E. Temporal changes in the abundance, leaf growth and photosynthesis of three co-occurring Philippine seagrasses. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol.260, 217–239 (2001).
PubMed  Google Scholar 

94.
Pereg, L. L., Lipkin, Y. & Sar, N. Different niches of the Halophila stipulacea seagrass bed harbor distinct populations of nitrogen fixing bacteria. Mar. Biol.119, 327–333 (1994).
CAS  Google Scholar 

95.
Holmer, M., Duarte, C., Boschker, H. & Barrón, C. Carbon cycling and bacterial carbon sources in pristine and impacted Mediterranean seagrass sediments. Aquat. Microb. Ecol.36, 227–237 (2004).
Google Scholar 

96.
Barberá-Cebrián, C., Sánchez-Jerez, P. & Ramos-Esplá, A. Fragmented seagrass habitats on the Mediterranean coast, and distribution and abundance of mysid assemblages. Mar. Biol.141, 405–413 (2002).
Google Scholar 

97.
Ringold, P. Burrowing, root mat density, and the distribution of fiddler crabs in the eastern United States. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol.36, 11–21 (1979).
Google Scholar 

98.
Ricart, A. M. et al. Variability of sedimentary organic carbon in patchy seagrass landscapes. Mar. Pollut. Bull.100, 476–482 (2015).
CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

99.
Samper-Villarreal, J., Lovelock, C. E., Saunders, M. I., Roelfsema, C. & Mumby, P. J. Organic carbon in seagrass sediments is influenced by seagrass canopy complexity, turbidity, wave height, and water depth. Limnol. Oceanogr.61, 938–952 (2016).
ADS  Google Scholar 

100.
Serra, T., Oldham, C. & Colomer, J. Local hydrodynamics at edges of marine canopies under oscillatory flows. PLoS ONE13, e0201737 (2018).
PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

101.
Choat, J. H. & Kingett, P. D. The influence of fish predation on the abundance cycles of an algal turf invertebrate fauna. Oecologia54, 88–95 (1982).
ADS  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

102.
Nakamura, Y., Horinouchi, M., Nakai, T. & Sano, M. Food habits of fishes in a seagrass bed on a fringing coral reef at Iriomote Island, southern Japan. Ichthyol. Res.50, 0015–0022 (2003).
Google Scholar 

103.
Eklöf, J. S., de la Torre Castro, M., Adelsköld, L., Jiddawi, N. S. & Kautsky, N. Differences in macrofaunal and seagrass assemblages in seagrass beds with and without seaweed farms. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci.63, 385–396 (2005).
ADS  Google Scholar 

104.
Díaz-Cárdenas, C., Patel, B. K. C. & Baena, S. Tistlia consotensisgen. nov., sp. an aerobic, chemoheterotrophic, free-living, nitrogen-fixing alphaproteobacterium, isolated from a Colombian saline spring. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol.60, 1437–1443 (2010).
PubMed  Google Scholar 

105.
Sun, F. et al. Seagrass (Zostera marina) colonization promotes the accumulation of diazotrophic bacteria and alters the relative abundances of specific bacterial lineages involved in benthic carbon and sulfur cycling. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.81, 6901–6914 (2015).
CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

106.
Brown, S. M. & Jenkins, B. D. Profiling gene expression to distinguish the likely active diazotrophs from a sea of genetic potential in marine sediments. Environ. Microbiol.16, 3128–3142 (2014).
CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

107.
Santos, R., Lirman, D. & Pittman, S. Long-term spatial dynamics in vegetated seascapes: fragmentation and habitat loss in a human-impacted subtropical lagoon. Mar. Ecol.37(1), 200–214. https://doi.org/10.1111/maec.12259 (2015).
ADS  Article  Google Scholar 

108.
Irlandi, E. & Crawford, M. Habitats linkages: the effect of intertidal saltmarshes and adjacent habitats on abundance, movement and growth of an estuarine fish. Oecologia110, 222–230 (1997).
ADS  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

109.
Boström, C., Pittman, S. J., Simenstad, C. & Kneib, R. T. Seascape ecology of coastal biogenic habitats: advances, gaps, and challenges. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.427, 191–218 (2011).
ADS  Google Scholar 

110.
Mumby, P. J. Connectivity of reef fish between mangroves and coral reefs: algorithms for the design of marine reserves at seascape scales. Biol. Conserv.128, 215–222 (2006).
Google Scholar 

111.
Haila, Y. A conceptual genealogy of fragmentation research: from island biogeography to landscape ecology. Ecol. Appl.12, 321–334 (2002).
Google Scholar 

112.
Barnes, R. S. K. Distribution patterns of macrobenthic biodiversity in the intertidal seagrass beds of an estuarine system, and their conservation significance. Biodivers. Conserv.22, 357–372 (2013).
Google Scholar 

113.
Barnes, R. S. K. & Hamylton, S. On the very edge: faunal and functional responses to the interface between benthic seagrass and unvegetated sand assemblages. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.553, 33–48 (2016).
ADS  Google Scholar  More

1.
Börjesson, G., Menichetti, L., Kirchmann, H. & Kätterer, T. Soil microbial community structure affected by 53 years of nitrogen fertilisation and different organic amendments. Biol. Fertil. Soils48, 245–257 (2012).
Article  Google Scholar 
2.
Cui, J. et al. Carbon and nitrogen recycling from microbial necromass to cope with C: N stoichiometric imbalance by priming. Soil Biol. Biochem.142, 107720 (2020).
CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

3.
Xiao, D. et al. Microbial biomass, metabolic functional diversity, and activity are affected differently by tillage disturbance and maize planting in a typical karst calcareous soil. J. Soil. Sediment.19, 809–821 (2019).
CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

4.
Dangi, S., Gao, S., Duan, Y. H. & Wang, D. Soil microbial community structure affected by biochar and fertilizer sources. Appl. Soil Ecol.150, 103452 (2020).
Article  Google Scholar 

5.
Geisseler, D. & Scow, K. M. Long-term effects of mineral fertilizers on soil microorganisms: a review. Soil Biol. Biochem.75, 54–63 (2014).
CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

6.
Trivedi, P. et al. Soil aggregation and associated microbial communities modify the impact of agricultural management on carbon content. Environ. Microbiol.19, 3070–3086 (2017).
CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

7.
Jia, X., Li, X. D., Zhao, Y. H., Wang, L. & Zhang, C. Y. Soil microbial community structure in the rhizosphere of Robinia pseudoacacia L. seedlings exposed to elevated air temperature and cadmium-contaminated soils for 4 years. Sci. Total Environ.650, 2355–2363 (2019).
ADS  CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

8.
Zhong, W. et al. The effects of mineral fertilizer and organic manure on soil microbial community and diversity. Plant Soil326, 511–522 (2010).
CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

9.
Hartmann, M., Frey, B., Mayer, J., Maeder, P. & Widmer, F. Distinct soil microbial diversity under long-term organic and conventional farming. ISME J.9, 1177–1194 (2015).
Article  Google Scholar 

10.
Francioli, D. et al. Mineral versus organic amendments: microbial community structure, activity and abundance of agriculturally relevant microbes are driven by long-term fertilization strategies. Front. Microbiol.14, 1446 (2016).
Google Scholar 

11.
Wang, Y. et al. Long-term no-tillage and organic input management enhanced the diversity and stability of soil microbial community. Sci. Total Environ.609, 341–347 (2017).
ADS  CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

12.
Treonis, A. M. et al. Effects of organic amendment and tillage on soil microorganisms and microfauna. Appl. Soil Ecol.46, 103–110 (2010).
Article  Google Scholar 

13.
Forge, T. A., Hogue, E. J., Neilsen, G. & Neilsen, D. Organic mulches alter nematode communities, root growth and fluxes of phosphorus in the root zone of apple. Appl. Soil Ecol.39, 15–22 (2008).
Article  Google Scholar 

14.
Ahn, J. et al. Dynamics of bacterial communities in rice field soils as affected by different long-term fertilization practices. J. Microbiol.54, 724–731 (2016).
CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

15.
Zhu, X. C. et al. Soil microbial community and activity are affected by integrated agricultural practices in China. Eur. J. Soil Sci.69, 924–935 (2018).
Article  Google Scholar 

16.
Yang, X. Y., Ren, W. D., Sun, B. H. & Zhang, S. L. Effects of contrasting soil management regimes on total and labile soil organic carbon fractions in a loess soil in China. Geoderma177–178, 49–56 (2012).
ADS  Article  Google Scholar 

17.
Chen, Z. D., Ti, F. S. & Chen, F. Soil aggregates response to tillage and residue management in a double paddy rice soil of the southern China. Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst.109, 103–114 (2017).
Article  Google Scholar 

18.
Wei, X., Zhu, Z., Wei, L., Wu, J. & Ge, T. Biogeochemical cycles of key elements in the paddy-rice rhizosphere: microbial mechanisms and coupling processes. Rhizosphere10, 100145 (2019).
Article  Google Scholar 

19.
Tang, H. M. et al. Effects of different soil tillage systems on soil carbon management index under double-cropping rice field in southern China. Agron. J.111, 440–446 (2019).
CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

20.
Tang, H. M. et al. Organic manure managements increases soil microbial community structure and diversity in double-cropping paddy field of southern China. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.08.031609 (2020).
Article  Google Scholar 

21.
Zhao, J. et al. Pyrosequencing reveals contrasting soil bacterial diversity and community structure of two main winter wheat cropping systems in China. Microb. Ecol.67, 443–453 (2014).
Article  Google Scholar 

22.
Wu, J., Joergensen, R. G., Pommerening, B., Chaussod, R. & Brookes, P. C. Measurement of soil microbial biomass by fumigation–extraction-an automated procedure. Soil Biol. Biochem.20, 1167–1169 (1990).
Article  Google Scholar 

23.
Peiffer, J. A. et al. Diversity and heritability of the maize rhizosphere microbiome under field conditions. PNAS110, 6548–6553 (2013).
ADS  CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

24.
Wang, Z. T., Liu, L., Chen, Q., Wen, X. X. & Liao, Y. C. Conservation tillage increases soil bacterial diversity in the dryland of northern China. Agron. Sustain. Dev.36, 28 (2016).
Article  Google Scholar 

25.
Bazzicalupo, A. L., Bálint, M. & Schmitt, I. Comparison of ITS1 and ITS2 rDNA in 454 sequencing of hyper diverse fungal communities. Fungal Ecol.6, 102–109 (2013).
Article  Google Scholar 

26.
Edgar, R. C. Search and clustering orders of magnitude faster than BLAST. Bioinformatics26, 2460–2461 (2010).
CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

27.
SAS. SAS Software of the SAS System for Windows (SAS Institute Inc, Cary, 2008).
Google Scholar 

28.
Blanco-Canqui, H., Ferguson, R. B., Shapiro, C. A., Drijber, R. A. & Walters, D. T. Does inorganic nitrogen fertilization improve soil aggregation? Insights from two long-term tillage experiments. J. Environ. Qual.43, 995–1003 (2014).
Article  Google Scholar 

29.
Neumann, D., Heuer, A., Hemkemeyer, M., Martens, R. & Tebbe, C. C. Response of microbial communities to long-term fertilization depends on their microhabitat. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol.86, 71–84 (2013).
CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

30.
Jenkins, S. N. et al. Taxon specific responses of soil bacteria to the addition of low level C inputs. Soil Biol. Biochem.42, 1624–1631 (2010).
CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

31.
Li, H. et al. Soil bacterial communities of different natural forest types in northeast China. Plant Soil383, 203–216 (2014).
CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

32.
Pascault, N. et al. Stimulation of different functional groups of bacteria by various plant residues as a driver of soil priming effect. Ecosystems16, 810–822 (2013).
CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

33.
He, J. Z., Zheng, Y., Chen, C. R., He, Y. Q. & Zhang, L. M. Microbial composition and diversity of an upland red soil under long-term fertilization treatments as revealed by culture-dependent and culture-independent approaches. J. Soil. Sediment.8, 349–358 (2008).
CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

34.
Paungfoo-lonhienne, C. et al. Nitrogen fertilizer dose alters fungal communities in sugarcane soil and rhizosphere. Sci. Rep.5, 8678 (2015).
CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

35.
Huang, X. M. et al. Changes of soil microbial biomass carbon and community composition through mixing nitrogen-fixing species with Eucalyptus urophylla in subtropical China. Soil Biol. Biochem.73, 42–48 (2014).
CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

36.
Desantis, T. Z. et al. Greengenes, a chimera-checked 16S rRNA gene database and workbench compatible with ARB. Appl. Environ. Microb.72, 5069–5072 (2006).
CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

37.
Iovieno, P., Alfani, A. & Bååth, E. Soil microbial community structure and biomass as affected by Pinus pinea plantation in two mediterranean areas. Appl. Soil Ecol.45, 56–63 (2010).
Article  Google Scholar  More

1.
Bourke, A. F. G. & Heinze, J. The ecology of communal breeding: The case of multiple-queen Leptothoracine ants. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci.345, 359–372 (1994).
ADS  Google Scholar 
2.
Bourke, A. F. G. Principles of Social Evolution. Oxford Series in Ecology and Evolution (2011).

3.
Cockburn, A. Evolution of helping behavior in cooperatively breeding birds. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst.29, 141–177 (1998).
Google Scholar 

4.
Jennions, M. Cooperative breeding in mammals. Trends Ecol. Evol.9, 89–93 (1994).
CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

5.
Lukas, D. & Clutton-Brock, T. Life histories and the evolution of cooperative breeding in mammals. Proc. R. Soc. B279, 4065–4070 (2012).
PubMed  Google Scholar 

6.
Purcell, J. Geographic patterns in the distribution of social systems in terrestrial arthropods. Biol. Rev.86, 475–491 (2011).
PubMed  Google Scholar 

7.
Wong, M. & Balshine, S. The evolution of cooperative breeding in the African cichlid fish, Neolamprologus pulcher. Biol. Rev.86, 511–530 (2011).
PubMed  Google Scholar 

8.
Dugatkin, L. Animal cooperation among unrelated individuals. Naturwissenschaften89, 533–541 (2002).
ADS  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

9.
Emlen, S. The evolution of helping. An ecological constraints model. Am. Nat.119, 29–39 (1982).
Google Scholar 

10.
Nichols, H. J. et al. Food availability shapes patterns of helping effort in a cooperative mongoose. Anim. Behav.83, 1377–1385 (2012).
Google Scholar 

11.
Riehl, C. & Strong, M. J. Stable social relationships between unrelated females increase individual fitness in a cooperative bird. Proc. R. Soc. B285, 20180130 (2018).
PubMed  Google Scholar 

12.
Sharp, S. P., English, S. & Clutton-Brock, T. H. Maternal investment during pregnancy in wild meerkats. Evol. Ecol.27, 1033–1044 (2012).
Google Scholar 

13.
Taborsky, M. Broodcare helpers in the cichlid fish Lamprologus brichardi: Their costs and benefits. Anim. Behav.32, 1236–1252 (1984).
Google Scholar 

14.
Hamilton, W. D. The genetical evolution of social behaviour. J. Theor. Biol.7, 1–52 (1964).
CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

15.
Bshary, R. Cooperation between unrelated individuals—a game theoretic approach. In Animal Behaviour: Evolution and Mechanisms (ed. Kappeler, P.) 213–240 (Springer, Berlin, 2010).
Google Scholar 

16.
Dugatkin, L. A. & Mesterton-Gibbons, M. Cooperation among unrelated individuals: Reciprocal altruism, by-product mutualism and group selection in fishes. Biosystems37, 19–30 (1996).
CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

17.
Keller, L. Queen Number and Sociality in Insects (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1993).
Google Scholar 

18.
Matsuura, K., Fujimoto, M., Goka, K. & Nishida, T. Cooperative colony foundation by termite female pairs: Altruism for survivorship in incipient colonies. Anim. Behav.64, 167–173 (2002).
Google Scholar 

19.
Mesterton-Gibbons, M. & Dugatkin, L. A. Cooperation among unrelated individuals: Evolutionary factors. Q. Rev. Biol.67, 267–281 (1992).
Google Scholar 

20.
Bernasconi, G. & Strassmann, J. E. Cooperation among unrelated individuals: The ant foundress case. Trends Ecol. Evol.14, 477–482 (1999).
CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

21.
Itô, Y. Behaviour and Social Evolution of Wasps (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1993).
Google Scholar 

22.
Packer, L. Multiple-foundress associations in sweat bees. In Queen Number and Sociality in Insects (ed. Keller, L.) 215–233 (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1993).
Google Scholar 

23.
Schwarz, M. P., Bull, N. J. & Hogendoorn, K. Evolution of sociality in the allodapine bees: A review of sex allocation, ecology and evolution. Insectes Soc.45, 349–368 (1998).
Google Scholar 

24.
Shellman-Reeve, J. S. The spectrum of eusociality in termites. In The Evolution of Social Behavior in Insects and Arachnids (eds Choe, J. C. & Crespi, B. J.) 52–93 (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1997).
Google Scholar 

25.
Thorne, B. L. Evolution of eusociality in termites. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst.28, 27–54 (1997).
Google Scholar 

26.
Hölldobler, B. & Wilson, E. O. The Ants (Springer, Berlin, 1990).
Google Scholar 

27.
Schmid-Hempel, P. Parasites in Social Insects (Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1998).
Google Scholar 

28.
Tschinkel, W. R. The Fire Ants (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 2006).
Google Scholar 

29.
Cole, B. J. The ecological setting of social evolution. In Organization of Insect Societies (eds Gadau, J. & Fewell, J.) 74–104 (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 2009).
Google Scholar 

30.
Johnson, R. A. Colony founding by pleometrosis in the semi-claustral seed-harvester ant Pogonomyrmex calfornicus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Anim. Behav.68, 1189–1200 (2004).
Google Scholar 

31.
Tschinkel, W. R. An experimental study of pleometrotic colony founding in the fire ant, Solenopsis invicta: What is the basis for association?. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol.43, 247–257 (1998).
Google Scholar 

32.
Jerome, C. A., McInnes, D. A. & Adams, E. S. Group defense by colony-founding queens in the fire ant Solenopsis invicta. Behav. Ecol.9, 301–308 (1998).
Google Scholar 

33.
Helms Cahan, S. & Julian, G. E. Fitness consequences of cooperative colony founding in the desert leaf-cutter ant Acromyrmex versicolor. Behav. Ecol.10, 585–591 (1999).
Google Scholar 

34.
Adams, E. S. & Tschinkel, W. R. Effects of foundress number on brood raids and queen survival in the fire ant Solenopsis invicta. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol.37, 233–242 (1995).
Google Scholar 

35.
Clark, R. M. & Fewell, J. H. Social dynamics drive selection in cooperative associations of ant queens. Behav. Ecol.25, 117–123 (2014).
Google Scholar 

36.
Offenberg, J., Peng, R. & Nielsen, M. Development rate and brood production in haplo- and pleometrotic colonies of Oecophylla smaragdina. Insectes Soc.59, 307–311 (2012).
Google Scholar 

37.
Rissing, S. W. & Pollock, G. B. An experimental analysis of pleometric advantage in the desert seed-harvester ant Messor pergandei (Hymenoptera; Formicidae). Insectes Soc.38, 205–211 (1991).
Google Scholar 

38.
Sasaki, K., Jibiki, E., Satoh, T. & Obara, Y. Queen phenotype and behaviour during cooperative colony founding in Polyrhachis moesta. Insectes Soc.52, 19–25 (2005).
Google Scholar 

39.
Waloff, N. The effect of the number of queens of the ant Lasius flavus (Fab.) (Hym. Formicidae) on their survival and on the rate of development of the first brood. Insectes Soc.4, 391–408 (1957).
Google Scholar 

40.
Bartz, S. H. & Hölldobler, B. Colony founding in Myrmecocystus mimicus Wheeler (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) and the evolution of foundress associations. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol10, 137–147 (1982).
Google Scholar 

41.
Helms Cahan, S. Ecological variation across a transition in colony-founding behavior in the ant Messor pergandei. Oecologia129, 629–635 (2001).
ADS  Google Scholar 

42.
Sommer, K. & Hölldobler, B. Colony founding by queen association and determinants of reduction in queen number in the ant Lasius niger. Anim. Behav.50, 287–294 (1995).
Google Scholar 

43.
Tschinkel, W. R. & Howard, D. F. Colony founding by pleometrosis in the fire ant, Solenopsis invicta. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol12, 103–113 (1983).
Google Scholar 

44.
Herbers, J. M. Nest site limitation and facultative polygyny in the ant Leptothorax longispinosus. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol19, 115–122 (1986).
Google Scholar 

45.
Nonacs, P. Queen condition and alate density affect pleometrosis in the ant Lasius pallitarsis. Insectes Soc.39, 3–13 (1992).
Google Scholar 

46.
Masoni, A. et al. Pleometrotic colony foundation in the ant Crematogaster scutellaris (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): Better be alone than in bad company. Myrmecol. News25, 51–59 (2016).
Google Scholar 

47.
Sommer, K. & Hölldobler, B. Pleometrosis in Lasius niger. In Biology and Evolution of Social Insects (ed. Billen, J.) 47–50 (Leuven University Press, Leuven, 1992).
Google Scholar 

48.
Pfennig, D. W. Absence of joint nesting advantage in desert seed harvester ants: Evidence from a field experiment. Anim. Behav.49, 567–575 (1995).
Google Scholar 

49.
Tschinkel, W. R. Brood raiding and the population dynamics of founding and incipient colonies of the fire ant Solenopsis invicta. Ecol. Entomol.17, 179–188 (1992).
Google Scholar 

50.
Helms Cahan, S. & Fewell, J. H. Division of labor and the evolution of task sharing in queen associations of the harvester ant Pogonomyrmex californicus. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol.56, 9–17 (2004).
Google Scholar 

51.
Helmkampf, M., Mikheyev, A. S., Kang, Y., Fewell, J. & Gadau, J. Gene expression and variation in social aggression by queens of the harvester ant Pogonomyrmex californicus. Mol. Ecol.25, 3716–3730 (2016).
PubMed  Google Scholar 

52.
Overson, R. P., Gadau, J., Clark, R. M., Pratt, S. C. & Fewell, J. H. Behavioral transitions with the evolution of cooperative nest founding by harvester ant queens. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol.68, 21–30 (2014).
Google Scholar 

53.
Shaffer, Z. et al. The foundress’s dilemma: Group selection for cooperation among queens of the harvester ant, Pogonomyrmex californicus. Sci. Rep.6, 29828 (2016).
ADS  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

54.
Aron, S., Steinhauer, N. & Fournier, D. Influence of queen phenotype, investment and maternity apportionment on the outcome of fights in cooperative foundations of the ant Lasius niger. Anim. Behav.77, 1067–1074 (2009).
Google Scholar 

55.
Brütsch, T., Avril, A. & Chapuisat, M. No evidence for social immunity in co-founding queen associations. Sci. Rep.7, 16262 (2017).
ADS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

56.
Chérasse, S. & Aron, S. Measuring inotocin receptor gene expression in chronological order in ant queens. Horm. Behav.96, 116–121 (2017).
PubMed  Google Scholar 

57.
Dreier, S. & d’Ettorre, P. Social context predicts recognition systems in ant queens. J. Evol. Biol.22, 644–649 (2009).
CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

58.
Holman, L., Dreier, S. & d’Ettorre, P. Selfish strategies and honest signalling: Reproductive conflicts in ant queen associations. Proc. R. Soc. B277, 2007–2015 (2010).
CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

59.
Pull, C. D. & Cremer, S. Co-founding ant queens prevent disease by performing prophylactic undertaking behaviour. BMC Evol. Biol.17, 219 (2017).
PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

60.
Pull, C. D., Hughes, W. H. O. & Brown, M. J. F. Tolerating an infection: An indirect benefit of co-founding queen associations in the ant Lasius niger. Naturwissenschaften100, 1125–1136 (2013).
ADS  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

61.
Bernasconi, G. & Keller, L. Phenotype and individual investment in cooperative foundress associations of the fire ant, Solenopsis invicta. Behav. Ecol9, 478–485 (1998).
Google Scholar 

62.
Bernasconi, G. & Keller, L. Effect of queen phenotype and social environment on early queen mortality in incipient colonies of the fire ant, Solenopsis invicta. Anim. Behav.57, 371–377 (1999).
CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  More

1.
Tian, F. Q., Hu, H. C., Zhang, Z. & Hu, H. P. Secondary salinization and evapotranspiration under mulched drip irrigation condition in Tarim River basin of northwestern China. EGU Gen. Assembly Conf. Abstr. 15, EGU2013–8341 (2013).
2.
Liu, T. et al. Differentially improved soil microenvironment and seedling growth of Amorpha fruticosa by plastic, sand and straw mulching in a saline wasteland in northwest China. Ecol. Eng.122, 126–134 (2018).
Article  Google Scholar 

3.
Rewald, B., Rachmilevitch, S., McCue, M. D. & Ephrath, J. E. Influence of saline drip-irrigation on fine root and sap-flow densities of two mature olive varieties. Environ. Exp. Bot.72, 107–114 (2011).
Article  Google Scholar 

4.
Wullshleger, S. D., Meinzer, F. C. & Vertessy, R. A. A review of whole-plant water use studies in tree. Tree Physiol.18, 499–512 (1998).
Article  Google Scholar 

5.
Forster, M. A. How significant is nocturnal sap flow?. Tree Physiol.34, 757–765 (2014).
Article  Google Scholar 

6.
Chu, C. R., Hsieh, C. I., Wu, S. Y. & Phillips, N. G. Transient response of sap flow to wind speed. J. Exp. Bot.60, 249–255 (2009).
CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

7.
Ma, C. K. et al. Environmental controls on sap flow in black locust forest in Loess Plateau, China. Sci. Rep.7, 13160 (2017).
ADS  Article  Google Scholar 

8.
Zhao, C. Y., Si, J. H., Feng, Q., Yu, T. F. & Li, P. D. Comparative study of daytime and nighttime sap flow of Populus euphratica. J. Plant Growth Regul.82, 1–10 (2017).
ADS  Article  Google Scholar 

9.
Zhang, Q. Y. et al. Sap flow of black locust in response to short-term drought in southern Loess Plateau of China. Sci. Rep.8, 6222 (2018).
ADS  Article  Google Scholar 

10.
Rosado, B. H. P., Oliveira, R. S., Joly, C. A., Aidar, M. P. M. & Burgess, S. S. O. Diversity in nighttime transpiration behavior of woody species of the Atlantic Rain Forest, Brazil. Agric. For. Meteorol.159, 13–20 (2012).
ADS  Article  Google Scholar 

11.
Doronila, A. I. & Forster, M. A. Performance measurement via sap flow monitoring of three eucalyptus species for mine site and dryland salinity phytoremediation. Int. J. Phytoremediat.17, 101–108 (2015).
CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

12.
Fang, W. W., Lu, N., Zhang, Y., Jiao, L. & Fu, B. J. Responses of nighttime sap flow to atmospheric and soil dryness and its potential roles for shrubs on the Loess Plateau of China. J. Plant Ecol.11, 717–729 (2018).
Article  Google Scholar 

13.
Daley, M. J. & Phillips, N. G. Interspecific variation in nighttime transpiration and stomatal conductance in a mixed New England deciduous forest. Tree Physiol.26, 411–419 (2006).
Article  Google Scholar 

14.
Phillips, N. G., Lewis, J. D., Logan, B. A. & Tissue, D. T. Inter- and intra-specific variation in nocturnal water transport in Eucalyptus. Tree Physiol.30, 586–596 (2010).
Article  Google Scholar 

15.
Caspari, H. W., Green, S. R. & Edwards, W. R. N. Transpiration of well-watered and water-stressed Asian pear trees as determined by lysimetry, heat-pulse, and estimated by a Penman-Monteith model. Agric. For. Meteorol.67, 13–27 (1993).
ADS  Article  Google Scholar 

16.
Pfautsch, S. & Adams, M. A. Water flux of Eucalyptus regnans: Defying summer drought and a record heatwave in 2009. Oecologia172, 317–326 (2013).
ADS  Article  Google Scholar 

17.
Chang, X. X., Zhao, W. Z. & He, Z. B. Radial pattern of sap flow and response to microclimate and soil moisture in Qinghai spruce (Picea crassifolia) in the upper Heihe River Basin of arid northwestern China. Agric. For. Meteorol.187, 14–21 (2014).
ADS  Article  Google Scholar 

18.
Wang, Y. N. et al. Response of the daily transpiration of a larch plantation to variation in potential evaporation, leaf area index and soil moisture. Sci. Rep.9, 4697 (2019).
ADS  Article  Google Scholar 

19.
Prieto, I., Kikvidze, Z. & Pugnaire, F. I. Hydraulic lift: soil processes and transpiration in the Mediterranean leguminous shrub Retama sphaerocarpa (L.) Boiss. Plant Soil329, 447–456 (2010).

20.
Shen, Q., Gao, G. Y., Fu, B. J. & Lü, Y. H. Sap flow and water use sources of shelter-belt trees in an arid inland river basin of Northwest China. Ecohydrology8, 1446–1458 (2014).
Article  Google Scholar 

21.
Carter, J. L., Veneklaas, E. J., Colmer, T. D., Eastham, J. & Hatton, T. J. Contrasting water relations of three coastal tree species with different exposure to salinity. Physiol. Plantarum.127, 360–373 (2006).
CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

22.
Ma, J. X., Huang, X., Li, W. H. & Zhu, C. G. Sap flow and trunk maximum daily shrinkage (MDS) measurements for diagnosing water status of Populus euphratica in an inland river basin of Northwest China. Ecohydrology6, 994–1000 (2013).
CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

23.
Zhao, W. Z. & Liu, B. The response of sap flow in shrubs to rainfall pulses in the desert region of China. Agric. For. Meteorol.150, 1297–1306 (2010).
ADS  Article  Google Scholar 

24.
Berbigier, P. et al. Transpiration of a 64-year-old maritime pine stand in Portugal. Oecologia107, 33–42 (1996).
ADS  Article  Google Scholar 

25.
Chen, D. Y., Wang, Y. K., Liu, S. Y., Wei, X. G. & Wang, X. Response of relative sap flow to meteorological factors under different soil moisture conditions in rainfed jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mil) plantations in semiarid Northwest China. Agric. Water. Manag.136, 23–33 (2014).
Article  Google Scholar 

26.
Shen, Q., Gao, G. Y., Fu, B. J. & Lü, Y. H. Responses of shelterbelt stand transpiration to drought and groundwater variations in an arid inland river basin of Northwest China. J. Hydrol.531, 738–748 (2015).
ADS  Article  Google Scholar 

27.
Sperry, J. S., Alder, N. N. & Eastlack, S. E. The effect of reduced hydraulic conductance on stomatal conductance and xylem cavitation. J. Exp. Bot.44, 1075–1082 (1993).
Article  Google Scholar 

28.
Barbeta, A., Ogaya, R. & Peñuelas, J. Comparative study of diurnal and nocturnal sap flow of Quercus ilex and Phillyrea latifolia in a Mediterranean holm oak forest in Prades (Catalonia, NE Spain). Trees26, 1651–1659 (2013).
Article  Google Scholar 

29.
Knapp, A. K. & Yavitt, J. B. Gas exchange characteristics of Typha latifolia L. from nine sites across North America. Aquat. Bot.49, 203–215 (1995).

30.
Wood, S. A. et al. Retraction notice to impacts of fire on forest age and runoff in mountain ash forests. Funct. Plant Biol.35, 483–492 (2008).
Article  Google Scholar 

31.
Pfautsch, S. et al. Diurnal patterns of water use in Eucalyptus victrix indicate pronounced desiccation-rehydration cycles despite unlimited water supply. Tree Physiol.31, 1041–1051 (2011).
Article  Google Scholar 

32.
Wang, Y. B. et al. The characteristics of nocturnal sap flow and stem water recharge pattern in growing season for a Larix principis-rupprechtii plantation. Acta Ecol. Sin.33, 1375–1385 (2013) ((in Chinese with English Abstract)).
CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

33.
Campbell, G. S. & Norman, J. M. An Introduction to Environmental Biophysics. (Springer, New York, 1998). ISBN 978-0-387-94937-6.

34.
Granier, A. Evaluation of transpiration in a Douglas-fir stand by means of sap flow measurements. Tree Physiol.3, 309–320 (1987).
CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

35.
Tie, Q., Hu, H. C., Tian, F. Q., Guan, H. D. & Lin, H. Environmental and physiological controls on sap flow in a subhumid mountainous catchment in north China. Agric. For. Meteorol.240–241, 46–57 (2017).
ADS  Article  Google Scholar 

36.
R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, 2016). https://www.R-project.org. More

1.
Heron, S. F., Maynard, J. A., van Hooidonk, R. & Eakin, C. M. Warming trends and bleaching stress of the world’s coral reefs 1985–2012. Sci. Rep.6, 38402 (2016).
ADS  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 
2.
Hughes, T. P. et al. Spatial temporal patterns of mass bleaching of corals in the Anthropocene. Science359, 80–83 (2018).
ADS  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

3.
Hoegh-Guldberg, O. Climate change, coral bleaching and the future of the world’s coral reefs. Mar. Freshw. Res.50, 839–866 (1999).
Google Scholar 

4.
Donner, S. D., Skirving, W. J., Little, C. M., Oppenheimer, M. & Hoegh-Guldberg, O. Global assessment of coral bleaching and required rates of adaptation under climate change. Glob. Change Biol.11, 2251–2265 (2005).
ADS  Google Scholar 

5.
Goreau, T. J. & Hayes, R. Coral bleaching and ocean “hot spots.”. Ambio23, 176–180 (1994).
Google Scholar 

6.
Veron, J. E. N. et al. The coral reef crisis: the critical importance of More

1.
Lamarque, J.-F. et al. Multi-model mean nitrogen and sulfur deposition from the Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate Model Intercomparison Project (ACCMIP): evaluation of historical and projected future changes. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 13, 6247–6294 (2013).
Google Scholar 
2.
Galloway, J. N. Anthropogenic mobilization of sulphur and nitrogen: immediate and delayed consequences. Annu. Rev. Energy Env. 21, 261–292 (1996).
Google Scholar 

3.
Cowling, E. B. Acid precipitation in historical perspective. Environ. Sci. Technol. 16, 110A–123A (1982).
Google Scholar 

4.
Gorham, E. On the acidity and salinity of rain. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 7, 231–239 (1955).
Google Scholar 

5.
Likens, G. E. & Bormann, F. H. Acid rain: a serious regional environmental problem. Science 184, 1176–1179 (1974).
Google Scholar 

6.
Goyer, R. A. et al. Potential human health effects of acid rain: report of a workshop. Environ. Health Perspect. 60, 355–368 (1985).
Google Scholar 

7.
Likens, G. E., Driscoll, C. T. & Buso, D. C. Long-term effects of acid rain: response and recovery of a forest ecosystem. Science 272, 244–246 (1996).
Google Scholar 

8.
Johnson, A. H. & Siccama, T. G. Acid deposition and forest decline. Environ. Sci. Technol. 17, 294A–305A (1983).
Google Scholar 

9.
Schulze, E.-D. Air pollution and forest decline in a spruce (Picea abies) forest. Science 244, 776–783 (1989).
Google Scholar 

10.
Driscoll, C. T. et al. Acidic deposition in the northeastern United States: sources and inputs, ecosystem effects and management strategies. BioScience 51, 180–198 (2001).
Google Scholar 

11.
Mitchell, M. J. & Likens, G. E. Watershed sulfur biogeochemistry: shift from atmospheric deposition dominance to climatic regulation. Environ. Sci. Technol. 45, 5267–5271 (2011).
Google Scholar 

12.
EPA Air Emissions Data (EPA, accessed 14 April 2020); https://go.nature.com/3fiYt3p

13.
Klimont, Z., Smith, S. J. & Cofala, J. The last decade of global anthropogenic sulfur dioxide: 2000–2011 emissions. Environ. Res. Lett. 8, 014003 (2013).
Google Scholar 

14.
Learn More About Sulphur (The Sulphur Institute, 2020); https://go.nature.com/32OHX87

15.
China Statistical Yearbook 2017 (National Bureau of Statistics of China, accessed 1 March 2019); https://go.nature.com/2E7z6E2

16.
Thompson, J. F. Sulfur metabolism in plants. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. 18, 59–84 (1967).
Google Scholar 

17.
Anderson, J. W. in The Biochemistry of Plants Vol. 16 (ed. Miflin, B. J.) 327–381 (Academic Press, 1990).

18.
Canfield, D. E. & Raiswell, R. The evolution of the sulfur cycle. Am. J. Sci. 299, 697–723 (1999).
Google Scholar 

19.
Jackson, G. D. Effects of nitrogen and sulfur on canola yield and nutrient uptake. Agron. J. 92, 644–649 (2000).
Google Scholar 

20.
Ma, B.-L. et al. Growth, yield, and yield components of canola as affected by nitrogen, sulfur, and boron application. J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. 178, 658–670 (2015).
Google Scholar 

21.
Clark, N., Orloff, S. & Ottman, M. Fertilizing high yielding alfalfa in California and Arizona. Better Crops with Plant Food 101, 21–23 (2017).
Google Scholar 

22.
Haneklaus, S., Bloem, E., Schnug, E., de Kok, L. J. & Stulen, I. in Handbook of Plant Nutrition (eds Barker, A. V. & Pilbeam, D. J.) Ch. 7 (CRC Press, 2006).

23.
Chien, S. H. et al. Agronomic effectiveness of granular nitrogen/phosphorus fertilizers containing elemental sulfur with and without ammonium sulfate: a review. Agron. J. 108, 1203–1213 (2016).
Google Scholar 

24.
Dick, W. A., Kost, D. & Chen, L. in Sulfur: A Missing Link Between Soils, Crops, and Nutrition (ed. Jez, J.) Ch. 5 (ASA, CSSA, SSSA, 2008).

25.
Schnug, E. & Evans, E. J. Monitoring of the sulfur supply of agricultural crops in northern Europe. Phyton 32, 119–122 (1992).
Google Scholar 

26.
Gaspar, A. P., Laboski, C. A. M., Naeve, S. L. & Conley, S. P. Secondary and micronutrient uptake, partitioning, and removal across a wide range of soybean seed yield levels. Agron. J. 110, 1328–1338 (2008).
Google Scholar 

27.
Fernández, F. G., Ebelhar, S., Greer, K. & Brown, H. Corn response to sulfur in Illinois FREC 2011 Report (FREC, 2012); https://go.nature.com/32PDORh

28.
Steinke, K., Rutan, J. & Thurgood, L. Corn response to nitrogen at multiple sulfur rates. Agron. J. 107, 1347–1354 (2015).
Google Scholar 

29.
Sutradhar, A. K., Kaiser, D. E. & Fernández, F. G. Does total nitrogen/sulfur ratio predict nitrogen or sulfur requirement for corn? Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 81, 564–577 (2017).
Google Scholar 

30.
Kurbondski, A. J., Kaiser, D. E., Rosen, C. J. & Sutradhar, A. K. Does irrigated corn require multiple applications of sulfur? Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 83, 1124–1136 (2019).
Google Scholar 

31.
Ketterings, Q. M. et al. Soil and tissue testing for sulfur management of alfalfa in New York State. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 76, 298–306 (2012).
Google Scholar 

32.
Haupt, G., Lauzon, J. & Hall, B. Sulfur fertilization: improving alfalfa yield and quality. Crops Soils 48, 26–30 (2015).
Google Scholar 

33.
Data and Statistics (USDA NASS, accessed 20 May 2019); https://go.nature.com/3hxxAcK

34.
California Pesticide Information Portal (CalPIP) (California Department of Pesticide Regulation, accessed 20 May 2019); https://calpip.cdpr.ca.gov/main.cfm

35.
Orem, W. et al. Sulfur in the South Florida ecosystem: distribution, sources, biogeochemistry, impacts, and management for restoration. Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol. 41, 249–288 (2011).
Google Scholar 

36.
Gabriel, M., Redfield, G. & Rumbold, D. Sulfur as a regional water quality concern in South Florida 2008 South Florida Environmental Report, Appendix 3B-2 (South Florida Water Management District, 2008).

37.
Shainberg, I. et al. in Advances in Soil Science (ed. Stewart, B. A.) 1–111 (Springer, 1989).

38.
DeSutter, T. M. & Cihacek, L. J. Potential agricultural uses of flue gas desulfurization gypsum in the Northern Great Plains. Agron. J. 101, 817–825 (2009).
Google Scholar 

39.
Ritchey, K. D., Feldhake, C. M., Clark, R. B. & de Sousa, D. M. G. in Agricultural Utilization of Urban and Industrial By-Products Vol. 58 (eds Karlen, D. L. et al.) Ch. 8 (ASA, CSSA, SSSA, 1995).

40.
Driscoll, C. T., Driscoll, K. M., Fakhraei, H. & Civerolo, K. Long-term temporal trends and spatial patterns in the acid-base chemistry of lakes in the Adirondack region of New York in response to decreases in acidic deposition. Atmos. Environ. 146, 5–14 (2016).
Google Scholar 

41.
Rice, K. C., Scanlon, T. M., Lynch, J. A. & Cosby, B. J. Decreased atmospheric sulfur deposition across the southeastern U.S.: when will watersheds release stored sulfate. Environ. Sci. Technol. 48, 10071–10078 (2014).
Google Scholar 

42.
Beaton, J. D. Sulfur requirements of cereals, tree fruits, vegetables, and other crops. Soil Sci. 101, 267–282 (1966).
Google Scholar 

43.
Rehm, G. W. & Clapp, J. G. in Sulfur: A Missing Link between Soils, Crops, and Nutrition (ed. Jez, J.) Ch. 9 (ASA, CSSA, SSSA, 2008).

44.
Kaiser, D. E. & Kim, K.-I. Soybean response to sulfur fertilizer applied as a broadcast or starter using replicated strip trials. Agron. J. 105, 1189–1198 (2013).
Google Scholar 

45.
David, M. B., Gentry, L. E. & Mitchell, C. A. Riverine response of sulfate to declining atmospheric sulfur deposition in agricultural watersheds. J. Environ. Qual. 45, 1313–1319 (2016).
Google Scholar 

46.
Wine (Agricultural Marketing Resource Center, 2019); https://go.nature.com/2WO6eHl

47.
Hinckley, E. L. S. & Matson, P. A. Transformations, transport, and potential unintended consequences of high sulfur inputs to Napa Valley vineyards. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 108, 14005–14010 (2011).
Google Scholar 

48.
Williams, J. S. & Cooper, R. M. The oldest fungicide and newest phytoalexin – a reappraisal of the fungitoxicity of elemental sulphur. Plant Pathol. 53, 263–279 (2004).
Google Scholar 

49.
Grape Acreage Reports Listing (USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service, accessed 21 May 2019); https://go.nature.com/38pHlXb

50.
US Drought Portal (NIDIS, accessed 21 May 2019); https://go.nature.com/39pyo0w

51.
Rice, R. W., Gilbert, R. A. & McCray, J. M. Nutritional requirements for Florida sugarcane Sugarcane Cultural Practices (Sugarcane Handbook), UF-IFAS Extension SS-AGR-228 (Univ. of Florida, 2006).

52.
McCray, J. M. Elemental sulfur recommendations for sugarcane on Florida organic soils Sugarcane Cultural Practices (Sugarcane Handbook), UF-IFAS Extension SS-AGR-429 (Univ. of Florida, 2019); http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ag429

53.
National Research Council Progress Toward Restoring the Everglades: The Fifth Biennial Review: 2014 (The National Academies Press, 2014).

54.
Schueneman, T. J. Characterization of sulfur sources in the EAA. Annu. Proc. Soil Crop Sci. Soc. Florida 60, 49–52 (2001).
Google Scholar 

55.
Lanning, M. et al. Intensified vegetation water use under acid deposition. Sci. Adv. 5, eaav5168 (2019).
Google Scholar 

56.
Lu, X. et al. Plant acclimation to long-term high nitrogen deposition in an N-rich tropical forest. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 115, 5187–5192 (2018).
Google Scholar 

57.
Podar, M. et al. Global prevalence and distribution of genes and microorganisms involved in mercury methylation. Sci. Adv. 1, e1500675 (2015).
Google Scholar 

58.
Driscoll, C. T., Mason, R. P., Chan, H. M., Jacob, D. J. & Pirrone, N. Mercury as a global pollutant: Sources, pathways, and effects. Environ. Sci. Technol. 47, 4967–4983 (2013).
Google Scholar 

59.
Schmeltz, D. et al. MercNet: a national monitoring network to assess responses to changing mercury emissions in the United States. Ecotoxicology 20, 1713–1725 (2011).
Google Scholar 

60.
US Environmental Protection Agency 2011 National Listing of Fisheries Advisories EPA-820-F-13-058 (EPA, 2013).

61.
Gilmour, C. C. et al. Methylmercury concentrations and production rates across a trophic gradient in the northern Everglades. Biogeochemistry 40, 327–345 (1998).
Google Scholar 

62.
Bailey, L. T. et al. Influence of porewater sulfide on methylmercury production and partitioning in sulfate-impacted lake sediments. Sci. Total Environ. 580, 1197–1204 (2017).
Google Scholar 

63.
Wasik, J. K. C. et al. The effects of hydrologic fluctuation and sulfate regeneration on mercury cycling in an experimental peatland. J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosciences 120, 1697–1715 (2015).
Google Scholar 

64.
Benoit, J. M. et al. in Biogeochemistry of Environmentally Important Trace Elements (eds Cai, Y. & Braids, O. C.) 262–297 (ACS, 2002).

65.
Chen, C. Y., Driscoll, C. T. & Kamman, N. C. in Mercury in the Environment: Pattern and Process (ed. Bank, M.) 143–166 (Univ. of California Press, 2012).

66.
Robinson, A., Richey, A., Slotton, D., Collins, J. & Davis, J. North Bay Mercury Biosentinel Project 2016–2017 Contribution # 868 (San Francisco Estuary Institute, Aquatic Science Center, 2018).

67.
Marvin-DiPasquale, M., Agee, J. L., Bouse, R. M. & Jaffe, B. E. Microbial cycling of mercury in contaminated pelagic and wetland sediments of San Pablo Bay, California. Environ. Geol. 43, 260–267 (2003).
Google Scholar 

68.
Wiener, J. G., Evers, D. C., Gay, D. A., Morrison, H. A. & Williams, K. A. Mercury contamination in the Laurentian Great Lakes region: introduction and overview. Environ. Pollut. 161, 243–251 (2012).
Google Scholar 

69.
Smolders, A. J. P., Lamers, L. P. M., Lucassen, E. C. H. E. T., Van Dervelde, G. & Roelofs, J. G. M. Internal eutrophication: how it works and what to do about it–a review. Chem. Ecol. 22, 93–111 (2006).
Google Scholar 

70.
Caraco, N. F., Cole, J. J. & Likens, G. E. Evidence for sulphate-controlled phosphorus release from sediments of aquatic systems. Nature 341, 316–318 (1989).
Google Scholar 

71.
Smolders, A. J. P., Lucassen, E. C. H. E. T., Bobbink, R., Roelofs, J. G. M. & Lamers, L. P. M. How nitrate leaching from agricultural lands provokes phosphate eutrophication in groundwater fed wetlands: the sulphur bridge. Biogeochemistry 98, 1–7 (2010).
Google Scholar 

72.
van der Welle, M. E. W., Roelofs, J. G. M. & Lamers, L. P. M. Multi-level effects of sulphur–iron interactions in freshwater wetlands in The Netherlands. Sci. Total Environ. 406, 426–429 (2008).
Google Scholar 

73.
De Kok, L. J., Durenkamp, M., Yang, L. & Stulen, I. in Sulfur in Plants, An Ecological Perspective (eds Hawkesford, M. J. & De Kok, L. J.) Ch. 5 (Springer, 2007).

74.
Lamers, L. P. M. et al. Sulfide as a soil phytotoxin—a review. Front. Plant Sci. 4, 268 (2013).
Google Scholar 

75.
Koch, M. S., Mendelssohn, I. A. & McKee, K. L. Mechanism for the hydrogen sulfide‐induced growth limitation in wetland macrophytes. Limnol. Oceanogr. 35, 399–408 (1990).
Google Scholar 

76.
Gao, S., Tanji, K. K. & Scardaci, S. C. Impact of rice straw incorporation on soil redox status and sulfide toxicity. Agron. J. 96, 70–76 (2004).
Google Scholar 

77.
Lamers, L. P. M., Tomassen, H. B. M. & Roelofs, J. G. M. Sulfate-induced eutrophication and phytotoxicity in freshwater wetlands. Environ. Sci. Technol. 32, 199–205 (1998).
Google Scholar 

78.
Li, S., Mendelssohn, I. A., Chen, H. & Orem, W. H. Does sulphate enrichment promote the expansion of Typha domingensis (cattail) in the Florida Everglades? Freshw. Biol. 54, 1909–1923 (2009).
Google Scholar 

79.
Ye, M., Beach, J., Martin, J. & Senthilselvan, A. Occupational pesticide exposures and respiratory health. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 10, 6442–6471 (2013).
Google Scholar 

80.
Hoppin, J. A., Umbach, D. M., London, S. J., Alavanja, M. C. R. & Sandler, D. P. Chemical predictors of wheeze among farmer pesticide applicators in the Agricultural Health Study. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 165, 683–689 (2002).
Google Scholar 

81.
Degryse, F., Ajiboye, B., Baird, R., da Silva, R. C. & McLaughlin, M. J. Oxidation of elemental sulfur in granular fertilizers depends on the soil-exposed surface area. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 80, 294–305 (2016).
Google Scholar 

82.
Guo, J. H. et al. Significant acidification in major Chinese croplands. Science 327, 1008–1010 (2010).
Google Scholar 

83.
Clark, M. & Tilman, D. Comparative analysis of environmental impacts of agricultural production systems, agricultural input efficiency, and food choice. Environ. Res. Lett. 12, 064016 (2017).
Google Scholar 

84.
Galloway, J. N. et al. The nitrogen cascade. BioScience 53, 341–356 (2003).
Google Scholar  More